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Most Bhutanese are superstitious by nature and many times, people will take their sick to temples and shamans to perform rituals to please the local deities as Bhutanese believe that people fall sick when the deities are angry. People do home remedies and only seek medical help if their condition worsens.

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Food
The one food item that would represent Bhutan would be the 'chilli'. The Bhutanese people eat food packed with serious heat. The delicacy food is the Nosha Paa and Phaksha Paa (sun dried beef and bacon) which is eaten at every special occasion. Momos (dumplings) make the famous street food in Bhutan. Salted butter tea (suja) is the most preferred hot beverage.
Sports
Archery is the national game of Bhutan. During competitions, players stand close to the target and make fun of the shooter's skill to distract the opponents.

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National Dress
The national dress was introduced by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel in the 17th century. Bhutanese men wear a knee-length robe called 'Gho'  and women wear an apron-like ankle-length dress called 'Kira'.
Religion
According to a World Christian Database research from 2020, 83 percent of people were Buddhists and 11 percent Hindus. There is a minority of Christians in Bhutan.

(Bhutan. (2023, May 15). United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bhutan )

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Traditions
Dance and music, which are essential components of rituals and festivals, are two performing arts that keep Bhutan's traditional culture alive today. Masked dances performed by monks is one of the most awaited event during 'tshechu' (annual religious festival).
Language
The national language of Bhutan is "Dzongkha", however, there are more than 20 dialects and local languages spoken in Bhutan.

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Principal health issues that refugees face 

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Principal health issues that refugees face 

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Country of Focus: Afghanistan (Officially Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan)
Afghanistan's ongoing economic collapse following the Taliban takeover was a major factor in the humanitarian crisis worsening in 2022. ("World report 2023: Rights trends in Afghanistan," 2023).
Afghanistan is on the top three source countries of humanitarian entrants in 2021–22 to Australia (Department of Home Affairs, n.d.).
In 2021-22 Australia granted 5436 offshore humanitarian visas to the people of Afghanistan (Australia’s treatment of Afghan refugees. ("Australia’s treatment of Afghan refugees," 2023). Three common health concerns that are likely to be present in people arriving from Afghanistan are malaria, mental health problems and HIV (Australian Refugee Health » Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds, n.d.).
1. Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-spread parasitic protozoal infection caused by the genus Plasmodium.
Treatment: The combination of quinine sulfate 600mg orally, 8-hourly for 7 days plus either doxycycline 100mg orally, 12-hourly for 7 days (which can start after day 1 of quinine therapy) or (for pregnant women or children younger than 8 years) clindamycin 300mg orally, 8-hourly for 7 days

2. Mental Health Problems
Many refugees have faced trauma, conflict, family separation, and serious human rights violations, like torture and physical and sexual assault.
Management: Patients with mental health issues related to trauma and torture should be sent to a specialized torture and trauma service and others can be sent to a conventional mental health care.
3. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV is an infection that affects the immune system, specially the white blood cells (CD4 cells).
Treatment: There is no curative treatment but antiretroviral therapy can delay immunological deterioration and reduce viral replication.

Australia’s treatment of Afghan refugees. (2023, May 19). Refugee Council of Australia. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/australias-treatment-of-afghan-refugees-how-their-date-and-mode-of-arrival-matters-more-than-their-persecution/

((n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/)

(n.d.). https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/country-profiles/country-profiles).

(World report 2023: Rights trends in Afghanistan. (2023, January 20). Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/afghanistanp)

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Social Determinants impacting migrants/refugees in Australia

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Social Determinants impacting migrants/refugees in Australia

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This post addresses the impact three WHO social determinants can have on migrant/refugees in Australia:
1. Unemployment and job insecurity
Finding jobs that fit their qualifications and skills can be difficult for immigrants and refugees as it can be hampered by issues like language problems, unrecognized qualifications, and cultural differences in workplace standards. Many immigrants and refugees will get temporary jobs with little to no job security. This will put them under financial stress.
2. Food Insecurity
Unemployment and limited financial resources will impact their ability to afford nutritious and culturally appropriate food. Immigrants and refugees cannot properly use food assistance programs, get information about cheap food options, or understand nutritional guidelines. For example, Muslims cannot just buy and eat anything that they see, they have to look for a Halal section at the food store.
3. Social inclusion and non-discrimination
Migrants and refugees not only face the challenges of adjusting to a new physical surroundings but also navigating a different cultural and social environment. Refugees, in particular, can be traumatized by their past experiences and they would be happy to integrate back into a society that does not discriminate. Immigrants and refugees can feel like they would be treated unfairly because of their cultural background and discrimination.
(Social determinants of health. (2019, May 30). World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1)

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Unsplash. (n.d.). Owen beard (@owenbeard) | Unsplash photo community. Beautiful Free Images & Pictures | Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/@owenbeard

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Health to means being content with my physical, emotional and spiritual state. I feel like I am living my life to the fullest when I have strong social connections with my family and friends and when my body and my mind is functioning well.

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For me, the most important aspect of competency standard 12.3 was effective communication as it is the main medium through which all information must be shared. I have improved my knowledge of effective communication as the cornerstone of care, which is creating bridges of understanding and not just passing over information. Having learned of effective communication to build a rapport with my clients/patients while providing a holistic care, I now feel that I am more capable of caring for those patients of a different culture to me. This skill is essential me in the workplace because to build a relationship that crosses linguistic and cultural hurdles, it is important to handle language barriers, cultural differences, and individual communication styles with sensitivity and consideration. This competency has made me aware of the genuine interest in learning about the various backgrounds of the people we are responsible for. Henceforth, I will work on promoting an atmosphere in which cultural diversity is not only acknowledged but also cherished as an essential component of offering thorough and considerate nursing care.

(https://moodleprod.murdoch.edu.au/pluginfile.php/3573093/mod_resource/conten/1/reflective%20writing%20phrases.pdf)