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Time:

The event occurred in early March 2025, with peak intensity around March 5–6, 2025.

The article was published on March 6, 2025, at 11:02 a.m. (local time).

Consequences:

Fatalities: At least three people died due to severe winter weather conditions.

Transport disruption: Heavy snow, strong winds, and whiteout conditions caused road closures, multiple crashes, and dangerous driving.

Widespread impact: not only blizzard conditions and tornadoes and flooding, expanding the damage far beyond typical snowstorm effects.

Solution:

Early warnings and evacuation advisories

Snow removal and road safety operations

Multi-hazard preparedness

Enhanced low-visibility alerts

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3 dead as blizzard batters Midwest with tornadoes, flooding and heavy snow

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At least three people were killed as a powerful winter storm created blizzard conditions across parts of the Midwest, part of a sprawling storm that brought a dangerous mix of severe weather, inclu…

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Time :mid-may

Consequences: - Increased health risks

- Impact on mental

focus, work, and learning

- Higher risk of wildfires and drought

- Weakened federal forecasting and response capacity

- Local governments forced to fend for themselves

Solution : - Enhance forecasting capacity

- Restore climate risk data

- Support local governments

- Raise public awareness

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US faces another summer of extreme heat as fears rise over Trump cuts

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Brutal heat and drought expected to blanket country from Nevada to Florida as experts worry climate cuts will burn

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Time :

Friday, May 31, 2013.

Consequence :

8 deaths (4 storm chasers)

151 injured

$40M+ damage

29 buildings, 40 vehicles destroyed

Widest tornado ever: 2.6 miles

Traffic chaos

Solution :

Red Cross shelter

Gov. Fallin toured damage

Shipping-container homes for displaced

Tornado Environment Display (TED) tool

Storm chasing safety discussions

Public urged to shelter in place, not flee by car2013 El Reno tornado - Wikipedia

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The 2013 El Reno tornado was an extremely large, powerful, and erratic tornado that occurred over rural areas of Central Oklahoma during the early evening of Friday, May 31, 2013. This rain-wrapped, multiple-vortex tornado was the widest tornado ever recorded and was part of a larger weather system that produced dozens of tornadoes over the preceding days. The tornado initially touched down at 6:03 p.m. Central Daylight Time (2303 UTC) about 8.3 miles (13.4 km) west-southwest of El Reno, rapidly growing in size and becoming more violent as it tracked through central portions of Canadian County. Remaining over mostly open terrain, the tornado did not impact many structures; however, measurements from mobile weather radars revealed extreme winds in excess of 313 mph (504 km/h) within the vortex. These are among the highest observed wind speeds on Earth, just slightly lower than the wind speeds of the 1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado. As it crossed U.S. 81, it had grown to a record-breaking width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km), beating the previous width record set in 2004. Turning northeastward, the tornado soon weakened. Upon crossing Interstate 40, the tornado dissipated around 6:43 p.m. CDT (2343 UTC), after tracking for 16.2 miles (26.1 km), it avoided affecting the more densely populated areas near and within the Oklahoma City metropolitan area.

The tornado killed four storm chasers (three professional and one amateur), the first known deaths in the history of storm chasing. Although the tornado remained over mostly open terrain, dozens of storm chasers unaware of its immense size and erratic movement were caught off-guard. Near U.S. 81, TWISTEX scientist and engineer Tim Samaras, along with his son Paul and research partner Carl Young, died in the tornado. Paul Samaras and Young were ejected from their Chevrolet Cobalt by the storm's sub-vortex, while Tim was still buckled in the passenger's seat. Local resident Richard Henderson, who decided to follow the storm, lost his life in that same area. He snapped a picture of the tornado from his cellular phone before it struck him. Other chasers, including Mike Bettes of The Weather Channel and Reed Timmer, were either injured or had their vehicles damaged. A Doppler on Wheels-based analysis of how the tornado impacted these teams revealed that they were hit by an intense internal sub-vortex. Overall, the tornado was responsible for eight fatalities and 151 injuries. Due to the ferocity and sheer size, as well as its irregular movement and the deaths linked with this tornado, it has become one of the most studied and infamous tornadoes ever. The National Weather Service referred to the tornado as "the most dangerous tornado in storm observing history."

Alongside rush hour traffic, thousands of residents in Oklahoma City attempted to outrun the storm by taking to the roads in an attempt to drive out of the tornado's projected path. By attempting to escape the storm by vehicle, in direct contrast to the recommended plan of action, residents put themselves at great risk from the storm; had the tornado maintained itself and passed over the congested freeways, more than 500 lives could have been lost.

Meteorological synopsis

Satellite imagery of the storm system responsible for the May 26-31, 2013 tornado outbreak at 6:10 p.m. CDT

On May 31, 2013, a prominent mid-to-upper level trough and closed mid-level low pressure area moved east-northeastward, with a lead upper low pivoting over the Dakotas and Upper Midwest region. A moderately strong polar jet moved east-northeastward over the southern Rocky Mountains to the southern Great Plains. With a broad influence of moderately strong cyclonic flow aloft, the air mass was expected to become unstable across much of the southern Great Plains, through the Upper Midwest and Mississippi Valley, by the afternoon.

Dewpoint values had ranged from the upper 60s ° F (20 ° C) to the lower 70s °F (20-22 °C), with temperatures in the low to mid-80s °F (27-30 °C), and CAPE (a meteorological concept used to predict the force and power of potential storms and tornadoes) predicting referring to values ranging from 3500 to 5000 J/kg. Deep layer wind shear speeds of 45-55 kn (52-63 mph) would enhance storm organization and intensity. These factors, along with CAPE values in excess of 4000 J/kg and an embedded speed maxima rotating around the southern periphery of the low, made the threat of significant severe thunderstorms increasingly likely. These ingredients were present ahead of a cold front extending from the low from the eastern Dakotas southwestward to western Oklahoma, and ahead of a dry line extending from western Oklahoma southward into western north and west-central Texas. The most intense severe weather activity was expected across the southern Great Plains, specifically central and eastern Oklahoma, during the afternoon hours. As such, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a moderate risk of severe thunderstorms during the early morning hours of May 31 from southeastern Missouri to southwestern Oklahoma. The degree of wind shear, moisture and instability within the warm sector favored the development of discrete supercells. Very large hail and tornadoes were expected with the supercells, with the possibility of a few strong to violent tornadoes.

At 3:30 p.m. Central Daylight Time (CDT) early that afternoon, the SPC issued a Particularly Dangerous Situation Tornado Watch from southwestern through northeastern Oklahoma, surrounding the Interstate 44 corridor.

Storm development and track

Phased array radar (reflectivity; click to animate) of the series of supercell thunderstorms that impacted the Oklahoma City metropolitan area on May 31.

A quasi-linear complex of thunderstorms began developing near the Highway 81 corridor west of Oklahoma City between 4:00 and 4:45 p.m. CDT, and rapidly reached severe intensity. At 5:33 p.m. CDT (2233 UTC), the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, Oklahoma issued a tornado warning for Canadian County, prompted by increasingly strong tornadic circulation exhibited in the southernmost supercell of this complex.

At 6:03 p.m. CDT (2303 UTC), a large tornadic wall cloud formed and touched down, initially in the form of several smaller sub-vortices, 8.3 miles (13.4 km) west-southwest of El Reno. The tornado ultimately attained EF3 intensity during its existence, according to ground surveys. As the tornado passed south of El Reno across U.S. 81, it grew to an unprecedented width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km), becoming the widest known tornado ever recorded in the United States. At 6:28 p.m. CDT (2328 UTC), the storm began moving into more densely populated areas of Canadian County while maintaining its intensity. This prompted the National Weather Service office in Norman to issue a tornado emergency for Yukon, Richland, Wiley Post Airport, Bethany, The Village, and eastern El Reno, as the tornado was projected to track toward western portions of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. Within minutes, the tornado turned northeast and soon passed directly over Interstate 40 at around 6:42 p.m. CDT (2342 UTC). Shortly thereafter, the tornado lifted off the ground as it neared Banner Road. Overall, the tornado was on the ground for 40 minutes along a 16.2-mile (26.1 km) path.

A strong anticyclonic multi-vortex satellite tornado also formed southeast of the primary tornado at approximately 6:28 pm CDT (2328 UTC), and remained on the ground for 15 minutes before lifting at 6:43 (2343 UTC). Such companion tornadoes tend to be observed with especially large and intense tornadoes, although this was the first documented multiple-vortex anticyclonic tornado of this kind.

Video of several sub-vortices within the tornado.

The intensity of the tornado has been a subject of internal debate within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The agency uses the Enhanced Fujita Scale to rate and assess tornado intensity based on the damage left behind. This excludes the use of supplementary measurements, such as those from mobile radar, in concluding a tornado's intensity. Initially receiving an official EF3 rating based on damage, the El Reno tornado was subsequently upgraded to a radar-estimated EF5 rating, the highest on the scale, based on data from a mobile radar. The University of Oklahoma's RaXPol mobile Doppler weather radar, positioned at a nearby overpass, measured winds preliminarily analyzed as in excess of 296 mph (476 km/h). These winds are considered the second-highest ever measured worldwide, just shy of the 321 mph (517 km/h) recorded during the 1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado.

Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of 302 ± 34 mph (486 ± 55 km/h) well above ground level and ≥291 mph (468 km/h) below 10 m (33 ft), with some subvortices moving at 175 mph (282 km/h). The strongest winds occurred in small subvortices along the south side of the main vortex. The two most intense vortices occurred north and east of the intersection of 10th Street and Radio Road, about 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of El Reno. The main funnel is believed to have had radar-estimated EF4 winds, with wind speeds around 185 mph (298 km/h). Radar-estimated EF5 winds were only found aloft and in the smaller vortices that revolved around this funnel at 110 mph (180 km/h). A revised analysis in 2015 revealed a peak wind of 313 mph (504 km/h). In March 2024, NOAA and OU published a new analysis, which estimated that winds may have reached up to anywhere between 115-150 m/s (257-336 mph; 414-540 km/h).

Rick Smith, the warning coordination meteorologist at the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, stated that this tornado was among a "super-rare" category within the EF5 rating. Smith also stated that it was fortunate the tornado did not track into more densely populated areas, particularly those within the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, "this would have been ... I don't even want to imagine what it would have been." William Hooke, a senior policy fellow at the American Meteorological Society stated that, "[Oklahoma City] dodged a bullet...You lay that path over Oklahoma City, and you have devastation of biblical proportions."

On August 30, the National Weather Service office in Norman once again revised the intensity of the El Reno tornado. Keli Pirtle, a Public Affairs worker at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, stated that, "despite the radar-measured wind speeds, the survey team did not find damage that would support a rating higher than EF3. While the wind measurements from the mobile radars are considered reliable, NWS policy for determining EF-ratings is based on surveys of ground damage." The lack of EF5 damage was likely a result of the rural nature of the area, as the sub-vortices that contained the EF5 wind speeds did not impact any structures.

Storm chaser incidents

The crushed remains of TWISTEX's Chevrolet Cobalt near the intersection of Reuter and South Radio Roads, almost 5 mi (8.0 km) southeast of El Reno.

The tornado's unusual behavior consisted of these simultaneous occurrences: abrupt changes in direction, rapid enlargement to a width of 2.6 mi (4.2 km) in diameter in about 30 seconds, swift increase in forward motion from about 20 to 55 mph (32 to 89 km/h) within a few minutes, multiple vortices within and around, and an expansive translucent outer circulation without a full condensation funnel while being surrounded and obscured by precipitation made it a worst-case scenario for storm chasers. Several professional and amateur chasers were caught off guard and impacted by the tornado. Many were located in a region northeast of the tornado, known as the "bear's cage". Chasers can generally get a clear view of the tornado from that area; however, it places them at great risk and with little time to react should the storm take a left turn.

In the case of El Reno, the wrapping rain bands did not lead to a narrow corridor of clear air close to the tornado. Rather, these rotating curtains of rain were the outer circulation of the tornado itself. Former Discovery Channel storm chaser Tim Samaras (an engineer), his son Paul Samaras (a photographer), and Tim's longtime chase partner Carl Young (a meteorologist), all professional storm chasers with the TWISTEX project, were caught directly by the tornado; all three died in their vehicle, two of them were ejected. Normally, Tim drove a reinforced three-quarter ton truck optimized for hail protection and stability in high winds; however, on May 31, Carl was driving an unmodified Chevrolet Cobalt, a subcompact vehicle with three 45-lb barometric probes in the trunk likened by one TWISTEX chaser to a "pizza delivery car", making it much less suited to high winds and rain-slicked backcountry dirt roads. It was also underpowered, which hampered their escape in the strong inflow winds. Tim's body was found still buckled in the passenger's seat. They were the first known tornado-related deaths of either recreational storm chasers or scientific researchers.

The supercell thunderstorm which produced the El Reno tornado as viewed from above.

Mike Bettes, a meteorologist for The Weather Channel, was also caught in the storm. His sport utility vehicle was severely damaged, having been thrown about 200 yards (180 m); the driver was left with a broken neck, fractured vertebrae, and several broken ribs while Bettes and the other passenger sustained minor injuries. Meteorologist Emily Sutton and storm chaser Kevin Josefy of Oklahoma City NBC affiliate KFOR-TV (channel 4) were also caught in the path of the storm; their vehicle was damaged by debris hurled by the tornado. University of Oklahoma student Billy Prater, along with his father and a friend, sought refuge under an overpass (an action strongly discouraged in these situations) when the tornado changed direction. Near Union City, debris from a barn destroyed by the tornado struck the vehicle of Brandon Sullivan and Brett Wright, breaking their windshield; they escaped without injury. The hood of Reed Timmer's Dominator 2, a vehicle designed for intercepting tornadoes, was torn off by lines that were down from the tornado. Storm chaser Dan Robinson received injuries after being enveloped within the outskirts of the tornadic circulation. He escaped a few hundred meters ahead of the TWISTEX crew on Reuter Road and is believed to be the last person to see the car occupied by Samaras, his son Paul and Young. Just behind the TWISTEX crew, a tour group led by storm chasers Randy Walton and Mike Phelps followed immediately behind both TWISTEX and Robinson's vehicles on Reuter Road, however the group turned around just as the tornado began crossing the road ahead and escaped without being impacted.

A Doppler on Wheels-based analysis of how the tornado impacted these teams revealed that they were hit by an intense internal sub-vortex. This analysis showed that both the Weather Channel and TWISTEX vehicles entered the tornado through the less intense north/northwestern side, then were impacted by the internal sub-vortex, which contained radar-indicated winds approaching 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) and was moving in a complex quasi-trochoidal pattern, sometimes nearly stationary, sometimes with forward speeds over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h). Entering the larger tornadic circulation without the ability to maintain situational awareness of the internal sub-vortex was likely a key contributing factor to the deaths and injuries.

Storm spotter tribute to Tim Samaras, Paul Samaras, and Carl Young across the Plains on June 2.

In the wake of the storm chaser deaths, Kansas Emergency Management Association president Brian Stone called for there to be regulations put on future storm chasing; however, he stated that there are questions as to how it would actually be implemented. AccuWeather Senior Vice President Mike Smith urged against overreacting to their deaths, citing that they were the first chasers to be killed in 40 years of the practice and that chasing as a whole is a significant source of real-time and research information.

On June 2, dozens of members of the storm chasing and spotting communities coordinated a tribute to Tim Samaras, Paul Samaras, and Carl Young. Using GPS transponders over Spotter Network, they aligned themselves to spell out the initials of the three men in North Dakota, South Dakota and Nebraska for many hours. The Discovery Channel scheduled a special tribute episode of Storm Chasers titled Mile Wide Tornado: Oklahoma Disaster on June 5, both honoring the three chasers and covering the events of the EF5-rated tornado that struck Moore and portions of southern Oklahoma City eleven days earlier on May 20. The November 2013 issue of National Geographic, for its featured cover story, paid tribute to Tim Samaras, a National Geographic Explorer funded in part by the Society, and featured a detailed scientific analysis of the tornado itself.

A team of scientists and veteran chasers embarked on a crowd-sourcing survey project to gather storm chaser information, including video and photographic recordings and GPS logs, to piece together precisely what happened. It is, as of February 2014, the largest such visual data set ever collected on a tornado. The chaser information is compiled with radar and lightning data and the project is intended to eventually expand to a standardized open access database covering future events. In association with the project, software was unveiled in 2015 allowing for the synchronization of maps, radar data, and storm chasers' footage of the storm. The tool was named "Tornado Environment Display" (TED) after Dr. Ted Fujita. Anton Seimon, one of the tool's architects, said that while the tool had only been used in relation to the El Reno tornado, it could potentially be applied to future tornadoes with sufficient footage as well.

Casualties and impact

A destroyed home about 4 miles (6.4 km) west of U.S. Route 81.

Since the tornado remained over mostly open terrain, damage was relatively light - although still significant in isolated locations - in comparison to its extreme intensity. Surveys from the National Weather Service revealed that structures in its path sustained EF3-level damage at most. The Oklahoma City West Livestock Market was described as a "war zone," sustaining extensive damage. Several large steel-frame warehouse type buildings were destroyed at that location. Multiple large brick buildings at the nearby Canadian Valley Technology Center were heavily damaged or destroyed, and a large metal wind turbine prop blade was thrown 100 yards (91 m) into the side of a daycare building on the property. Damage totals at that location alone were estimated at up to $40 million. One farmstead, consisting of a large barn, a cattle barn, three machine sheds, granaries and the owner's home, was also completely destroyed. Several other rural homes were destroyed, and large amounts of gravel was blown off of gravel roads in the area, with only the dirt underneath left at some locations. Several large metal electrical transmission poles were downed, trees were snapped and defoliated, and multiple vehicles were tossed from roadways in the area. At least 29 buildings and 40 vehicles were damaged or destroyed by the tornado, with repairs in the El Reno area expected to take at least a year.

On June 1, the American Red Cross set up a shelter at the Redlands Community College in El Reno for victims of the storm. The following day, Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin toured damaged areas of El Reno. Due to the tornadoes that occurred previously on May 20, a state of emergency was already in place for the affected areas, allowing residents to quickly obtain emergency assistance. Residents left homeless were provided with temporary housing constructed from shipping containers. Each container was fitted with a kitchen, bedroom, living room, and bathroom.

Overall, eight people lost their lives as a result of the tornado, all of whom were killed in vehicles. Local hospitals in Oklahoma City, including OU Medical Center and INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center, and Mercy Hospital in El Reno, reported receiving at least 115 injured, including five critical patients. Overall, 151 injuries were attributed to the tornado.

Evacuations

Satellite image of the Oklahoma City area on June 2 displaying the ground scar left behind by the tornado.

As the tornadoes approached the Oklahoma City metro, thousands of residents decided to leave the area for safety, possibly due to the still fresh memories of the devastation caused by the EF5 tornado that struck Moore on May 20. Already congested with rush hour traffic, Interstates 35, 40, 44 and 240, became "parking lots" as the storms neared. Residents reported the highways to be a scene of chaos, "people were going southbound in the northbound lanes. Everybody was running for their lives." It has been suggested that the evacuation was partially caused by a controversial call to action on-air by KFOR-TV chief meteorologist Mike Morgan, who suggested on-air during coverage of the storm - as the tornado was projected to track into Oklahoma City - that residents without underground storm shelters or safe rooms get into their cars and evacuate south of the track. This advice was contrary to the recommended plan to go to an interior room, bathtub or closet with no windows if no basement or other underground shelter is available. These locations are typically much safer than an automobile in tornadic winds. Dr. Jeff Masters of Weather Underground stated that had the tornado tracked directly over one of the congested highways, the death toll could have easily exceeded 500.

References

Wurman, Joshua; Kosiba, K. (September 16, 2013). "Preliminary Results from the ROTATE-2013 (Radar Observations of Tornadoes and Thunderstorms) experiment". 36th Conf. on Radar Meteorology. Breckenridge, CO: American Meteorological Society.

Wakimoto, Roger M.; N. T. Atkins; K. M. Butler; H. B. Bluestein; K. Thiem; J. C. Snyder; J. Houser; K. Kosiba; J. Wurman (2016). "Aerial Damage Survey of the 2013 El Reno Tornado Combined with Mobile Radar Data". Mon. Wea. Rev. 144 (5): 1749-76. Bibcode:2016MWRv..144.1749W. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0367.1.

Doppler Radar - El Reno / Union City Oklahoma EF5 Tornado May 31, 2013 on YouTube

El Reno OK Tornado with SN Dots on YouTube

May 31, 2013 EF5 El Reno Tornado Showing Multiple Funnels/Sub Vortices Filmed from Dominator on YouTube

Storms of the Great Plains: the El Reno, Oklahoma tornado, May 31, 2013 on YouTube

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The 2013 El Reno tornado was an extremely large, powerful, and erratic tornado that occurred over rural areas of Central Oklahoma during the early evening of Friday, May 31, 2013. This rain-wrapped, multiple-vortex tornado was the widest tornado ever recorded and was part of a larger weather system that produced dozens of tornadoes over the preceding days.

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When & Where

Date: Started on August 8, 2023

Peak Destruction: August 8–9, 2023

Location: Primarily Lahaina, a coastal town in West Maui

Cause:

Downed power lines (strong winds from Hurricane Dora) likely sparked the fire.

Drought conditions and invasive grasses fueled rapid spread.

Delayed emergency alerts worsened the crisis.

Casualties & Damage

Deaths: At least 101 (deadliest U.S. wildfire in over a century)

Injuries: Hundreds

Structures Destroyed: Over 2,200 buildings, including homes, businesses, and historic landmarks.

Economic Loss: Estimated $5.5+ billion in damages.

Solutions & Recovery Efforts

1. Immediate Relief

FEMA and Red Cross aid ($700+ million allocated).

Temporary housing programs.

2. Preventing Future Fires

Power Grid Upgrades – Burying lines, better shutoff protocols.

Vegetation Management – Clearing flammable grasses.

Improved Emergency Alerts – Fixing gaps in Hawaii’s warning system.

3. Rebuilding Lahaina

Debates over land use (affordable housing vs. tourism).

Efforts to preserve cultural heritage.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Maui-wildfires-of-2023

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Table of Contents

Maui wildfires of 2023, also called Hawaii wildfires of 2023, Hawaii wildfires, or Maui wildfires, a series of wildfires that burned parts of the island of Maui in the U.S. state of Hawaii in August 2023. The fires, which began on August 8, struck hardest the historic resort town of Lahaina, on Maui's western peninsula, reducing most of the town to ash and ruins. 98 people were killed in Lahaina by the smoke and flames or by drowning, making the wildfire one of the world's deadliest on record. Almost 3,000 structures were reported to have been either damaged or destroyed by the fire. In addition to the fires on Maui, a series of less devastating wildfires burned parts of the island of Hawaii starting on August 9.

Causes

While local and state government officials have hesitated to identify a specific cause of the wildfires (in general, uncontrolled fires in a forest, grassland, brushland, or cropland) as of August 17, some evidence suggests that sparks produced by a downed power line may have touched off at least one of the fires. Meteorologists and climate researchers noted that the fires were likely to have been the product of several intersecting factors. The fires occurred at the height of Hawaii's dry season (which lasts from April to October). Their severity was exacerbated by the presence of El Niño-that is, the development of unusually warm ocean waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño brings increased rainfall to South America's west coast but brings drought conditions to the Hawaiian Islands. Indeed, the interval of June to August 2023 was a period of worsening drought on Maui and in other parts of Hawaii. As the drought increased in severity, it dried vegetation, much of it made up of large tracts of fire-prone invasive shrubs and grasses.

In addition, the pool of warm water in the tropical Pacific kept fueling Hurricane Dora, a powerful tropical cyclone that had formed off the western coast of Mexico on August 2. Dora passed some 1,100 km (about 700 miles) south of the Hawaiian Islands during the week of August 8, the day the fires began, which created a substantial difference in atmospheric pressure between the storm and a high-pressure system located north of the islands. That pressure difference drew high winds southward and funneled them into the centre of the tropical cyclone, which helped intensify and spread the wildfires. Wind speeds reached as high as 107.8 km (67 miles) per hour on Maui and up to 132 km (82 miles) per hour on the island of Hawaii.

Some researchers have noted that climate change may have played a part in worsening the wildfires' severity. Increases in global and regional surface temperatures due to ongoing global warming are thought to have caused grasses and other vegetation to dry out faster than usual. In addition, studies that considered trends in Hawaii's rainfall indicated that some 90 percent of the state had experienced at least some decline in overall rainfall between 1920 and 2012 and that rainfall amounts at higher elevations had fallen by more than 30 percent between 1990 and 2015 during the state's wet season (November to March). In addition, the replacement of native vegetation with crops over the last century has affected local climate conditions, primarily in accessible areas in several parts of the state of Hawaii, including near sections of coastline and in Maui's central valley-the sites of the island's wildfires.

Pace of the fires

The fire near Lahaina, a municipality of 12,702 people, began as a small brush fire just beyond the town's eastern outskirts in the early morning hours of August 8. Although local officials considered it to have been contained by mid-morning, the fire flared up during mid-afternoon, forcing officials to close Lahaina's bypass road. Driven by the high winds, the fire then moved downslope into the town, and it spread quickly between the parched grassy landscape and the town's predominantly wooden buildings, generating an immense wall of black smoke. Within 15 minutes, the fire had spread to the centre of the town, burning the area between the town's two primary access roads, which prompted additional road closures that hindered evacuation. The process of alerting residents to the danger was severely hampered by the toppling of several telephone and electric power poles in the area by high winds earlier that day, which had cut power needed for wireless services and telephone lines used for 911 emergency communication. As the fire grew, it became so intense that it melted pipes delivering water to Lahaina's residences, which reduced the town's overall water pressure and thus inhibited the fire department's ability to contain the wildfire.

By 5:30 pm large areas of Lahaina, which included tracts of residences and the town's central business district, were on fire as exploding gasoline tanks in vehicles and filling stations contributed to the conflagration. Since emergency services had no way to alert people through their mobile devices, the fire caught many residents by surprise, forcing some to flee in haste while trapping others in their homes. Many of those who fled became boxed in by fire, smoke, and road closures; some sheltered in place, whereas others sought refuge in the Pacific Ocean, clinging to docks, pilings, seawalls, and other infrastructure. By 7:00 pm the fire had reached the harbour, and boats caught fire from the mix of wind-whipped flames and flying embers, causing their fuel tanks to explode. Although the fire continued to burn in Lahaina throughout the night, U.S. Coast Guard boats arriving offshore were able to evacuate several people trapped along the coast.

During the morning of August 9 the winds abated enough to allow firefighting crews, helicopters, and other resources to begin to make their way into Lahaina, where they found a grayed landscape of ruined buildings and burned-out vehicles. Officials reported that the Lahaina fire had been 80 percent contained by August 10 and that it had burned nearly 890 hectares (about 2,200 acres) by August 14. Maui's other wildfires, which included the Pulehu/Kihei fire in Maui's central valley and the Upcountry/Kula fire along the slopes of the island's eastern peninsula, were less severe, resulting in far fewer damaged homes and other structures and no reports of serious injuries or deaths. Similarly, on the island of Hawaii, fires scorched some 600 hectares (about 1,500 acres) of ranchland in the North and South Kohala sections of the island, but no injuries were reported.

Relief and recovery

Even as the fires began to spread on Maui, government officials started to issue disaster declarations to fund firefighting efforts, rescues, and recovery. Hawaii's lieutenant governor, Sylvia Luke, issued an emergency declaration during mid-afternoon of August 8, which was followed later that evening by the activation of Hawaii's National Guard. The following day, as reports of the unfolding disaster in Lahaina reached the outside world, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) authorized payments to fire victims, and U.S. Pres. Joe Biden promised that "all available Federal assets on the Islands" would assist in relief efforts. Such efforts had increased by August 16, aided by state and federal agencies (including the U.S. Army, which provided logistical support and assisted in road clearing) and private charter flights that delivered donations of food and other supplies. In the aftermath of the wildfires, thousands of displaced Maui residents were taken to shelters and evacuation centres on the island, which included hotels abandoned by tourists who had been evacuated to other islands or to the U.S. mainland.

John P. Rafferty

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Maui wildfires of 2023 | Causes, Damage, Death, & Facts

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Maui wildfires of 2023, a series of wildfires that burned parts of the island of Maui in the U.S. state of Hawaii in August 2023. The fires, which began on August 8, struck hardest the historic resort town of Lahaina, on Maui's western peninsula, reducing most of the town to ash and ruins.

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Time

Start: December 2011

End: April 2017 (officially declared over)

Fully drought-free: March 2019

Consequences

102 million trees died

95% of winter-run salmon died in 2013

Severe agricultural losses (California grows ~50% of U.S. fruits/vegetables)

Fishing bans, species near extinction

Water shortages for cities and farms

Solutions

Mandatory water restrictions (25% cut in urban areas)

Prop 1 (2014): $8B for water projects

Shade balls to reduce evaporation

Cloud seeding to increase rainfall

Flooding rains in 2017 ended the drought

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2011–2017 California drought - Wikipedia