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Food insecurity is when people don’t have enough food to eat. It can happen because of many reasons like poverty, war, climate change, and economic instability. It can cause malnutrition, hunger, and other health problems. Here are some ways to cope with it:

Eat smaller portions: Eat less food at meal times.

Skip meals: Don’t eat some meals.

Eat cheaper food: Eat food that costs less.

Collect wild food: Collect food from nature like fruits, vegetables, and nuts.

Borrow food: Borrow food from friends, family, or neighbors.

Sell small goods: Sell small things like firewood and charcoal.

Work for daily wage: Work for daily wage to earn money for food.

Work more: Work more to earn more money.

Governments and organizations can also help by making policies and programs.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is an organization that works to eradicate hunger, food insecurity, and all forms of malnutrition around the world. Another organization that works to combat hunger in the United States is Feeding America. It is a nonprofit network of 200 food banks leading the fight against hunger in the United States. You can find a list of 30 such organizations working to end hunger around the world at

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Issues : pemanasan global dapat membuat meningkatnya kekeringan, dan hilangnya banyak spesies hewan karena dampak pemanasan global.

SDGs : 13. Climate Action

Organization yang bertugas mengatasi masalah ini adalah : UNFCCC atau United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Tujuan : Tujuan dari Protokol ini adalah untuk mencapai stabilisasi gas rumah kaca di atmosfir pada tingkat yang tidak membahayakan bagi generasi ini dan mendatang.

Media : Flashcard ( kwartet - tiga seri, goals, issues, member ). Big book ( UNFCCC, Issues , My solution ). Digital genial.ly ( lebih ke UNFCCC sama conference.) Brochure ( untuk dibawa pulang )

Action UNFCCC : Paris Agreement, Kyoto protocol .

Conference ( in digital ) - COP13 in bali - indonesia, COP21 in paris - prancis. COP18 in doha - qatar

Cara bermain games Kuarter.

Games kuarter dimainkan setelah penjelasan selesai.

Terdapat 18 kartu

Terdapat 3 seri : Goals, Issues, Member.

Setiap orang akan mendapatkan tiga kartu.

Kartu diacak dan dibagikan kepada masing - masing orang.

Saat bermain akan bergantian dari kanan - kiri.

Pemain 1 dapat bertanya “ apakah anda memiliki goals? “ jika memiliki, maka pemain 2 ditanya harus menjawab “ iya “

Lalu ditanya lagi point goals manakah yang pemain lainnya punya, jika tebakannya benar maka pemain 1 dapat mengambil kartu dari pemain 2.

Namun jika salah maka harus mengambil kartu dari tumpukan nya.

Pemain 1 harus mengumpul kan masing - masing seri 3.

Jika  sudah terkumpul maka pemain 1 akan mendapatkan 1000 point.

Jika semua seri sudah terkumpul maka pemain 1 akan mendapatkan 3000 poin.

Jika mendapat 3000 poin maka pemain 1 menang.

Setelah menang dapat mengambil 1 kartu kuarter. ( acak )

Genial.ly akan ditaroh di meja depan big book.

Laptop akan ditaruh di meja (genial.ly sudah di tampilkan)

Anak kelas 5 dapat melihat - lihat genially ( di klik gambarnya )

Anak kelas 5 dapat bertanya jika tidak mengerti dengan genially nya.

Anak kelas 5 mengklik genially saat rania sedang menjelaskan.

Menyimak sembari melihat.

Big book.

Berisi informasi terkait UNFCCC dan Issues yang aku angkat.

Dalam halaman UNFCCC akan menjelaskan Goals, Member, Conference, Action.

Dalam halaman Issues akan menjelaskan dampak dari Climate Change.

Dalam halaman issues juga akan dijelaskan penyebab, dan disertakan gambar juga.

Di halaman terakhir akan ada kolom “ MY SOLUTION “ dimana akan di sediakan sticky note untuk anak kelas 5.

Anak kelas 5 HARUS menulis solusi dia untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim, jika ia adalah bagian dari organisasi UNFCCC.

Brosur

berisi informasi unfccc

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Local organization in sport

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local organization in environmental act

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Local organization in social-environment

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Profil dan Awal Terbentuknya Pandawara Group

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Nama Pandawara Group seringkali menjadi perbincangan dan trending topik di sosial media berkat aksi-aksi heroiknya dalam membersihkan sampah.

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Local organization in economics

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indonesian chamber of commerce and industry

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Siapa itu Kamar Dagang dan Industri Indonesia (KADIN)?

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Untuk mendukung serta mewujudkan hal tersebut, dibentuklah KADIN. Organisasi KADIN dibentuk pada tanggal 24 September 1968 oleh Kadin Daerah Tingkat I. Keberadaan organisasi KADIN memang sudah ada pada tahun 1968, tapi baru diakui oleh pemerintah setelah terbitnya Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 49 Tahun 1973.

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Local organization in humanity

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Hari Palang Merah Indonesia: Sejarah dan Donor Darah

Indonesian Red Cross atau Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) merupakan organisasi perhimpunan nasional di Indonesia yang bergerak di bidang sosial kemanusiaan. Sebagai bagian dari Penyelenggara Kepalangmerahan dan Perhimpunan Nasional Kepalangmerahan di Indonesia, PMI merupakan salah satu anggota dari komponen Gerakan Internasional Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah. PMI bekerja atas asas perikemanusiaan dan atas dasar sukarela dengan tidak membeda-bedakan bangsa, golongan, dan paham politik serta menjunjung 7 (tujuh) prinsip dasar Gerakan Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah yakni : Kemanusiaan, Kesamaan, Kenetralan, Kemandirian, Kesukarelaan, Kesatuan, dan Kesemestaan.

Dilansir dari pmimedan.or.id, Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Internasional lahir pada tanggal 24 Juni 1859 di kota Solferino, Italia Utara. Saat itu, pasukan Perancis dan Italia sedang bertempur melawan pasukan Austria dalam suatu peperangan. Pada hari yang sama, seorang pemuda warganegara Swiss, Henry Dunant, berada di sana dalam rangka perjalanannya untuk menjumpai Kaisar Perancis, Napoleon III. Puluhan ribu tentara terluka, sementara bantuan medis militer tidak cukup untuk merawat 40.000 orang yang menjadi korban pertempuran tersebut. Melihat penderitaan tentara yang terluka, Henry Dunant bekerjasama dengan penduduk setempat, segera bertindak mengerahkan bantuan untuk menolong mereka. Beberapa waktu kemudian, setelah kembali ke Swiss, dia menuangkan kesan dan pengalaman tersebut kedalam sebuah buku berjudul "Kenangan dari Solferino", yang menggemparkan seluruh Eropa. Dalam bukunya, Henry Dunant mengajukan dua gagasan:

1. Pertama, membentuk organisasi kemanusiaan internasional yang dapat dipersiapkan pendiriannya pada masa damai untuk menolong para prajurit yang cedera di medan perang.

2. Kedua, mengadakan perjanjian internasional guna melindungi prajurit yang cedera di medan perang serta perlindungan sukarelawan dan organisasi tersebut pada waktu memberikan pertolongan pada saat perang.

Pada tahun 1863, empat orang warga kota Jenewa bergabung dengan Henry Dunant untuk mengembangkan gagasan pertama tersebut. Mereka bersama-sama membentuk "Komite Internasional untuk bantuan para tentara yang cedera", yang sekarang disebut Komite Internasional Palang Merah atau International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

Berdasarkan gagasan kedua, pada tahun 1864, atas prakarsa pemerintah federal Swiss diadakan Konferensi Internasional yang dihadiri beberapa negara untuk menyetujui adanya "Konvensi perbaikan kondisi prajurit yang cedera di medan perang". Konvensi ini kemudian disempurnakan dan dikembangkan menjadi Konvensi Jenewa I, II, III dan IV tahun 1949 atau juga dikenal sebagai Konvensi Palang Merah. Konvensi ini merupakan salah satu komponen dari Hukum Perikemanusiaan Internasional (HPI) suatu ketentuan internasional yang mengatur perlindungan dan bantuan korban perang.

Di Indonesia, gagasan mengenai Palang Merah telah dimulai sejak sebelum Perang Dunia ke-2. Akan tetapi pada saat itu nama Palang Merah yang dicetuskan oleh Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda adalah Nederlands Rode Kruis Afdeling Indie (Nerkai). Sayangnya, organisasi ini tidak bertahan lama, pada saat masa pendudukan Jepang organisasi Nerkai kemudian dibubarkan.

Namun, perjuangan pendahulu kita untuk mendirikan Palang Merah Indonesia tidak berhenti sampai disitu saja. Tujuh belas hari setelah proklamasi kemerdekaan RI, yaitu pada tanggal 03 September 1945, Presiden Soekarno mengeluarkan perintah untuk membentuk suatu badan Palang Merah Nasional. Atas perintah Presiden, maka Dr. Buntaran yang saat itu menjabat sebagai Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Kabinet I, pada tanggal 5 September 1945 membentuk Panitia 5 yang terdiri dari: dr R. Mochtar (Ketua), dr. Bahder Djohan (Penulis), dan dr Djuhana, dr Marzuki, dr. Sitanala (anggota). Akhirnya Perhimpunan Palang Merah Indonesia berhasil dibentuk pada 17 September 1945 dan merintis kegiatannya melalui bantuan korban perang revolusi kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia dan pengembalian tawanan perang sekutu maupun Jepang. Oleh karena kinerja tersebut, PMI mendapat pengakuan secara Internasional pada tahun 1950 dengan menjadi anggota Palang Merah Internasional dan disahkan keberadaannya secara nasional melalui Keppres No.25 tahun 1959 dan kemudian diperkuat dengan Keppres No.246 tahun 1963. Maka dari itu, pada bulan September ini kita merayakan dua hari peringatan bersejarah Palang Merah yakni Hari Palang Merah Indonesia yang jatuh pada 03 September 2021 dan Hari Palang Merah Nasional pada 17 September 2021.

Hingga saat ini, jaringan kerja PMI terhitung telah tersebar di 30 Daerah Propinsi / Tk.I dan 323 cabang di daerah Tk.II serta dukungan operasional 165 unit Transfusi Darah di seluruh Indonesia. Dikutip dari ayodonor.pmi.or.id, syarat menjadi pendonor darah di PMI adalah masyarakat berusia 17-65 tahun, sehat jasmani dan rohani, berat badan minimal 45 kg, tekanan darah systole 100-170 dan diastole 70-100, kadar haemoglobin 12,5g% s.d 17,0g%, serta interval donor minimal 12 minggu atau 3 bulan sejak donor darah sebelumnya dan maksimal 5 kali dalam 2 tahun.

Kemudian, hal-hal yang perlu dipersiapkan sebelum dan sesudah mendonorkan darah ialah tidur minimal 4 jam sebelum donor, mengkonsumsi makanan 3-4 jam sebelum menyumbangkan darah, hindari mengangkat beban yang berat, serta perbanyak minum air mineral sebelum dan sesudah mendonorkan darah.

Apabila kamu termasuk dalam kriteria pendonor darah diatas, tunggu apalagi, ayo semarakkan Hari Palang Merah Indonesia tahun ini dengan menjadi pendonor darah! (df)

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hari palang merah indonesia: sejarah dan donor darah

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balai penelitian dan pengembangan kesehatan baturaja

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Hari Palang Merah Indonesia: Sejarah dan Donor Darah

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"Setetes darah yang kita donorkan, sangat berarti bagi mereka." Indonesian Red Cross atau Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) merupakan organisasi perhimpunan nas

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regional organization in south east asia

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Introduction

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional grouping that aims to promote economic and security cooperation among its ten members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. ASEAN countries have a total population of 662 million people and a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of $3.2 trillion. The group has played a central role in Asian economic integration, joining negotiations to form the world's largest free trade agreement and signing six free trade deals with other economies in the region.

Yet experts say ASEAN's impact is limited by a lack of strategic vision, diverging priorities among member states, and weak leadership. The bloc's biggest challenges, they say, are developing a unified approach to China, particularly in response to territorial disputes in the South China Sea, and responding to Myanmar's civil war.

How ASEAN Works

ASEAN is headed by a chair-a position that rotates annually among leaders of member states-and is assisted by a secretariat based in Jakarta, Indonesia. Important decisions are usually reached through consultation and consensus guided by the principles of noninterference in internal affairs and peaceful resolution of conflicts. Many experts see this approach to decision-making as a drawback of the organization. "These norms of consensus and noninterference have increasingly become outdated, and they have hindered ASEAN's influence on issues such as dealing with China and crises in particular ASEAN states," says CFR's senior fellow for Southeast Asian studies, Joshua Kurlantzick.

Supporters of ASEAN, such as Kishore Mahbubani, who served as Singapore's permanent representative to the United Nations, say the grouping has improved previously hostile regional relations. "[ASEAN's] culture of consultations and consensus generated geopolitical miracles, some so stealthy that few outside the region have noticed them," says Mahbubani.

The Bloc's History

Formed in 1967, ASEAN united Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, who sought to create a common front against the spread of communism. In 1976, the members signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, which emphasizes mutual respect and noninterference in other countries' affairs.

Membership doubled by the end of the 1990s. The resolution of Cambodia's civil war in 1991, the end of the Cold War, and the normalization of relations between the United States and Vietnam in 1995 brought relative peace to mainland Southeast Asia, paving the way for more states to join ASEAN. With the addition of Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos and Myanmar (1997), and Cambodia (1999), the group started to launch initiatives to boost regional cooperation. For example, the members signed a treaty in 1995 to refrain from developing, acquiring, or possessing nuclear weapons. Timor-Leste is the latest country to join ASEAN: after the country applied for membership in 2011, the group granted it observer status in 2022, and it is on track for full membership by 2025.

Faced with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, which started in Thailand, ASEAN members pushed to further integrate their economies. For instance, the Chiang Mai Initiative was a currency swap arrangement initiated in 2000 among ASEAN members, China, Japan, and South Korea to provide financial support to one another and fight currency speculation.

In 2007, the ten members adopted the ASEAN Charter, a constitutional document that provided the grouping with legal status and an institutional framework. The charter enshrines core principles and delineates requirements for membership. (Timor-Leste submitted an application for membership in 2011, but some members oppose its accession.) The charter laid out a blueprint for a community made up of three branches: the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), the ASEAN Political-Security Community, and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.

ASEAN's Diversity

ASEAN brings together countries with significant differences. Singapore has the highest GDP per capita in the group, at around $83,000, according to 2022 World Bank figures; Myanmar's is the lowest, at around $1,100. Demographics differ across the region, too, with many religious and ethnic groups represented. For example, Singapore and Vietnam are among the world's most religiously diverse countries, according to a 2014 Pew Research Center report, while Buddhist-majority Cambodia and Muslim-majority Indonesia are relatively homogeneous. ASEAN's geography includes archipelagos and continental land masses with low plains and mountainous terrain.

The members' political systems include flawed democracies, authoritarian states, and hybrid regimes. The past decade has seen previously some semi-democratic governments, like Indonesia and Cambodia, grow increasingly authoritarian. Today, Timor-Leste remains the only fully free democracy in Southeast Asia, according to research and advocacy group Freedom House.

Economic Progress

ASEAN has made some progress toward economic integration and free trade. In 1992, members created the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) with the goals of creating a single market, increasing intra-ASEAN trade and investments, and attracting foreign investment. In 1996, the average tariff rate across the bloc was around 7 percent [PDF]; today, intra-ASEAN tariffs are effectively zero. The bloc has prioritized eleven sectors for integration, including: electronics, automotives, rubber-based products, textiles and apparels, agro-based products, and tourism.

In November 2020, all ASEAN members joined Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea in signing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), a free trade agreement in the works since 2012. Although the RCEP doesn't cut tariffs drastically, it covers more of the world's population-30 percent-than any other trade agreement and promotes economic integration between Northeast and Southeast Asia. ASEAN is also party to six free trade agreements with countries outside of the grouping, including India.

However, there remain major challenges to economic integration within ASEAN, such as non-tariff barriers, government-mandated investment prohibition areas, and massive differences in GDP per capita. Intra-ASEAN trade as a share of the bloc's overall trade remains low, at 21 percent [PDF] in 2020. Domestic issues, such as instability and corruption in certain countries, have also hurt trade within the bloc.

Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic was severely disruptive to economic growth. ASEAN attempted to coordinate a regional response in 2020 to address economic and health-care challenges, but successful pandemic management ultimately hinged on individual states' policy decisions. Member states agreed to coordinate economic recovery plans and keep trade open. However, prolonged lockdowns severely reduced industrial production, construction, and consumer spending. Additionally, travel restrictions hampered intra-bloc trade and tourism, which contributed almost $400 billion to ASEAN member economies in 2019.

Regional Security Challenges

ASEAN remains divided over how to address security challenges. These include China's claims in the South China Sea, human rights abuses, political repression by member states, narcotics trafficking, refugee flows, natural disasters, and terrorism.

A primary challenge for ASEAN has been developing a response to the February 2021 coup in Myanmar. The junta has violently suppressed protests, and the conflict with opposition forces has escalated into civil war. Timor-Leste sided with Myanmar's exiled government, leading to Myanmar's military junta expelling Timor-Leste's top diplomat from Myanmar. During the 2023 ASEAN Summit held in Jakarta, Indonesia, ASEAN nations decided to suspend Myanmar's role as rotating chair for the 2026 summit, substituting the Philippines instead.

Another long-standing challenge has been forming a joint response to China, particularly to maritime disputes with Beijing in the South China Sea. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam claim features in waters contested with China. For those countries, China's moves to reclaim land and build artificial islands are seen as violations of their national sovereignty. In response, some have invested in modernizing their militaries. For other ASEAN members, tensions in the South China Sea are geographically distant and not a priority. A few, such as Cambodia, even tend to support China's claims and block joint ASEAN statements on the South China Sea. In 2002, ASEAN and China signed the nonbinding Declaration of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, though they have not yet negotiated a legally binding code and it is unlikely they will negotiate one anytime in the near future.

The United States, which has a strong interest in preventing China from controlling access to the South China Sea, has continued military cooperation with ASEAN members, including the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, and Vietnam, and has increased its maritime presence in regional areas to enforce freedom of navigation in international waters.

ASEAN members are divided over their ties to China and to the United States. The region is in need of investment, trade, and infrastructure development. Beijing has moved to meet these needs primarily through becoming the leading trading partner of ASEAN, as well as through its sweeping Belt and Road Initiative. Its dominant trade relationship with most Southeast Asian states, and its massive investment in Southeast Asia, gives it enormous leverage in the region. For instance, China invested $7.3 billion in Indonesia's first high-speed railway, which began construction in 2015 and is set to expand throughout the main island of Java, despite delays, cost overruns, and anger among people whose land was expropriated.

Most ASEAN countries now believe that China has more overall influence in the region compared to the United States, measured by economic relationships, defense networks, and diplomatic and cultural influence. But some member states are anxious about becoming economically dependent on China and seek defense cooperation with the United States to hedge against China's growing military power.

U.S.-ASEAN Relations

The United States is ASEAN's fourth-largest trading partner in terms of goods, trailing China, the European Union, and Japan. In 2022, the United States' total trade in goods and services with ASEAN was an estimated $505.8 billion.

The United States has launched subregional and bilateral initiatives to boost ties, including the Mekong-U.S. Partnership, which aims to deepen cooperation between the United States and Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam on issues related to the environment, health, education, and infrastructure development. U.S. presidents have also met Southeast Asian leaders during ASEAN summits and the annual East Asia Summit, which is hosted by ASEAN and also attended by the heads of state of Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Russia, and South Korea. In 2023, President Joe Biden skipped the ASEAN summit to attend the Group of Twenty (G20) Summit in New Delhi, India, sending Vice President Kamala Harris in his place. Some ASEAN members viewed Biden's absence as a disappointment and diplomatic snub.

The Barack Obama administration, as part of its so-called "pivot" or " rebalance " to Asia, increased U.S. participation in activities with ASEAN. President Obama and other senior officials attended some ASEAN summits. The administration also named the first resident ambassador to ASEAN, joined the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, and established an annual U.S.-ASEAN summit. In 2015, the United States and ASEAN elevated their relationship to a strategic partnership. The following year, Obama hosted the first U.S.-ASEAN leaders' summit in California.

The Donald Trump administration sent high-ranking officials to Southeast Asia, including Vice President Mike Pence and secretaries of state and defense. But President Trump attended just one meeting with ASEAN leaders, in 2017. Some experts in Southeast Asia say the Trump administration's inconsistent engagement with the region caused U.S.-ASEAN relations to deteriorate. The U.S. withdrawal in 2017 from the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), a free trade agreement formerly known as the TPP, set back broader U.S. efforts to demonstrate commitment to the region's trade integration, they say. The United States is not part of the RCEP trade deal.

President Biden has promised to boost ties with ASEAN by collaborating on issues such as climate change, global supply chains, and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, CFR's Kurlantzick says the administration has yet to deliver on its promise to strengthen economic ties with the region. The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) for regional economic cooperation, launched in 2022 and which entered its fourth round of negotiations in July 2023, falls short of an actual trade deal. The United States offers no market access to countries involved, alienating many of them. Many Southeast Asian states are disappointed with the IPEF, as compared to regional trade deals led by China and Japan that successfully improve trade across Asia.

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The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization that brings together disparate neighbors to address economic, security, and political issues, but the group's impact remains limi...

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regional organization in asia pacific

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Canada and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

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The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, established in 1989, has become the pre-eminent economic forum in the Asia-Pacific region. Its primary purpose is to promote sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region.

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PANDAWARA,ASEAN,WTO,IMF,APEC,ADB,OECD,ITC,FAO,ISO,OPEC,UNDP,UNEP

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Asean, Nato, Pandawara, OKI, Kadin, PERBASI, Akuatik Indonesia, OSIS, PMR, Muhammadiyah, IBI ( Ikatan Bidan Indonesia, ) , PBB, APEC ( Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) , UNESCO, ADB ( asean development bank ).

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regional organization in south asian

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South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

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SAARC is an economic and political regional organisation of countries in South Asia set up in 1985. It aims to accelerate the process of economic and social development in its member states through increased intra-regional cooperation.

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Pandawara pmi osis

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regional organization of petroleum countries

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The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.

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ASEAN, United Nations, PBB, Pandawara, perbasi, PMI, Kadin, UNESCO

# data[].attributes.body
Perbasi, Pandawara, Kadin, PMI, OSIS (Organisasi siswa Intra Sekolah.), ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations.), APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation.), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization.), WTO (World Trade Organization.), IMF (International Monetary Fund.), OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.)

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Asen, nato, pandawara, OKI, Kadin, PMI ,Perbasi, akuatik indonesia, osis, PMR, Muhammadiyah, IBI, PBB

# data[].attributes.body
Pandawara, OKI, ASEAN, PBB, Muhammadiyah, Apple, OSIS, PMI, Perbasi, WHO ( World Health Organization), IMF ( International Monetary Fund ), ILO ( Organisasi Ketenagakerjaan Internasional ), UN ( United Nation ), FAO ( Finance Administration Officer )

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Pandawara,Apple,Asean,Perbasi,itc

# data[].attributes.body
Asean, PBB, Pandawara, Nato, Akuatik Indonesia, PMI, Perbasi, OKI, Kadin, OSIS, PMR, UNESCO.

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PMI, Kadin, Pandawara, Perbasi, Asean, OKI, UN, Apple, WWF, ICRC, WHO, IMF, UNICEF, OSCE, Greenpeace, IFC, WOAH, WIPO, G2O, OSIS, ICC, ILO, ISO.

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Pandawara🐼

PBB🌐

WHO👨‍⚕️

EU🌍

NATO🌎

ASEAN 🌏

OKI ☪️

SI (dulu)☪️

ISDV (dulu)🟥

Taman Siswa (dulu)🏫

GERWANI (dulu)👩

OSIS👩‍🎓👨‍🎓

KAA🌐

PERBASI🏀

G20🌐

BRICS🧱

UNEP🌳

FAO🍉

UNDP🏭

APEC📈

CAFTA📈

CAFTA DR📈🌎

GNB🪖🎖️❌

N@Z1 (dulu)

UNICEF

JPO(dulu)

Muhammadiyah (dulu)

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pandawra,asean,nato,oki,pbb,perbasi,pmi,osis

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WWF (world wide fund for nature), care international, united nations, oki, osis, asean, pandawara

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world organization

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The United Nations ( UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest international organization. The UN is headquartered in New York City (in the United States, but with certain extraterritorial privileges), and the organization has other offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague, where the International Court of Justice is headquartered.

The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future world wars, and succeeded the League of Nations, which was characterized as ineffective. On 25 April 1945, 50 nations met in San Francisco, California for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945. The charter took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. The organization's objectives, as defined by its charter, include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; as of 2023, it has 193 - almost all of the world's sovereign states.

The organization's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades due in part to Cold War tensions that existed between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its mission has included the provision of primarily unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops charged with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles. UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council. By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes vastly exceeded its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the UN shifted and expanded its field operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.

The UN has six principal operational organizations: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, the UN Secretariat, and the Trusteeship Council, although the Trusteeship Council has been inactive since 1994. The UN System includes a multitude of specialized agencies, funds, and programmes, including the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. Additionally, non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and other agencies.

The UN's chief administrative officer is the secretary-general, currently Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres, who began his first five year-term on 1 January 2017 and was re-elected on 8 June 2021. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states.

The UN, its officers, and its agencies have won many Nobel Peace Prizes, though other evaluations of its effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called it ineffective, biased, and corrupt.

Background (pre-1941)

In the century prior to the UN's creation, several international organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross were formed to ensure protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and strife.

During World War I, several major leaders, especially American President Woodrow Wilson, advocated for a world body to guarantee peace. The winners of the war, the Allies, met to decide on formal peace terms at the Paris Peace Conference. The League of Nations was approved, and started operations, but the United States never joined. On 10 January 1920, the League of Nations formally came into being when the Covenant of the League of Nations, ratified by 42 nations in 1919, took effect. The League Council acted as an executive body directing the Assembly's business. It began with four permanent members-the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan.

After some limited successes and failures during the 1920s, the League proved ineffective in the 1930s, as it failed to act against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1933. Forty nations voted for Japan to withdraw from Manchuria but Japan voted against it and walked out of the League instead of withdrawing from Manchuria. It also failed to act against the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, when calls for economic sanctions against Italy failed. Italy and other nations left the League.

When war broke out in 1939, the League closed down.

Declarations by the Allies of World War II (1941-1944)

The first step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the Inter-Allied Conference that led to the Declaration of St James's Palace on 12 June 1941. By August 1941, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had drafted the Atlantic Charter; which defined goals for the post-war world. At the subsequent meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the eight governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation, together with the Soviet Union and representatives of the Free French Forces, unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and the United States.

Roosevelt and Churchill met at the White House in December 1941 for the Arcadia Conference. Roosevelt, considered a founder of the UN, coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries. Churchill accepted it, noting its use by Lord Byron. The text of the Declaration by United Nations was drafted on 29 December 1941, by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Harry Hopkins. It incorporated Soviet suggestions but included no role for France. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.

Roosevelt's idea of the " Four Powers", referring to the four major Allied countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China, emerged in the Declaration by the United Nations. On New Year's Day 1942, Roosevelt, Churchill, the Soviet Union's former Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, and the Chinese Premier T. V. Soong signed the " Declaration by United Nations", and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures. During the war, the United Nations became the official term for the Allies. In order to join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis powers.

The October 1943 Moscow Conference resulted in the Moscow Declarations, including the Four Power Declaration on General Security which aimed for the creation "at the earliest possible date of a general international organization". This was the first public announcement that a new international organization was being contemplated to replace the League of Nations. The Tehran Conference followed shortly afterwards at which Roosevelt, Churchill and Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, met and discussed the idea of a post-war international organization.

The new international organisation was formulated and negotiated amongst the delegations from the Allied Big Four at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference from 21 September to 7 October 1944. They agreed on proposals for the aims, structure and functioning of the new organization. It took the conference at Yalta in February 1945, and further negotiations with Moscow, before all the issues were resolved.

Founding (1945)

The UN in 1945: founding members in light blue, protectorates and territories of the founding members in dark blue

By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed the Declaration by the United Nations. After months of planning, the UN Conference on International Organization opened in San Francisco on 25 April 1945. It was attended by 50 nation's governments and a number of non-governmental organizations. The delegations of the Big Four chaired the plenary meetings. Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944. The drafting of the Charter of the United Nations was completed over the following two months, and it was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union and China - and by a majority of the other 46 nations.

The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council took place in London beginning in January 1946. Debates began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in Iranian Azerbaijan and British forces in Greece. British diplomat Gladwyn Jebb served as interim secretary-general.

The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN. Construction began on 14 September 1948 and the facility was completed on 9 October 1952. The Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN secretary-general (Jebb was only in the position until a permanent secretary-general was elected).

Cold War (1947-1991)

Though the UN's primary mandate was peacekeeping, the division between the United States and the Soviet Union often paralysed the organization; generally allowing it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the Cold War. Two notable exceptions were a Security Council resolution on 7 July 1950 authorizing a US-led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea, passed in the absence of the Soviet Union, and the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953.

On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly approved a resolution to partition Palestine, approving the creation of Israel. Two years later, Ralph Bunche, a UN official, negotiated an armistice to the resulting conflict. On 7 November 1956, the first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis; however, the UN was unable to intervene against the Soviet Union's simultaneous invasion of Hungary, following the country's revolution.

On 14 July 1960, the UN established the United Nations Operation in the Congo (or UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to bring order to Katanga, restoring it to the control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 11 May 1964. While travelling to meet rebel leader Moise Tshombe during the conflict, Dag Hammarskjöld, often named as one of the UN's most effective secretary-generals, died in a plane crash. Months later he was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1964, Hammarskjöld's successor, U Thant, deployed the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.

With the spread of decolonization in the 1960s, the organization's membership shot up due to an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined the UN, 16 of them from Africa. On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, but with the support of many Third World nations, the People's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the Republic of China (also known as Taiwan). The vote was widely seen as a sign of waning American influence in the organization. Third World nations organized themselves into the Group of 77 under the leadership of Algeria, which briefly became a dominant power at the UN. On 10 November 1975, a bloc comprising the Soviet Union and Third World nations passed a resolution, over strenuous American and Israeli opposition, declaring Zionism to be racism. The resolution was repealed on 16 December 1991, shortly after the end of the Cold War.

With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East, Vietnam, and Kashmir, the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange. By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget.

Post-Cold War (1991-present)

After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in five years than it had in the previous four decades. Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased by more than tenfold. The UN negotiated an end to the Salvadoran Civil War, launched a successful peacekeeping mission in Namibia, and oversaw democratic elections in post- apartheid South Africa and post- Khmer Rouge Cambodia. In 1991, the UN authorized a US-led coalition that repulsed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Brian Urquhart, the under-secretary-general of the UN from 1971 to 1985, later described the hopes raised by these successes as a "false renaissance" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.

Beginning in the last decades of the Cold War, critics of the UN condemned the organization for perceived mismanagement and corruption. In 1984, American President Ronald Reagan withdrew the United States' funding from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (or UNESCO) over allegations of mismanagement, followed by the United Kingdom and Singapore. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the secretary-general from 1992 to 1996, initiated a reform of the Secretariat, somewhat reducing the size of the organisation. His successor, Kofi Annan, initiated further management reforms in the face of threats from the US to withhold its UN dues.

Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s the UN faced several simultaneous, serious crises within Somalia, Haiti, Mozambique, and the nations that previously made up Yugoslavia. The UN mission in Somalia was widely viewed as a failure after the United States' withdrawal following casualties in the Battle of Mogadishu. The UN mission to Bosnia faced worldwide ridicule for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing. In 1994, the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the Rwandan genocide amidst indecision in the Security Council.

From the late 1990s to the early 2000s, international interventions authorized by the UN took a wider variety of forms. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 authorised the NATO-led Kosovo Force beginning in 1999. The UN mission in the Sierra Leone Civil War was supplemented by a British military intervention. The invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was overseen by NATO. In 2003, the United States invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the organization's effectiveness.

Under the eighth secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, the UN intervened with peacekeepers in crises such as the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and sent observers and chemical weapons inspectors to the Syrian Civil War. In 2013, an internal review of UN actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered a "systemic failure". In 2010, the organization suffered the worst loss of life in its history, when 101 personnel died in the Haiti earthquake. Acting under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 in 2011, NATO countries intervened in the First Libyan Civil War.

The Millennium Summit was held in 2000 to discuss the UN's role in the 21st century. The three-day meeting was the largest gathering of world leaders in history, and it culminated in the adoption by all member states of the Millennium Development Goals (or MDGs), a commitment to achieve international development in areas such as poverty reduction, gender equality and public health. Progress towards these goals, which were to be met by 2015, was ultimately uneven. The 2005 World Summit reaffirmed the UN's focus on promoting development, peacekeeping, human rights and global security. The Sustainable Development Goals (or SDGs) were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals.

In addition to addressing global challenges, the UN has sought to improve its accountability and democratic legitimacy by engaging more with civil society and fostering a global constituency. In an effort to enhance transparency, in 2016 the organization held its first public debate between candidates for secretary-general. On 1 January 2017, Portuguese diplomat António Guterres, who had previously served as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, became the ninth secretary-general. Guterres has highlighted several key goals for his administration, including an emphasis on diplomacy for preventing conflicts, more effective peacekeeping efforts, and streamlining the organization to be more responsive and versatile to international needs.

On 13 June 2019, the UN signed a Strategic Partnership Framework with the World Economic Forum in order to "jointly accelerate" the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

The United Nations is part of the broader UN System, which includes an extensive network of institutions and entities. Central to the organization are five principal organs established by the UN Charter: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat. A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship Council, suspended its operations on 1 November 1994 upon the independence of Palau; the last remaining UN trustee territory.

Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City, while the International Court of Justice is seated in The Hague. Most other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi, and additional UN institutions are located throughout the world. The six official languages of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. On the basis of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, the UN and its agencies are immune from the laws of the countries where they operate, safeguarding the UN's impartiality with regard to host and member countries.

Below the six organs are, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, "an amazing collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it". These include specialized agencies, research and training institutions, programmes and funds and other UN entities.

All organizations in the UN system obey the Noblemaire principle, which calls for salaries that will attract and retain citizens of countries where compensation is highest, and which ensures equal pay for work of equal value regardless of the employee's nationality. In practice, the International Civil Service Commission, which governs the conditions of UN personnel, takes reference to the highest-paying national civil service. Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations.

General Assembly

The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the UN. Composed of all UN member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions at the General Assembly Hall, but emergency sessions can also be called. The assembly is led by a president, elected by the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents. The first session convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations.

When the General Assembly decides on important questions such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member has one vote. Apart from the approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council.

Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by its six main committees:

As well as by the following two committees:

General Committee - a supervisory committee consisting of the assembly's president, vice-presidents, and committee heads

Credentials Committee - responsible for determining the credentials of each member nation's UN representatives

Security Council

Colin Powell, the US Secretary of State, demonstrates a vial with alleged Iraq chemical weapon probes to the UN Security Council on Iraq war hearings, 5 February 2003.

The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security amongst nations. While other organs of the UN can only make recommendations to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25. The decisions of the council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.

The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states: five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and ten non-permanent members (currently Albania, Brazil, Gabon, Ghana, India, Ireland, Kenya, Mexico, Norway and the United Arab Emirates). The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with five members elected each year by the General Assembly on a regional basis. The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month.

UN Secretariat

The UN Secretariat carries out the day-to-day duties required to operate and maintain the UN system. It is composed of tens of thousands of international civil servants worldwide and headed by the secretary-general, who is assisted by the deputy secretary-general. The Secretariat's duties include providing information and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings and carrying out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.

The secretary-general acts as the spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's chief administrative officer. Article 99 of the charter states that the secretary-general can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", a phrase that secretaries-general since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage. The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues.

The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the position shall be held for one or two terms of five years. The current secretary-general is António Guterres of Portugal, who replaced Ban Ki-moon in 2017.

International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (or ICJ), sometimes known as the World Court, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It is the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice and occupies the body's former headquarters in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, making it the only principal organ not based in New York City. The ICJ's main function is adjudicating disputes among nations. Examples of issues they have heard include war crimes, violations of state sovereignty and ethnic cleansing. The court can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions on matters of international law. All UN member states are parties to the ICJ Statute, which forms an integral part of the UN Charter, and non-members may also become parties. The ICJ's rulings are binding upon parties and, along with its advisory opinions, serve as sources of international law. The court is composed of 15 judges appointed to nine-year terms by the General Assembly. Every sitting judge must be from a different nation.

Economic and Social Council

The Economic and Social Council (or the ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development. It was established to serve as the UN's primary forum for global issues and is the largest and most complex UN body. The ECOSOC's functions include gathering data, conducting studies and advising and making recommendations to member states. Its work is carried out primarily by subsidiary bodies focused on a wide variety of topics. These include the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, which advises UN agencies on issues relating to indigenous peoples, the United Nations Forum on Forests, which coordinates and promotes sustainable forest management, the United Nations Statistical Commission, which co-ordinates information-gathering efforts between agencies, and the Commission on Sustainable Development, which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working towards sustainable development. ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations. as of April 2021 almost 5,600 organizations have this status.

Specialized agencies

The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties. Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the co-ordinating machinery of the Economic and Social Council. Each was integrated into the UN system through an agreement with the UN under UN Charter article 57. There are fifteen specialized agencies, which perform functions as diverse as facilitating international travel, preventing and addressing pandemics, and promoting economic development.

Funds, programmes, and other bodies

The United Nations system includes a myriad of autonomous, separately administered funds, programmes, research and training institutes, and other subsidiary bodies. Each of these entities have their own area of work, governance structure, and budget such as the World Trade Organization (or the WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (or the IAEA), operate independently of the UN but maintain formal partnership agreements. The UN performs much of its humanitarian work through these institutions, such as preventing famine and malnutrition (the World Food Programme), protecting vulnerable and displaced people (the UNHCR), and combating the HIV/AIDS pandemic (the UNAIDS).

Membership

2 eligible Non-Member States (Niue, Cook Islands)

All the world's undisputed independent states, apart from Vatican City, are members of the United Nations. South Sudan, which joined 14 July 2011, is the most recent addition, bringing a total of 193 UN member states. The UN Charter outlines the membership rules:

1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states that accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.

2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Chapter II, Article 4.

In addition, there are two non-member observer states: the Vatican City and Palestine. The Cook Islands and Niue, both states in free association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by the Secretariat.

Indonesia was the first and the only nation that attempted to withdraw its membership from the United Nations, in protest to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the Security Council in 1965 during conflict between the two countries. After forming CONEFO as a short-lived rival to the UN, Indonesia resumed its membership in 1966.

The Group of 77 (or the G77) at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations that is designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries. The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (or the UNCTAD). The group held its first major meeting in Algiers in 1967, where it adopted the Charter of Algiers and established the basis for permanent institutional structures. With the adoption of the New International Economic Order by developing countries in the 1970s, the work of the G77 spread throughout the UN system. Similar groupings of developing states also operate in other UN agencies, such as the Group of 24 (or the G-24), which operates in the IMF on monetary affairs.

Objectives

The overarching strategy of the United Nations is captured in the United Nations Common Agenda.

Peacekeeping and security

The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" because they wear distinctive blue helmets. Peacekeeping forces as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.

A Nepalese soldier on a peacekeeping deployment providing security at a rice distribution site in Haiti during 2010

The UN has carried out 71 peacekeeping operations since 1947, and as of April 2021, over 88,000 peacekeeping personnel from 121 nations have been deployed on missions. The largest is the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (or UNMISS), which has close to 19,200 uniformed personnel, and the smallest, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (or UNMOGIP), consists of 113 civilians and experts charged with monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. UN peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (or UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.

A study by the RAND Corporation in 2005 found the UN to be successful in two-thirds of their peacekeeping efforts. It compared efforts at nation-building by the UN to those of the United States, and found that 87.5% of UN cases are at peace, as compared with 50% of U.S. cases at peace. Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism - mostly spearheaded by the UN - has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict. Situations in which the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also intervened include the Korean War and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Gulf War. Further studies published between 2008 and 2021 determined UN peacekeeping operations to be more effective at ensuring long-lasting peace and minimizing civilian casualties.

The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases, member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions. Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the Bangladesh genocide in 1971, the Cambodian genocide in the 1970s, and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Similarly, UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the Srebrenica massacre or complete the peacekeeping operations during the Somali Civil War. UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Sudan, Burundi, and Côte d'Ivoire. Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the source of the 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak, which killed more than 8,000 people.

In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament. Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for their creation. The advent of nuclear weapons came only weeks after the signing of the charter, resulting in the first resolution of the first General Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction". The UN has been involved with arms-limitation treaties such as the Outer Space Treaty, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Seabed Arms Control Treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, and the Ottawa Treaty. Three UN bodies oversee arms proliferation issues: the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission. Additionally, many peacekeeping missions focus on disarmament: several operations in West Africa disarmed roughly 250,000 former combatants and secured tens of thousands of weapons and millions of munitions.

Human rights

One of the UN's primary purposes is "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion", and member states pledge to undertake "joint and separate action" to protect these rights.

In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, drafted by a committee headed by American diplomat and activist Eleanor Roosevelt, and including the French lawyer René Cassin. The document proclaims basic civil, political and economic rights common to all human beings, though its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting. The Declaration serves as a "common standard of achievement for all people and all nations" rather than a legally binding document, but it has become the basis of two binding treaties, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In practice, the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution, though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses.

In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989. With the end of the Cold War, the push for human rights action took on new impetus. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN, following the recommendation of that year's World Conference on Human Rights. Jacques Fomerand, a scholar of the UN, describes the organization's mandate as "broad and vague", with only "meagre" resources to carry it out. In 2006, it was replaced by a Human Rights Council consisting of 47 nations. Also in 2006, the General Assembly passed a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People, and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of members of the LGBTQ+ community.

Other UN bodies responsible for women's rights issues include the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples, held its first session in 2002.

Economic development and humanitarian assistance

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

Another primary purpose of the UN is "to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character". Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal, primarily under the authority of the General Assembly and the ECOSOC. In 2000, the 192 UN member states agreed to achieve eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015. The Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals. The SDGs have an associated financing framework called the Addis Ababa Action Agenda.

The UN Development Programme (or the UNDP), an organization for grant-based technical assistance, is one of the leading bodies in the field of international development. The organization also publishes the UN Human Development Index, a comparative measure ranking countries by poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors. The Food and Agriculture Organization (or the FAO) promotes agricultural development and food security. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the convention on the Rights of the Child.

The World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund (or the IMF) are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework. They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement. The World Bank provides loans for international development, while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries.

In Jordan, UNHCR remains responsible for the Syrian refugees and the Zaatari refugee camp.

The World Health Organization (or WHO), which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication, is another of the UN's largest agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that the eradication of smallpox had been completed. In subsequent decades, WHO eradicated polio, river blindness, and leprosy. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (or UNAIDS) co-ordinated the organization's response to the AIDS epidemic. The UN Population Fund, which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV, is the world's largest source of funding for reproductive health and family planning services.

Along with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the UN takes a leading role in co-ordinating emergency relief. The World Food Programme (or the WFP) provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters, and armed conflict. The organization feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations per year. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (or the UNHCR) works to protect the rights of refugees, asylum seekers and stateless people. The UNHCR and the WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments, corporations, and individuals, though the UNHCR's administrative costs are paid for by the UN's primary budget.

Environment and climate

Beginning with the formation of the UN Environmental Programme (or the UNEP) in 1972, the UN has made environmental issues a prominent part of its agenda. A lack of success in the first two decades of UN work in this area led to the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992; which sought to give new impetus to these efforts. In 1988, the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (or the WMO), another UN organization, established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses and reports on research on global warming. The UN-sponsored Kyoto Protocol set legally binding emissions reduction targets for ratifying states.

Other global issues

Since the UN's creation, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers. The UN works towards decolonization through groups including the UN Committee on Decolonization. The committee lists seventeen remaining " non-self-governing territories", the largest and most populous of which is the Western Sahara.

The UN budget for 2022 was $3.1 billion, not including additional resources donated by members, such as peacekeeping forces.

The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each nation to pay, as measured by its gross national income (or GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income.

The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%. For the least developed countries (or LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied. In addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or "floor" rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget ($31,000 for the two-year budget 2021-2022).

A large share of the UN's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget. The peacekeeping budget for the 2021-2022 fiscal year is $6.38 billion, supporting 75,224 personnel deployed in 10 missions worldwide. UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. The largest contributors to the UN peacekeeping budget for 2020-2021 are: the United States (27.89%), China (15.21%), Japan (8.56%), Germany (6.09%), the United Kingdom (5.78%), France (5.61%), Italy (3.30%), Russia (3.04%), Canada (2.73%), and South Korea (2.26%).

Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as UNICEF and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals.

Evaluations, awards, and criticism

The 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the UN-diploma in the lobby of the UN Headquarters in New York City

Evaluations

In evaluating the UN as a whole, Jacques Fomerand writes that the "accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in their own terms. Progress in human development during the 20th century has been dramatic, and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a more hospitable and livable place for millions". Evaluating the first 50 years of the UN's history, the author Stanley Meisler writes that "the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders, but it accomplished a great deal nevertheless", citing its role in decolonization and its many successful peacekeeping efforts.

British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks, "when all its aspects are considered, the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and will bring benefits to our children's and grandchildren's generations as well."

Then French President François Hollande stated in 2012 that "France trusts the United Nations. She knows that no state, no matter how powerful, can solve urgent problems, fight for development and bring an end to all crises. France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance". In his 1953 address to the United States Committee for United Nations Day, American President Dwight D. Eisenhower expressed his view that, for all its flaws, "the United Nations represents man's best organized hope to substitute the conference table for the battlefield".

UN peacekeeping missions are assessed to be generally successful. An analysis of 47 peace operations by Virginia Page Fortna of Columbia University found that UN-led conflict resolution usually resulted in long-term peace. Political scientists Hanne Fjelde, Lisa Hultman and Desiree Nilsson of Uppsala University studied twenty years of data on peacekeeping missions, concluding that they were more effective at reducing civilian casualties than counterterrorism operations by nation states. Georgetown University professor Lise Howard postulates that UN peacekeeping operations are more effective due to their emphasis on "verbal persuasion, financial inducements and coercion short of offensive military force, including surveillance and arrest", which are likelier to change the behavior of warring parties.

A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work. Two secretaries-general, Dag Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan, were each awarded the prize; as were Ralph Bunche, a UN negotiator, René Cassin, a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the American Secretary of State Cordell Hull for his role in the organization's founding. Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis. UNICEF won the prize in 1965, the International Labour Organization in 1969, the UN Peacekeeping Forces in 1988, the International Atomic Energy Agency (which reports to the UN) in 2005, and the UN-supported Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in 2013. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded the prize in 1954 and 1981, becoming one of only two recipients to win the prize twice. The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001, sharing it with Annan. In 2007, the IPCC received the prize "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."

Marking of the UN's 70th anniversary - Budapest, 2015

In a sometimes-misquoted statement, American President George W. Bush stated in February 2003-referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime-that "free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society."

In 2020, former American President Barack Obama, in his memoir A Promised Land noted, "In the middle of the Cold War, the chances of reaching any consensus had been slim, which is why the UN had stood idle as Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary or U.S. planes dropped napalm on the Vietnamese countryside. Even after the Cold War, divisions within the Security Council continued to hamstring the UN's ability to tackle problems. Its member states lacked either the means or the collective will to reconstruct failing states like Somalia, or prevent an ethnic slaughter in places like Sri Lanka."

Since its founding, there have been many calls for reform of the UN but little consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.

Representation and structure

Core features of the UN apparatus, such as the veto privileges of some nations in the Security Council, are often described as fundamentally undemocratic, contrary to the UN mission, and a main cause of inaction on genocides and crimes against humanity.

Jacques Fomerand state that the most enduring divide in views of the UN is "the North-South split" between richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations. Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly, allowing them a greater voice in world affairs, while Northern nations prefer an economically laissez-faire UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism.

There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council's membership to be increased, for different ways of electing the UN's secretary-general, and for a UN Parliamentary Assembly.

Exclusion of countries

After World War II, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the United States as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization. Future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it a machin (contraption), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.

Since 1971, the Republic of China, also known as Taiwan, has been excluded from the UN and consistently denied membership in its reapplications. The UN officially adheres to the " One China" policy endorsed by most member states, which recognizes the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate Chinese government. Critics allege that this position reflects a failure of the organization's development goals and guidelines, and it garnered renewed scrutiny during the COVID-19 pandemic, when Taiwan was denied membership into the World Health Organization despite its relatively effective response to the virus. Support for Taiwan's inclusion is subject to pressure from the People's Republic of China, which regards the territories administered by Taiwan as their own territory.

Independence

Ironically, the United States had simultaneously scrutinized the UN for employing communists and Soviet sympathizers, following a high-profile accusation that Alger Hiss, an American who had taken part in the establishment of the UN, had been a Soviet spy. American Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed that the UN Secretariat under Secretary-General Lie harboured American communists, leading to further pressure that the UN chief resign. The United States saw nascent opposition to the UN in the 1960s, particularly amongst conservatives, with groups such as the John Birch Society stating that the organization was an instrument for communism. Popular opposition to the UN was expressed through bumper stickers and signs with slogans such as "Get the U.S. out of the U.N. and the U.N. out of the U.S.!" and "You can't spell communism without U.N."

National sovereignty

In the United States, there were concerns about supposed threats to national sovereignty, most notably promoted by the John Birch Society, which mounted a nationwide campaign in opposition to the UN during the 1960s.

Beginning in the 1990s, the same concern appeared with the American Sovereignty Restoration Act, which has been introduced multiple times in the United States Congress. In 1997, an amendment containing the bill received a floor vote, with 54 representatives voting in favor. The 2007 version of the bill ( H.R. 1146) was authored by U.S. Representative Ron Paul, to effect the United States' withdrawal from the United Nations. It would repeal various laws pertaining to the UN, terminate authorization for funds to be spent on the UN, terminate UN presence on American property, and withdraw diplomatic immunity for UN employees. It would provide up to two years for the United States to withdraw. The Yale Law Journal cited the Act as proof that "the United States's complaints against the United Nations have intensified." The most recent iteration, as of 2022, is H.R.7806, introduced by Mike D. Rogers.

The UN's attention to Israel's treatment of Palestinians is considered excessive by a range of critics, including Israeli diplomat Dore Gold, British scholar Robert S. Wistrich, American legal scholar Alan Dershowitz, Australian politician Mark Dreyfus, and the Anti-Defamation League. In September 2015, Saudi Arabia's Faisal bin Hassan Trad was elected chair of an advisory committee in the UN Human Rights Council, a move criticized by human rights groups. The UNHRC has likewise been accused of anti-Israel bias, as it has passed more resolutions condemning Israel than the rest of the world combined.

Effectiveness

In 1994, former special representative of the secretary-general of the UN to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published Somalia: The Missed Opportunities, a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in Somalia. Sahnoun claims that between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the Siad Barre regime in January 1991, the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies. When the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally outperformed by NGOs, whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN's excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Sahnoun warned that if radical reform were not undertaken, then the UN would continue to respond to such crises with inept improvisation.

Beyond specific instances or areas of alleged ineffectiveness, some scholars debate the overall effectiveness of the UN. Adherents to the realist school of international relations take a pessimistic position, arguing that the UN is not an effective organization because it is dominated and constrained by great powers. Liberal scholars counter that it is an effective organization because it has proved capable of solving many problems by working around the restrictions imposed by powerful member states. The UN is generally considered by scholars to be more effective in realms such as public health, humanitarian assistance, and conflict resolution.

Inefficiency and corruption

Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption. In 1976, the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system. During the 1990s, the United States withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative be introduced. In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (or the OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.

Model United Nations

The United Nations has inspired the extracurricular activity Model United Nations (or MUN). MUN is a simulation of United Nations activity based on the UN agenda and following UN procedure. It is usually attended by high school and university students who organize conferences to simulate the various UN committees to discuss important issues of the day. Today, MUN educates tens of thousands on the activities of the UN around the world. MUN has many famous and notable alumni, such as the former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.

References

Bibliography

Ball, Howard (2011). Genocide: A Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Issues. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-488-7.

Fomerand, Jacques (2009). The A to Z of the United Nations. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5547-2.

Grant, Thomas D. (2009). Admission to the United Nations: Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization. Legal Aspects of International Organization. Vol. 50. Leiden, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-17363-7. ISSN 0924-4883.

Manchester, William; Reid, Paul (2012). The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill. Vol. 3: Defender of the Realm, 1940-1965. New York: Little Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-54770-3.

Mires, Charlene (2013). Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-0794-4.

Sherwood, Robert E. (1948). Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History. New York: Harper and Brothers.

Weiss, Thomas G.; Daws, Sam, eds. (2009) [2007]. The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956010-3.

Further reading

Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; Zaum, Dominik, eds. (2008). The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953343-5.

Mazower, Mark (2009). No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations. Princeton University Press.

Roberts, Adam; Kingsbury, Benedict, eds. (1994). United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827926-6.

External links

Official websites

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The United Nations ( UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest international organization.

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global organization in labour

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NATO, UN, ASEAN, Pandawara, WWF, ADB, ILO, FAO, OPEC, EU, PPB, ICRC, OKI

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Pandawara, Asean, WTO, Osis, Nato

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world organization in health

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The United Nations agency working to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable.

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Pandawara adalah organisasi lokal , yang bergerak dalam bidang pemerhati lingkungan.

Pandawara memiliki tujuan untuk membersihkan sampah - sampah di sungai.

Pandawara berawal dari 5 pemuda yang tinggal di Bandung dan sering ke banjiran. Mereka menyadari bahwa banjir yang mereka alami terjadi karena sampah, maka mereka membersihkan sampah di sungai, dan terkadang masyarkat sekitar ikut membantu juga.

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UNICEF's work

UNICEF works in over 190 countries and territories to save children's lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfil their potential, from early childhood through adolescence. And we never give up.

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UNICEF works in more than 190 countries and territories to reach the most disadvantaged children and adolescents - and to protect the rights of every child, everywhere.

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Byan Yofa 6 Gloriosa. World trade organization(WTO)

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Byan Yofa 6 Gloriosa. World trade organization(WTO)

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PENJELASAN:

WTO dijalankan oleh pemerintah anggotanya. Semua keputusan penting dibuat oleh anggota secara keseluruhan, baik oleh para menteri (yang biasanya bertemu setidaknya sekali setiap dua tahun) atau oleh duta besar atau delegasi mereka (yang bertemu secara rutin di Jenewa).

TUJUAN:

Tujuan utama WTO adalah untuk membuka perdagangan antarnegara dengan mengurangi atau menghilangkan hambatan tarif dan non-tarif

LATAR BELAKANG:

Terbentuknya WTO adalah bukti bahwa perdagangan internasional dapat direalisasikan meskipun telah terjadi gencatan senjata

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Pandawara adalah tiktoker yang berniat baik untuk masyarakat Indonesia dan membantu membersihkan titik titik terkotor/tidak bersih di pantai,sungai,hutan dan jalanan

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Penjelasan:

OSIS merupakan singakatan dari Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah. Organisasi ini berada di tingkat sekolah dan dibentuk di sekolah menengah yaitu SMP dan SMA. Organisasi ini menjadi wadah berkumpulnya para siswa untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu.

Tujuan:

Rata rata OSIS mempunyai tujuan untuk memberikan fasilitas kepada para siswa untuk menyalurkan harapan dan keinginannya, mengekspresikan kreativitasnya, dan berpartisipasi untuk hal-hal yang positif.

Latar belakang:

OSIS memiliki tujuan sebagai sarana pemerintah untuk membina para siswa agar menjadi penerus perjuangan bangsa. OSIS merupakan salah satu cara pembinaan siswa yang digelar secara nasional.

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Apec terdiri dari 21 member yaitu : Australia

Brunei Darussalam

Canada

Chile

China

Hong Kong, China

Indonesia

Japan

Malaysia

Mexico

Papua New Guinea

Peru

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

South Korea

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

United States

Vietnam

New Zealand

Tujuan APEC : Tujuan utamanya adalah untuk mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi berkelanjutan dan kemakmuran di kawasan Asia-Pasifik.

latar belakang : APEC adalah forum antar pemerintah yang didedikasikan untuk mempromosikan perdagangan bebas dan investasi, pertumbuhan dan pembangunan ekonomi, serta kerja sama di kawasan Asia-Pasifik.

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Pandawara adalah organisasi yang membersihkan sungai,laut mereka membantu Indonesia dengan cara konten bersih bersih

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Pandawara adalah organisasi Yang berfokus pada permasalahan sampah dan kebersihan lingkungan.

Pandawara beranggotakan lima orang pemuda, yaitu Ikhsan Destian, Gilang Rahma, Muhammad Rifqi, Rafly Pasya, dan Agung Permana, Pandawara mempunyai tujuan besar yakni ingin mengajak semua pemuda di Indonesia untuk peduli terhadap lingkungan dengan aksi nyata yakni tidak membuang sampah sembarangan dan mau membersihkan sampah di depan mata.

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Pandawara adalah organisasi lokal, dengan bidang pemerhati lingkungan

Pandawara memiliki tujuan untuk membersihakan sungai-sungai yang kotor yang ada di indonesia

Mereka juga menunjukkan bahwa memungut sampah di selokan atau sungai tidak seburuk yang dipikirkan. Sebanyak 27.066 kg sampah

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Acid 6 Gloriosa - WFF (world wide fund for nature)

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Acid 6 Gloriosa - WFF (world wide fund for nature)

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The World Wide Fund for Nature is a Swiss-based international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment and is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects.

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global organization for trading

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Global trade - The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that global trade flows smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

Global trade - The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that global trade flows smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

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Global trade - The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

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Pandawara adalah organisasi Yang berfokus pada permasalahan sampah dan kebersihan lingkungan.

Pandawara beranggotakan lima orang pemuda, yaitu Ikhsan Destian, Gilang Rahma, Muhammad Rifqi, Rafly Pasya, dan Agung Permana, Pandawara mempunyai tujuan besar yakni ingin mengajak semua pemuda di Indonesia untuk peduli terhadap lingkungan dengan aksi nyata yakni tidak membuang sampah sembarangan dan mau membersihkan sampah di depan mata.

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organisasi NU adalah organisasi keagamaan islam , tujuan nya adalah mengembangkan ajaran islam

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world organization for football

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Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (OKD), nama bahasa Inggris-nya adalah World Health Organization, populer disingkat WHO, adalah salah satu badan PBB yang bertindak sebagai koordinator kesehatan umum internasional dan bermarkas di Jenewa, Swiss.

WHO sudah berdiri 7 April 1948.

Sekarang, jumlah kariawan 8000.

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Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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Pandawara adalah kelompok organisasi lokal, dalam bidang memerhati lingkungan.

mereka mempunyai tujuan untuk membersih sampah-sampah yang berada di sungai.

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world organization in badminton

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Asean singkatan dari Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Dikenal juga dengan nama Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara, ASEAN merupakan sebuah organisasi dengan tujuan mensejahterakan dan memajukan negara di Asia Tenggara.

Asean adalah organisasi geopolitik dan ekonomi yang anggotanya adalah negara dari kawasan Asia Tenggara.

Organisasi ini dibentuk karena adanya keinginan kuat dari para pendiri Asean untuk menciptakan kawasan Asia Tenggara yang damai, aman, stabil, dan sejahtera.

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pandawara , NU , PBB, OKI , ASEAN ,UN ,ITC , UNESCO

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Tujuan PBB untuk

Menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional, dan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, PBB mengambil langkah-langkah kolektif yang efektif untuk mencegah dan menghilangkan ancaman terhadap perdamaian, dan untuk menekan tindakan agresi atau pelanggaran perdamaian lainnya, dan mewujudkannya dengan cara damai dan sesuai

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OSIS adalah singkatan dari Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah. OSIS merupakan suatu wadah atau organisasi yang menjadi representasi siswa di dalam suatu sekolah. Fungsi OSIS umumnya melibatkan berbagai kegiatan yang bersifat pengembangan kepribadian, partisipasi siswa dalam kegiatan sekolah, serta memperjuangkan hak dan kepentingan siswa di tingkat sekolah.

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Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara (ASEAN) didirikan pada tahun 1967 dan terdiri oleh 10 negara yaitu Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapura, Kamboja, Laos, Myanmar, Filipina, Thailand dan Vietnam

Tujuan Asean tidak hanya menjaga stabilitas kawasan, melainkan menjalankan integrasi ekonomi serta dalam memperbaiki daya saing regional.

Kerja sama ASEAN di Sektor Industri Melalui ASEAN Industrial Cooperation (AICO)
Kerja Sama ASEAN di Sektor Cadangan Pangan.
Kerja Sama ASEAN Melalui Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas,
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
Kerja Sama ASEAN di Bidang Ekonomi Pariwisata.
Dibentuknya Pusat Promosi ASEAN.

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The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the European Union (EU), and the African Union (AU). It works to address major issues related to the global economy, such as international financial stability, climate change mitigation and sustainable development.

The G20 is composed of most of the world's largest economies' finance ministries, including both industrialised and developing countries; it accounts for around 80% of gross world product (GWP), 75% of international trade, two-thirds of the global population, and 60% of the world's land area.

The G20 was founded in 1999 in response to several world economic crises. Since 2008, it has convened at least once a year, with summits involving each member's head of government or state, finance minister, or foreign minister, and other high-ranking officials; the EU is represented by the European Commission and the European Central Bank. Other countries, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations are invited to attend the summits, some permanently. In 2023, during its 2023 summit, the African Union joined as its 21st member.

In its 2009 summit, the G20 declared itself the primary venue for international economic and financial cooperation. The group's stature has risen during the subsequent decade, and it is recognised by analysts as exercising considerable global influence; it is also criticised for its limited membership, lack of enforcement powers, and for the alleged undermining of existing international institutions. Summits are often met with protests, particularly by anti-globalization groups.

The G20 is the latest in a series of post- World War II initiatives aimed at international coordination of economic policy, which include institutions such as the " Bretton Woods twins", the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and what is now the World Trade Organization.

A 2004 report by Colin I. Bradford and Johannes F. Linn of the Brookings Institution asserted the group was founded primarily at the initiative of Eichel, the concurrent chair of the G7. However, Bradford later described then- Finance Minister of Canada (and future Prime Minister of Canada) Paul Martin as "the crucial architect of the formation of the G20 at finance minister level", and as the one who later "proposed that the G20 countries move to leaders level summits". Canadian academic and journalistic sources have also identified the G20 as a project initiated by Martin and his American counterpart then- Treasury Secretary Larry Summers. All acknowledge, however, that Germany and the United States played a key role in bringing their vision into reality.

Martin and Summers conceived of the G20 in response to the series of massive debt crises that had spread across emerging markets in the late 1990s, beginning with the Mexican peso crisis and followed by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and eventually impacting the United States, most prominently in the form of the collapse of the prominent hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management in the autumn of 1998. It illustrated to them that in a rapidly globalizing world, the G7, G8, and the Bretton Woods system would be unable to provide financial stability, and they conceived of a new, broader permanent group of major world economies that would give a voice and new responsibilities in providing it.

The G20 membership was decided by Eichel's deputy Caio Koch-Weser and Summers's deputy Timothy Geithner. According to the political economist Robert Wade:

"Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying, Canada in, Portugal out, South Africa in, Nigeria and Egypt out, and so on; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries; and the invitations to the first meeting went out."

The G20's primary focus has been governance of the global economy. Summit themes have varied from year to year. The theme of the 2006 G20 ministerial meeting was "Building and Sustaining Prosperity". The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve "sustained growth", global energy and resource commodity markets, reform of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes.

In 2007, South Africa hosted the secretariat with Trevor A. Manuel, South African Minister of Finance as chairperson of the G20.

In 2008, Guido Mantega, Brazil's Minister of Finance, was the G20 chairperson and proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, clean energy, economic development and fiscal elements of growth and development.

On 11 October 2008 after a meeting of G8 finance ministers, US President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G20 would be important in finding solutions to the burgeoning economic crisis of 2008.

The Summit of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who prepare the leaders' summit and implement their decisions, was created as a response both to the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and to a growing recognition that key emerging countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. Additionally, G20 summits of heads of state or government were held.

After the 2008 debut summit in Washington, DC, G20 leaders met twice a year: in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, and in Toronto and Seoul in 2010.

Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G20, the summits have been held only once a year. The 2016 summit was held in Hangzhou, China, the 2017 summit was held in Hamburg, Germany, the 2018 summit was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the 2019 summit was held in Osaka, Japan, the 2020 summit was scheduled in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia but it was held virtually due to COVID-19, the 2021 summit was held in Rome, Italy and the 2022 summit was held in Bali, Indonesia.

Several other ministerial-level G20 meetings have been held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014, and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010.

In 2012, the G20 Ministers of Tourism and Heads of Delegation of G20 member countries and other invited States, as well as representatives from the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and other organisations in the Travel & Tourism sector met in Mérida, Mexico, on May 16 at the 4th G20 meeting and focused on 'Tourism as a means to Job Creation'. As a result of this meeting and The World Travel & Tourism Council's Visa Impact Research, later on the Leaders of the G20, convened in Los Cabos on 18-19 June, would recognise the impact of Travel & Tourism for the first time. That year, the G20 Leaders Declaration added the following statement: "We recognise the role of travel and tourism as a vehicle for job creation, economic growth and development, and, while recognizing the sovereign right of States to control the entry of foreign nationals, we will work towards developing travel facilitation initiatives in support of job creation, quality work, poverty reduction and global growth."

In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister Julie Bishop, when Australia was hosting the 2014 G20 summit in Brisbane, proposed to ban Russia from the summit over its annexation of Ukrainian Crimea. The BRICS foreign ministers subsequently reminded Bishop that "the custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character."

The 2015 G20 Summit in Antalya, Türkiye, focused on "Inclusiveness, Investment, and Implementation," gathering leaders to address global economic challenges, development, climate change, and urgent issues like terrorism and refugees. Key outcomes included the Antalya Action Plan and commitments to financial stability, tax regulation, and energy policy.

In 2016, the G20 framed its commitment to the 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development Goals in three key themes; the promotion of strong sustainable and balanced growth; protection of the planet from degradation; and furthering co-operation with low-income and developing countries. At the G20 Summit in Hangzhou, members agreed on an action plan and issued a high level principles document to member countries to help facilitate the agenda's implementation.

Japan hosted the 2019 summit, The 2020 summit was to be held in Saudi Arabia, but was instead held virtually on 21-22 November 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic under the presidency of Saudi Arabia. 2021 G20 Rome summit which was held in Rome, the capital city of Italy, on 30-31 October 2021.

Indonesia held the 2022 summit in November 2022. During its presidency, Indonesia focused on the global COVID-19 pandemic and how to collectively overcome the challenges related to it. The three priorities of Indonesia's G20 presidency were global health architecture, digital transformations, and sustainable energy transitions. The G20 Presidency of Indonesia, in partnership with the Pandemic Fund secretariat, also officially launched the Pandemic Fund at a high-level event. The Pandemic Fund to be expected as a key part of the solution for reducing risks from epidemics and pandemics in the most vulnerable parts of the world and contributing to a healthier and safer world

Azali Assoumani, President of the African Union, is greeted by Narendra Modi, G20 Chairman, at the G20 summit in 2023.

India held the 2023 summit in September 2023. The presidency's theme was Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam ( Sanskrit: वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्; English:"One Earth, One Family, One Future"). In an interview on 26 August 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed optimism about the G20 countries' evolving agenda under India's presidency, shifting toward a human-centric development approach that aligns with the concerns of the Global South, including addressing climate change, debt restructuring through the G20's Common Framework for debt, and a strategy for regulation of global cryptocurrencies. G20 expanded by the inclusion of African Union, it is also the first inclusion since 1999.

The Brazilian presidency launched the G20 Social, a place where for the first time the organization will bring the civil society into the debate where it can participate and contribute to discussions and policy formulations regarding to the summit.

To decide which member nation gets to chair the G20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all members, except the European Union and African Union, are assigned to one of five different groupings, with all but one group having four members, the other having three. States from the same region are placed in the same group, except Group 1 and Group 2. All countries within a group are eligible to take over the G20 Presidency when it is their group's turn. Therefore, the states within the relevant group need to negotiate among themselves to select the next G20 President. Each year, a different G20 member country assumes the presidency starting from 1 December until 30 November. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G20 chair. The table below lists the nations' groupings:

To ensure continuity, the presidency is supported by a "troika" made up of the current, immediate past and next host countries.

The G20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The group's chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The 2022 summit was held in Bali, Indonesia. India was the chair in 2023 and hosted the 2023 summit. Brazil is the current chair and will host the 2024 summit.

In 2010, President of France Nicolas Sarkozy proposed the establishment of a permanent G20 secretariat, similar to the United Nations. Seoul and Paris were suggested as possible locations for its headquarters. Brazil and China supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Italy and Japan expressed opposition to the proposal. South Korea proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative. It has been argued that the G20 has been using the OECD as a secretariat.

As of 2023, there are 21 members in the group: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and the African Union. Guest invitees include, amongst others, Spain, the United Nations, the World Bank and ASEAN.

Representatives include, at the leaders' summits, the leaders of nineteen countries, the African Union and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of nineteen countries, the African Union and of the European Union.

In addition, each year, the G20's guests include Spain; the Chair of ASEAN; a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and a country (sometimes more than one) invited by the presidency, usually from its own region.

The first of the tables below lists the member entities and their leaders, finance ministers and central bank governors. The second table lists relevant statistics such as population and GDP figures for each member, as well as detailing memberships of other international organizations, such as the G7, BRICS and MIKTA. Total GDP figures are given in millions of US dollars.

Member

Trade
bil. USD (2022)[64]

Nom. GDP
mil. USD (2024)[65]

PPP GDP
mil. USD (2024)[65]

Nom. GDP per capita
USD (2024)[65]

PPP GDP per capita
USD (2024)[65]

HDI
(2022)[66]

Population
(2022)[67]

Area
km²

P5

G4

G7

BRICS

MIKTA

DAC

OECD

C'wth

NATO

SCO

IMF economy classification[68][69]

United Kingdom

1,353.3

3,495,261

4,029,438

51,075

58,880

0.940

68,492,933

242,495

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Advanced

European Union

[e]5,858.4

18,977,627

26,308,203

42,443

58,838

0.900

446,828,803

4,233,262

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Advanced (majority)[f]

African Union

1,379.0

2,807,400

9,490,335

[g]1,956

[h]6,612

[i]0.577

[j]1,393,676,444

29,922,059

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Emerging

In addition to these 21 members, the chief executive officers of several other international forums and institutions participate in meetings of the G20. These include the managing director and Chairman of the International Monetary Fund, the President of the World Bank, the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee.

The G20's membership does not reflect exactly the 21 largest economies of the world in any given year; as the organization states:

In a forum such as the G20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. Because of the objectives of the G20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.

A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future. The report claimed that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, in which the G20 would become the global economic steering committee. The ADB furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the late-2000s recession. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G20's agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.

G20 members (dark blue), countries represented through the European Union (light blue) and previously invited states (pink) as of 2016.

Typically, several participants that are not full members of the G20 are extended invitations to participate in the summits. Permanent guest invitees are: the government of Spain; the Chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development are invited in their capacities as leaders of their organisations and as heads of government of their home states. In addition, the leaders of the Financial Stability Board, the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization are invited and participate in pre-summit planning within the policy purview of their respective organisation.

Other invitees are chosen by the host country, usually one or two countries from its region. For example, South Korea invited Singapore. International organisations which have been invited in the past include the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC), the European Central Bank (ECB), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Global Governance Group (3G) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Previously, the Netherlands had a similar status to Spain while the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union would also receive an invitation, but only in that capacity and not as their own state's leader (such as the Czech premiers Mirek Topolánek and Jan Fischer during the 2009 summits).

The initial G20 agenda, as conceived by US, Canadian and German policymakers, was very much focused on the sustainability of sovereign debt and global financial stability, in an inclusive format that would bring in the largest developing economies as equal partners. During a summit in November 2008, the leaders of the group pledged to contribute trillions to international financial organizations, including the World Bank and IMF, mainly for re-establishing the global financial system.

The G20 countries account for almost 75% of global carbon emissions. After the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, more "issues of global significance" were added to the G20 agenda: migration, digitisation, employment, healthcare, the economic empowerment of women, development aid and stopping climate change.

The G20 countries account for almost 75% of the global carbon emissions and promised in 2009 to phase out 'inefficient subsidies'. Despite these promises G20 members have subsidised fossil fuel companies over $3.3 trillion between 2015 and 2021, with several states increasing subsidies; Australia (+48.2%), the US (+36.7%), Indonesia (+26.6%), France (+23.8%), China (+4.1%), Brazil (+3.0%), Mexico (+2.6%). China alone generates over half of the coal-generated electricity in the world.

The G20 Engagement Groups and Pre-Conferences are independent collectives that are led by organisations of the host country. They represent a diverse group of stakeholders and work collectively to develop non-binding policy recommendations formally submitted to the G20 leaders for consideration.

For the 2022 G20 hosted by Indonesia, there are 10 Engagement Groups formed to facilitate independent stakeholders in developing proposals and policy recommendations for G20 leaders.

Startup20 and other few engagement groups initiated under the G20 India Presidency of 2023.

The G20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules. There are disputes over the legitimacy of the G20, and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations.

The G20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G20 meetings are closed-door. In 2001, the economist Frances Stewart proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G20. In such a council, members would be elected by the General Assembly based on their importance to the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.

The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including information activists, opponents of fractional-reserve banking and anti-capitalists. In 2010, the Toronto G20 summit sparked mass protests and rioting, leading to the largest mass arrest in Canada's history.

Views on the G20's exclusivity of membership

Although the G20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system", its legitimacy has been challenged. A 2011 report for the Danish Institute for International Studies criticised the G20's exclusivity, particularly highlighting its underrepresentation of African countries and its practice of inviting observers from non-member states as a mere "concession at the margins", which does not grant the organisation representational legitimacy. Concerning the membership issue, US President Barack Obama noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "Everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G-21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out." Others stated in 2011 that the exclusivity is not an insurmountable problem and proposed mechanisms by which it could become more inclusive.

In line with Norway's emphasis on inclusive international processes, the United Nations, and the UN system, in a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel, the current prime minister of Norway Jonas Gahr Støre called the G20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II" as 173 states who are all members of the UN are not among the G20. This includes Norway, a major developed economy and the seventh-largest contributor to UN international development programs, which is not a member state of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G20 even indirectly. Norway, like other such states, has little or no voice within the group. Støre argued that the G20 undermines the legitimacy of international organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations:

The G20 is a self-appointed group. Its composition is determined by the major countries and powers. It may be more representative than the G7 or the G8, in which only the richest countries are represented, but it is still arbitrary. We no longer live in the 19th century, a time when the major powers met and redrew the map of the world. No one needs a new Congress of Vienna.

However, Norway, has moderated this position in practice, and has contributed to a number of G20-work streams for years, in particular on health, energy and climate. Under the government of Erna Solberg, Norway attended the 2017 G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany.

Spain is the world's fifteenth largest economy by nominal GDP (the sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity), the fourth in the European Union, the second among Spanish-speaking countries, the third in Iberoamerica. In addition, since the 1990s several Spanish companies have gained multinational status, and Spain is an important foreign investor worldwide. Its numbers[clarification needed ] clearly exceed the numbers of several current members of the G20 such as Argentina or South Africa. This has led to what Henley et al consider to be a de facto position as a member of the G20. However, Spain, a permanent guest, does not plan to request official membership.

In contrast with the Spanish position, the Polish government has repeatedly asked to join the G20.

Before the 2009 G20 London summit, the Polish government expressed an interest in joining with Spain and the Netherlands and condemned an "organisational mess" in which a few European leaders spoke in the name of the collective EU without legitimate authorisation in cases which belong to the European Commission.[citation needed ]

During a 2010 meeting with foreign diplomats, Polish president Lech Kaczyński said:

The Polish economy is according to our data the 18th world economy. The place of my country is among the members of the G20. This is a very simple postulate: firstly - it results from the size of the Polish economy, secondly - it results from the fact that Poland is the biggest country in its region and the biggest country that has experienced a certain story. That story is a political and economic transformation.

In 2012, Tim Ferguson wrote in that swapping Argentina for Poland should be considered, claiming that the Polish economy was headed toward a leadership role in Europe and its membership would be more legitimate. A similar opinion was expressed by Marcin Sobczyk in the Wall Street Journal. Mamta Murthi from the World Bank said: "To be in 'a club', what Poland can do is to continue working as if it already is in the club it wants to join."

In 2014, consulting company Ernst & Young published its report about optimal members for G20. After analyzing trade, institutional and investment links Poland was included as one of the optimal members.

G20 membership has been part of the look program of Poland's Law and Justice party and President Andrzej Duda. In March 2017, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki took part in a meeting of G20 financial ministers in Baden-Baden as the first Polish representative.

Global Governance Group (3G) response

In June 2010, Singapore's representative to the United Nations warned the G20 that its decisions would affect "all countries, big and small", and asserted that prominent non-G20 members should be included in financial reform discussions. Singapore thereafter took a leading role in organizing the Global Governance Group (3G), an informal grouping of 30 non-G20 countries (including several microstates and many Third World countries) to collectively channel their views into the G20 process more effectively. Singapore's chairing of the 3G was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G20 summit in South Korea, as well as 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 summits.[citation needed ]

Foreign Policy critiques

The American magazine Foreign Policy has published articles condemning the G20, in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the supposedly exclusive G8. It questions the actions of some of the G20 members and advances the notion that some states should not have membership in the first place. Furthermore, with the effects of the Great Recession still ongoing, the magazine has criticized the G20's efforts to implement reforms of the world's financial institutions, branding such efforts as failures.

In March 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, U.S. President Joe Biden called for the removal of Russia from the group. Alternatively, he suggested that Ukraine be allowed to attend the G20 2022 summit, despite its lack of membership. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also said the group should "re-evaluate" Russia's participation. Russia claims it would not be a significant issue, as most G20 members are already fighting Russia economically due to the war. China suggested that expelling Russia would be counterproductive. In November 2022, Indonesia and Russia stated that Vladimir Putin would not attend the G20 summit in person, but may attend virtually. During the 2022 summit, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy appeared in a video statement and repeatedly addressed the assembly as the 'G19' as a means of indicating his viewpoint that Russia should be removed from the group.

Cooper, Andrew F. (2011). "The G20 and Its Regional Critics: The Search for Inclusion". Global Policy. 2 (2): 203-209. doi:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00081.x. ISSN 1758-5899.

Gilpin, Robert (2001). Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08676-7.

Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-829236-4.

Wade, Robert (2009). "From Global Imbalances to Global Reorganisations". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 33 (4): 539-562. doi:10.1093/cje/bep032. hdl:10.1093/cje/bep032. ISSN 1464-3545.

Woods, Ngaire (2006). The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers. Cornell Studies in Money. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4424-1. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1ffjpgn.

Wouters, Jan; Van Kerckhoven, Sven (2011). "OECD and the G20: An Ever Closer Relationship" (PDF). George Washington International Law Review. 43 (2): 345-374. ISSN 1534-9977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2017.

Haas, Peter M. (1992). "Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination" (PDF). International Organization. 46 (1): 1-35. doi:10.1017/S0020818300001442. ISSN 1531-5088. JSTOR 2706951. S2CID 145360263. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015.

Hajnal, Peter I. (2007). The G8 System and the G20: Evolution, Role and Documentation. Global Finance Series. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4550-4.

Kirton, John J. (2013). G20 Governance for a Globalized World. Global Finance Series. Abingdon, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4094-2829-9.

Reinalda, Bob; Verbeek, Bertjan, eds. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science. Vol. 5. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3.

Samans, Richard; Uzan, Marc; Lopez-Claros, Augusto, eds. (2007). The International Monetary System, the IMF and the G-20: A Great Transformation in the Making?. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-52495-8.

Firzli, Nicolas J. (2017). "G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth" (PDF). Revue Analyse Financière. 64 (3): 15-18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2017.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the European Union (EU), and the African Union (AU). It works to address major issues related to the global economy, such as international financial stability, climate change mitigation and sustainable development.

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tujuan opec adalah

Mengoordinasikan

Menjamin stabilitas

mengaman kan harga

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Asean Terdiri dari 10 Negara, Yaitu : Indonesia, Singapura, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Brunei Darussalam, Kamboja, Laos, Myanmar, dan Filipina.

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Penjelasan:

Asean merupakan perkumpulan negara-negara yang terdapat di Asia tenggara. Ada 11 Negara yang termasuk di asean yaitu: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam dan Timor leste.

Tujuan:

menciptakan kawasan Asia Tenggara yang damai, aman, stabil, dan sejahtera.

Latar belakang:

ASEAN didirikan karena adanya keinginan kuat dari para pendiri. Untuk menciptakan kawasan Asia Tenggara yang damai, aman, stabil, sejahtera.

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Tujuan utama WHO (World Health Organization) :

1. Mengatasi penyakit menular dan tidak menular.

2. Meningkatkan sistem kesehatan global.

3. Mempromosikan kesehatan masyarakat.

4. Mengembangkan vaksin dan obat.

5. Menanggapi darurat kesehatan global.

6. Menghapus atau mengendalikan penyakit tertentu.

7. Mencapai Kesehatan Universal.

8. Meningkatkan kolaborasi internasional.

WHO (World Health Organization) bertujuan untuk mencapai kesehatan yang setara bagi semua orang di seluruh dunia.

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United nations atau Department for general assembly and conference management.

tujuan united nations adalah menjaga perdamaian dunia.

united nations diciptakan oleh Presiden Amerika serikat atau Franklin D.Roosevelt.

anggota asli : Prancis, Republik Tiongkok, Uni Soviet, Britania Raya, Amerika Serikat, Argentina, Australia, Belgia, Bolivia, Brasil, Byelorusia (Belarusia), Kanada, Chili, Kolombia, Kosta Rika, Kuba, Cekoslowakia, Denmark, Republik Dominika, Ekuador, Mesir, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Yunani, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Irak, Lebanon, Liberia, Luksemburg, Meksiko, Belanda, Selandia Baru, Nikaragua, Norwegia, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Filipina, Polandia, Arab Saudi, Afrika Selatan, Suriah, Turki, Ukraina, Uruguay, Venezuela dan Yugoslavia.

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Penjelasan:

Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa disingkat sebagai PBB adalah organisasi internasional yang didirikan pada 24 Oktober 1945 untuk mendorong kerja sama internasional. Badan ini merupakan pengganti Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, dan didirikan setelah Perang Dunia II untuk mencegah terjadinya konflik serupa.

Tujuan:

PBB mempunyai tujuan untuk memelihara perdamaian, mengembangkan kerja sama internasional, dan memajukan hak asasi manusia.

Latar belakang:

Pada awalnya, latar belakang PBB adalah mencegah timbulnya konflik antarnegara dan menghindari perang besar seperti Perang Dunia II.

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OPEC didirikan oleh 5 negara pendiri, yaitu; Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia dan Venezuela pada tahun 1960.

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tujuan opec adalah

Mengoordinasikan

Menjamin stabilitas

mengaman kan harga

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ASEAN adalah singkatan dari Association of Southeast Asian Nations . Ini adalah kelompok 10 negara di Asia Tenggara yang bekerja sama untuk mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi, stabilitas politik, dan kerja sama regional. Negara-negara anggotanya adalah Brunei, Kamboja, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Filipina, Singapura, Thailand, dan Vietnam. Mereka fokus pada hal-hal seperti perdagangan, keamanan, dan pertukaran budaya untuk memperkuat kawasan secara keseluruhan.

Sekarang ini ASEAN sudah beranggota 11 negara. Pada tahun lalu East timor (Timor leste) Bergabung dengan ASEAN.

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Global issue : Unemployment

Organization : ILO atau International Labour Organization, tujuan nya adalah memperbaiki lapangan pekerjaan dan kehidupan pekerjanya.

Cara mengatasi isu pengangguran : Memberi kesempatan lebih terhadap usaha kecil. Serta berkolaburasi dengan organisasi ILO untuk mendapatkan tujuan lebih. ILO harus menyuport para pengusaha baru agar menjadi sedikit orang yang tidak punya pekerjaaan.

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topik ini memiliki permasalhan tentang pendidikan yang ada di dunia , yang belum menyeluruh bahkan masih ada negara yang tidak mendapatka pendidikan ,

dan organisasi yang bisa membantu kasus ini adalah unicef ,

dan gerakan yang bisa kita lakukan adalah kita bisa menyumbangkan buku atau guru untuk pendidikan mereka .

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Established in 1998, the Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia is a regional anti-corruption programme that  brings national governments from more than 20 countries in the region together with the OECD governments, as well as civil society and business representatives. International organizations and international financial institutions also take an active part in ACN activities. The main objective of the ACN is to support its participating countries in their fight against corruption by providing a regional forum for the promotion of anti-corruption activities, exchange of information, elaboration of best practices and donor coordination. An informal group of law enforcement officials - an ACN Law Enforcement Network (ACN LEN) has operated since 2010. The main objective of the ACN LEN is to help law-enforcement practitioners working on corruption cases to build their capacity and to learn about modern investigation and prosecution techniques. The LEN also enhances professional contacts throughout the ACN region, which are necessary for effective investigation and prosecution of complex cross border corruption cases. The LEN meets annually and the Secretariat serves as the main conduit of communication between its members. The members of the LEN are law enforcement practitioners and prosecutors working on corruption cases, including those from specialized anti-corruption investigative and prosecutorial bodies.

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polusi udara yang semakin meningkat di seluruh dunia contohnya kota jakarta di sebabkan oleh pabrik dan kendaraan yang meluarkan co2 dll,organisasi yang bisa membantu greenpace dan kita harus menguraingi menaiki mobil ato motor dan juga bisa jalan ato sepeda ato motor listrik

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Issue: violance

Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa disingkat sebagai PBB adalah organisasi internasional yang didirikan pada 24 Oktober 1945 untuk mendorong kerja sama internasional. Badan ini merupakan pengganti Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, dan didirikan setelah Perang Dunia II untuk mencegah terjadinya konflik serupa.

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Global Issue: Lack of Education

Organization: UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) UNICEF works in over 190 countries and territories to save children’s lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfil their potential, from early childhood through adolescence.

UNICEF is the organization that can help with this issue, if we also want to help, we could donate books to them.

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The issues : POLLUTION

Organization : WMO(World Meteorogical Organization)

Kami memilih WMO (Organisasi Meteorologi Dunia) karena Pada Konferensi Global tentang Polusi dan Kesehatan Udara yang pertama yang diselenggarakan oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia, WMO berjanji untuk memperkuat kualitas dan ketersediaan pengamatan polusi, memungkinkan penyediaan prakiraan kualitas udara dan layanan konsultasi serta memasukkan dampak kesehatan dalam penilaian ilmiah utama tentang iklim dan perubahan iklim.

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Organization : The organization that helps violence is ICRC

Violence, an act of physical violence that causes or is intended to cause harm. The damage caused by violence can be physical, psychological, or both. Violence can be distinguished from aggression, a more general type of hostile behavior that may be physical, verbal, or passive.

Violence is a type of human behavior that is relatively common throughout the world. People of all ages can be violent, although older teenagers and young adults are most likely to engage in violent behavior. Violence has a number of negative impacts on those who witness or experience it, and children are especially vulnerable to its negative effects. Fortunately, various programs have been successful in preventing and reducing violence.

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Issue Aku adalah kemiskinan, kemiskinan ITU kenapa bisa jadi global issues Karna kemiskinan ITU tidak bisa sekolah atau tidak bisa makan, organization bisa mengananni masalah ini

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A global organization that is related to or involved in climate change is the United Nations Environment Program, so United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) is an organization responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system and aims to help the world the 17 Sustainable development goals (SDG). If I were in the United Nations Environment Program my solution to stop climate change would be to stop fossil fuel use and go with more renewable energy.

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Apec terdiri dari 21 member yaitu :

Australia

Brunei Darussalam

Canada

Chile

China

Hong Kong, China

Indonesia

Japan

Malaysia

Mexico

Papua new guinea

Peru

Philippines

Rusia

Singapore

South Korea

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

United States

Vietnam

New Zealand : Apa Tujuan APEC : Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation yang selanjutnya disingkat dan disebut dengan APEC, adalah organisasi Negara-negara Asia Pasifik yang didirikan di Canberra pada bulan November 1989 bertujuan membangun kerja sama ekonomi.

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Issue: Pollution

Organization: Greenpeace

Goals: Secara global, cita-cita utama Greenpeace adalah menjaga agar bumi yang makin rapuh ini tetap mempunyai kemampuan untuk menopang kehidupan seluruh mahluk hidup.

Cara mengatasi isu polusi dari organisasi greenpeace adalah : Greenpeace melakukan campanye seperti:

1.Kurangi produksi sampah plastik.

2. Saya bersama hutan Papua: (mereka membuka suara untuk Papua karena Kebakaran hutan di Papua beberapa tahun belakangan ini semakin mengkhawatirkan. Tahun 2020 saja telah banyak hutan Papua yang hilang secara signifikan dibandingkan tahun-tahun sebelumnya.)

3.Selamatkan Hutan Indonesia dari Kebakaran Berkepanjangan: (Greenpeace membuka suara untuk hutan Indonesia karena pada Tahun 2016, Tim Cegah Api dibentuk sebagai wujud dukungan Greenpeace untuk membebaskan hutan Indonesia dari situasi krisis kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang selalu terjadi setiap tahun.

Dan masih banyak lainnya.

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Lack of Education is when people or Children are not Educated pretty well, it mostly happen when Teachers are also Doesnt research again about something or when Teachers doesn't Explain it pretty well or not really detail to the students, Children are deprived of education for various reasons. Poverty remains one of the most obstinate barriers. Children living through economic fragility, political instability, conflict or natural disaster are more likely to be cut off from schooling thats how some people can also get low Educations but now we have UNICEF to teach Childrens and other things. For example UNICEF works in over 190 countries and territories to save children’s lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfil their potential, from early childhood through adolescence.

Solution: try to give them more Details about anything or give them more Good Educations, Fully Explained Books or give them a Book to read

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Organisasi:wto, atau Perdagangan

Goals:Pendahulu Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia adalah Perjanjian Umum Tarif dan Perdagangan yang ditetapkan pada tahun 1947. Setelah upaya untuk mendirikan Organisasi Perdagangan Internasional kandas akibat penolakan Kongres Amerika Serikat untuk meratifikasi Piagam Havana, perjanjian tersebut menjadi semacam lembaga ad hoc dan berlaku "sementara" selama 47 tahun. Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia menggantikan perjanjian ini setelah diberlakukannya Persetujuan Marrakesh yang juga melampirkan perjanjian-perjanjian utama yang mengatur perdagangan internasional, termasuk Perjanjian Umum Tarif dan Perdagangan 1994 yang menggantikan perjanjian tahun 1947.

WTO bermarkas di Jenewa, Swiss. Pada tahun 2016, organisasi ini beranggotakan 164 negara dan wilayah kepabeanan yang mewakili 99,5% populasi dunia dan 98% perdagangan dunia. Seluruh anggota WTO diharuskan mengikuti aturan-aturan dasar yang ditetapkan melalui Persetujuan Marrakesh. Salah satu aturan tersebut adalah "perlakuan yang sama untuk semua anggota", yang berarti bahwa keistimewaan yang diberikan oleh suatu anggota WTO kepada anggota WTO lainnya juga harus diberikan kepada seluruh anggota WTO. Selain itu, berdasarkan aturan "perlakuan nasional", anggota WTO harus memperlakukan produk asing yang telah memasuki pasar domestiknya sebagaimana produk "sejenis" diperlakukan di negaranya. Sementara itu, dua badan pengambilan keputusan utama di WTO adalah Konferensi Tingkat Menteri dan Dewan Umum. Para anggota WTO mengambil keputusan berdasarkan konsensus, tetapi jika konsensus tidak tercapai, keputusan akan diambil melalui pemungutan suara. Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia juga memiliki sistem penyelesaian sengketa yang mengikat secara hukum. Perkara dagang antar anggota pertama-tama akan dibawa ke Panel yang dibentuk khusus untuk perkara tersebut. Pihak yang tidak puas dengan keputusan Panel dapat membawanya ke Badan Banding.

Issue: perselisihan perdagangan

Sdgs:8 pekerjaan yang layak dan pertumbuhan ekonomi

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1. Lack of Education

2. SDG N.4 Quality Education

3. UNICEF

4. Give and Defends the Children's rights and give Quality Education

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Issue: Opperession (Israel to Palestine)

SDGs: no 16 topic: Peace, justice and strong institutions

Organization: United Nation (UN)

Goals:

1. Menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan dunia.

2. Memajukan dan mendorong hubungan persaudaraan antarbangsa melalui penghormatan hak asasi manusia.

3. Membina kerja sama internasional dalam pembangunan bidang ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan lingkungan.

4. Menjadi pusat penyelarasan segala tindakan bersama terhadap negara yang membahayakan perdamaian dunia.

5. Menyediakan bantuan kemanusiaan apabila terjadi kelaparan, bencana alam, dan konflik bersenjata.

Media: Bigbook & Flash card

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Issue: Poverty

SDGs: No. 1 and No. 2

(no poverty) and (Zero hunger)

Organization: FAO

Goals: tackling hunger, making sure folks have enough good food to eat, and helping agriculture thrive worldwide.

Media: Genially (board game) + brochure

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Issue : Terrorism

SDGs no 16 ( Peace, Justice and Strong Institution )

Organization : UNSC

Goals : Its powers as outlined in the United Nations Charter include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting international sanctions, and authorizing military action The UNSC is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions on member states.

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poverty

sdg no 1 ( no poverty )

organisasi : CARE

mereka memiliki tujuan mengatasi kemiskinan di dunia , agar tidak ada lagi yng di nama kan kemiskinan di dunia ini

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1.polusi

2.sdg ke 13 climate action

3.greenpace

4.pemilu 2024berlangsung di tengah krisis iklim yang semakin nyatacalon pemimpin harus berani melepas diri dari cengkraman olagrik untuk bisa benar benar serius menyelamatkan bumi dan menjaga masa depan

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1. Littering

2. 14 life below water, 15 life on land

3. UNEP

4. Menjaga kebersihan dan menjaga bumi

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Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) adalah badan PBB yang dibentuk pada tahun 1948 yang bertugas mengatur dan mengoordinasikan isu-isu kesehatan global.

SDG No. 3, kesehatan yang baik dan kesejahteraan

WHO memiliki tujuan untuk mencapai kesehatan maksimal bagi seluruh masyarakat dunia, untuk mencapai tujuannya,

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Issue : mendukung pembentukan dan pengelolaan kawasan konservasi laut yang luas untuk melindungi keanekaragaman hayati laut dari ancaman seperti perubahan iklim, perburuan berlebihan, dan degradasi habitat.

SGG : 14 ( life below water )

Organisasi : Marine Conservation Institute

Goals : Goals utama Marine Conservation Institute adalah melindungi dan melestarikan keanekaragaman hayati laut dengan mendukung pembentukan kawasan konservasi, memitigasi ancaman terhadap lingkungan laut, dan mendorong praktik perikanan yang berkelanjutan.

flipbook :

1 . tentang issues, goals, dan definisi

genially :

1 . games dan lebih banyak informasi

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ISSUES :affordable and clean energy

SDG NO : 7

ORGANISASI GLOBAL/REG : Departemen Energi AS. Kantor Informasi Ilmiah dan Teknis (OSTI)

Goals: Kantor Informasi Ilmiah dan Teknis (OSTI) adalah bagian dari Kantor Sains di Departemen Energi AS (DOE). OSTI bertanggung jawab untuk:

Mengumpulkan, melestarikan, dan menyebarkan informasi ilmiah dan teknis (STI)

Memimpin inisiatif e-pemerintah Departemen

Mengembangkan Database Kutipan Energi

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issues :Affordable and clean energy

sdg no : 7

organization : Departemen Energi AS. Kantor Informasi Ilmiah dan Teknis (OSTI)

goals : Kantor Informasi Ilmiah dan Teknis (OSTI) adalah bagian dari Kantor Sains di Departemen Energi AS (DOE). OSTI bertanggung jawab untuk:

Mengumpulkan, melestarikan, dan menyebarkan informasi ilmiah dan teknis (STI)

Memimpin inisiatif e-pemerintah Departemen

Mengembangkan Database Kutipan Energi

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Issue : pelestarian hewan yang langka

SDG no : 15 ( lif on land )

organisasi global : WWF

goals : Bagi pecinta lingkungan,  pasti akrab dan mengenal organisasi berlogo panda ini. Tercatat ada sekitar 5 juta anggotanya di seluruh dunia. Konsentrasi lembaga ini adalah pelestarian binatang agar tidak punah. Bayangkan, bagaimana jadinya dunia ini jika semua binatang punah.

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Issue : Keriminalitas

SDG :No 19

Topic : Peace , Justice and Strong , Instituation

Organization :ICPO-Interpol adalah organisasi kepolisian internasional yang memiliki fungsi utamasebagai jaringan informasi mengenai kejahatan transnasional maupun kejahataninternasional yang disampaikan melalui perwakilan di negara anggotanya.

Goals : yang memiliki fungsi utamasebagai jaringan informasi mengenai kejahatan transnasional maupun kejahataninternasional yang disampaikan melalui perwakilan di negara anggotanya. Tujuan daritulisan ini adalah untuk menganalisis fungsi dari ICPO-Interpol dan perannya dalamkasus ekstradisi. Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatanundang-undang dan kasus. Kesimpulan dalam tulisan ini adalah Interpol memilikifungsi sebagai suatu jaringan informasi untuk perwakilan di negara anggotanya dansebagai pihak ketiga dalam suatu perjanjian ekstradisi.

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Shakira : APEC ( Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation )

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Shakira : APEC ( Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation )

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ISSUE - Public Health.

SDGs - Good Health and Wellbeing

GOALS - APEC aims to enhance public health in the Asia-Pacific region by strengthening pandemic preparedness, ensuring vaccine access, supporting health system improvement, building capacity, and addressing cross-border health threats through collaborative efforts among member economies. ( APEC actively engages in addressing public health challenges within the Asia-Pacific region, particularly evident in its collaborative response to the COVID-19 pandemic, where member economies work together to share information, coordinate vaccine distribution, strengthen health systems, build capacity, and foster research and development initiatives to collectively address and mitigate public health threats. )

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Issue: Lack of Education

Name of Organization: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization)

SDG Goal: Quality Education (SDG 4)

Goals: To promote peace and sustainable development through culture, education, and science. Its main objectives are to promote global understanding, promote cultural diversity and dialogue, and to promote the use of education, science, and culture to achieve Sustainable Development Goals.

UNESCO has worked to preserve and promote Brazil's natural heritage, both on the land and in the oceans. One example is the establishment of the Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest World Heritage Site, which includes a wide range of ecosystems such as beaches, mountains, and forests. Another example is the Amazon Basin, which UNESCO has promoted as a World Heritage Site, protecting the basin's immense biodiversity and promoting sustainable development in the region.

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Issue : HIV, menacari obat dari HIV

SDG : 3, Good-Health and well being.

Organization global : Red Cross, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) adalah sebuah organisasi yang membantu orang-orang yang terkena dampak perang atau bencana. Mereka bekerja untuk melindungi dan merawat orang-orang yang sedang kesulitan. ICRC didirikan pada tahun 1863 dan bekerja di seluruh dunia. Tugas mereka termasuk memberikan pertolongan medis, membantu keluarga yang terpisah karena perang, dan mengajarkan orang-orang tentang aturan yang baik saat berperang. Mereka juga mencoba untuk membuat orang-orang yang terlibat dalam perang berbicara satu sama lain untuk mengurangi masalah. ICRC sangat penting dalam menjaga kebaikan dan hak-hak manusia di masa sulit seperti perang atau bencana.

Goals : meringankan penderitaan manusia, melindungi kehidupan dan kesehatan, dan menjunjung tinggi martabat manusia, terutama selama konflik bersenjata dan keadaan darurat lainnya.

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Issue: Climate Change

SDG: number 13: Climate Action

Organization: UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)

Goals: UNEP's work is focused on helping countries transition to low-carbon and resource-efficient economies, strengthening environmental governance and law, safeguarding ecosystems, and providing evidence-based data to inform policy decisions.

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Issue : Gender Equality

Global Organization : IWHC (The International Women's Health Coalition) and UN Women

SDG : No. 5 (Gender Equality)

Goals :The International Women's Health Coalition promotes and protects the sexual and reproductive rights and health of all women and young people, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, by helping to develop effective health and population policies, programs, and funding

UN Women berupaya meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat tentang pentingnya kesetaraan gender melalui kampanye, pendidikan, dan inisiatif komunikasi. Ini termasuk program untuk mengubah sikap dan norma-norma sosial yang membatasi perempuan serta laki-laki.

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Issue : prospek kendaraan listrik di wilayah ASEAN

SDG : 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure)

Organization : ASEAN Plus Three

Goals : Sebagai motor pertumbuhan ekonomi hijau di kawasan ASEAN : kerja sama ini menekankan pada pembangunan ekosistem kendaraan listrik kawasan, mencakup investasi, transfer teknologi, sharing best practises dll antar negara ASEAN

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issue: kelaparan

Organization: wfp (World Food Programme)

sdg: 2 (Zero Hunger)

Goals: Tujuan dari WFP (Program Pangan Dunia) adalah mengatasi kelaparan dan kekurangan pangan di seluruh dunia