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In 1913, another of Thomson's students named Niels Bohr expanded on Rutherford's nuclear model. He stipulated that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energies and distances, able to jump from one level to another, but not to exist in the space between. Soon, experiments showed that rather than simply being discrete particles, electrons simultaneously behaved like waves, not being confined to a particular point in space.

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While studying the effects of X Rays, he decided to investigate atoms more closely by shooting positively charged alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil. Rutherford concluded that atoms consisted largely of empty space and that there is a dense positively charged nucleus at the center of an atom.

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Atomic theory was now accepted by the science community, yet the next major advancement was made about a century later by a phicisist named J.J. Thomson and his 1897 discovery of the electron. He showed atoms as uniformly packed spheres of positive matter, fille with negatively charged electrons. He won a Nobel Prize in 1906 because of his discovery, but his model of the atom didn't stick around too long because he had very smart students, inluding a certain "Ernest Rutherford" who would be later known as the Father of The Nuclear Age.

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Atoms would remain forgotten until 1808 where a quaker teacher named John Dalton showed that common substances like water were broken down into the same elements in the same proportions. He concluded that the various compounds were combinations of atoms of different elements, each of a particular size and mass that could neither be created or destroyed. He received many honors for his discovery, but because of his quaker beliefs, he remained as a modest teacher until the end of his days.

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Democritus in 440 BC stated that everything in the world was made up of tiny particles surrounded by empty space. According to him, they varied in size and space depending on the substance they composed. He called these particled "atomos" greek for indivisible. His ideas were opposed by a famous philosopher of his day, Aristotle. Aristotle thought matter was made out of 4 elements: earth, wind, water, and fire.