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The didgeridoo is a wind instrument played by the mouth to produce sounds using a specific breathing technique. The didgeridoo is a traditional Indigenous instrument commonly used to express Aboriginal Dreamtime stories. The instrument is very important to Indigenous people, and allows them to express themselves and share their stories with people around them.

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Australia has many native plants that you can find around. Many of them are seen in bushland, but many homes also have them in their gardens. The photo above is of a bougainvillea found in many homegrown gardens. Other native Australian plants include the gum tree, banksia, bottlebrush and wattle. The kangaroo paw is a popular flower found in many gardens and bushlands.

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In Australia, one of the most popular animals is the kangaroo. Kangaroos can be found all over Australia but are most commonly found in bushland. There are many different species of kangaroo, but the ones you see more often are the ones shown in the photo. Other popular Australian animals are koalas, wombats, dingos and platypus'.

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"Two Kangeroos Grazing" by Stocksy Contributor "Eyes On Asia"

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"Two kangeroos grazing" Download this high-resolution, royalty-free stock photo by Eyes on Asia from Stocksy United.

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The combination of the stinking passion flower and the sandpaper fig was commonly used in the Northern coastal area to relieve itching. The leaves of the sandpaper fig were crushed and soaked in water and they were then rubbed on the itch until it bled, then spearing the pulped fruit of the flower on the area. the sandpaper fig leaves have also been used to treat fungal infections such as ringworm.
Kamenev, M. (2011) Top 10 aboriginal Bush medicines, Australian Geographic. Available at: https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2011/02/top-10-aboriginal-bush-medicines/ (Accessed: 03 October 2023).

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The winning team in the 2023 AFL Grand Final. Rooney, Q. (2023, September 30). The Magpies show off the premiership trophy. ABC News.

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A famous Australian sport shared across the country is AFL (Australian Football League). The sport began in the late 1850s, with Melbourne and Geelong having the oldest teams. As the years went on, more teams started forming and lower leagues. Currently, 18 teams are playing AFL, with many other teams formed to play lower leagues and at a state level, such as the WAFL (West Australian Football League). Each team consists of 18 players on the field at one time, and the game's objective is to kick the oval-shaped ball through the 4 goal posts. The points/goals the team receives depend on which goalpost the ball goes through. In 2023, it was recorded that AFL had 1.3 million members for this season. AFL is apart of Australian culture and is widely accepted as the most popular sport in the country.

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A famous Australian food, especially for the kids, is fairy bread. Fairy bread is buttered bread that is then covered with sprinkles. This popular food is commonly seen at children's birthday parties and is a delicious snack for everyone. The nutritional values depend on the type of bread, butter and sprinkle you use, as you do have the ability to make this a healthier snack by using wholemeal bread or by using a spread other than butter. The traditional way is to use white bread with normal butter and any colourful sprinkles you find in the shops.

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Education, early childhood development, and unemployment and job insecurity are the three WHO social determinants that affect refugees in Australia. Education is a priority in Australia but not in many second and third-world countries. By coming to Australia, the refugees are able to have access to education, particularly health education, which enables them to have a better understanding of their own health and how they can help themselves. Because of the lack of access to education and medical treatment in their home countries, refugees who come to Australia usually have limited early childhood development. By coming to Australia, they now have access to education and medical resources to allow them to further their development and improve their health. Due to the conditions in their home countries, unemployment and job insecurity were high, meaning many refugees did not have a job, or they were working under very bad conditions. In countries like Afghanistan, women are not allowed to work due to the sexism in the country. Coming to Australia gives them job opportunities and the security of having a job for an extended period of time, rather than constantly hunting for jobs or not having one at all. This gives them an income to help pay for their medical treatment and education, giving them peace of mind.

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Refugees coming from Afghanistan commonly present with tuberculosis, STIs and skin infections. For the treatment of tuberculosis, the most common form is antibacterial medications for a period of 6-12 months. For STIs, the treatment will depend on the type of infection. The primary forms of treatment are antibiotics and antiviral medication. For Afghan refugees, the most common STI seen amongst them is syphilis (Todd et al., 2010). For the treatment of syphilis, the preferred method is a single injection of Benzathine penicillin. Antibiotic drugs can also be used but are not the preferred treatment. Skin infections are found in a large portion of Afghan refugees; the most common one is scabies. For the treatment of scabies, permethrin cream is the main choice.

Todd, C. S., Nasir, A., Raza Stanekzai, M., Abed, A. M., Strathdee, S. A., Bautista, C. T., Scott, P. T., Botros, B. A., & Tjaden, J. (2010). Prevalence and correlates of syphilis and condom use among male injection drug users in four Afghan cities. Sexually transmitted diseases, 37(11), 719–725. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181e2c76a

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After reading this article, I am determined to provide excellent and professional care to all my patients. Allowing patients to follow their own beliefs allows me to learn new cultures and also means the patient will be more comfortable receiving treatment. This knowledge is essential to providing care to patients who have a different culture and different beliefs to what the medical field believes, or even if they have different beliefs to my own. Because I have yet to work with patients from a different culture, I will need to ensure that I am polite and respectful to everyone and if someone does have a different belief, I allow them to express it and allow them to feel comfortable doing so.

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Health to me means being physically and mentally healthy. It means being healthy in all aspects of life and properly fueling my body with what it needs to live in a mentally good state. Being social, exercising and eating proper nutritious food is all what health means to me.