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• Who: Factory workers, immigrants, women, and children.

• What: The group of people who worked long hours in dangerous, low-paying jobs during industrialization.

• Where: Mostly in rapidly growing cities across the U.S. (factories, mills, mines).

• When: Late 1800s through early 1900s.

• Why: Industrialization created demand for cheap labor, drawing millions into the workforce.

• How/Impact: Poor conditions sparked demands for reform → birth of stronger unions and labor rights movements.

https://youtu.be/i0Q4zPR4G7M?si=fyvXMV3fqcfeJpMN

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Who: Middle-class Americans, advertisers, manufacturers.

What: A shift toward mass production, department stores, catalog shopping, and advertising.

Where: Urban areas and nationwide through catalogs like Sears & Roebuck.

When: Late 19th to early 20th century.

Why: Industrialization made goods cheaper and more available.

How/Impact: Workers demanded higher wages to enjoy new consumer goods → unions pushed for “living wages.”

https://youtu.be/u7xAMKP2pwI?si=50NBknlAON9xDkZJ

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Who: Investors, banks, railroad companies, workers.

What: A major economic depression caused by over-investment in railroads and shaky banking.

Where: United States, but it spread globally.

When: 1873–1879.

Why: Railroads grew too fast; banks failed when loans couldn’t be repaid.

How/Impact: Massive unemployment → workers organized strikes and unions gained momentum.

https://youtu.be/ZDp5dihD6tk?si=rX4V5YnnOlGzJLh6

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Who: Frederick Winslow Taylor.

What: A system to improve efficiency by studying work tasks and standardizing them.

Where: Factories across the U.S.

When: Early 1900s.

Why: Businesses wanted higher productivity and profits.

How/Impact: Increased production but made work repetitive and dehumanizing → unions fought back against loss of worker control.

https://youtu.be/6O9T7bqGAgI?si=j_PsG1GHFn1wd_Wf

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Who: Founded by Uriah Stephens; later led by Terence Powderly.

What: One of the first major labor unions.

Where: Nationwide in the U.S.

When: Founded in 1869.

Why: To unite all workers (skilled and unskilled) and push for an 8-hour day, better pay, and safer conditions.

How/Impact: At its peak, had 700,000 members. Declined after the Haymarket Riot (1886) but laid groundwork for future unions.

https://youtu.be/d_Nff0YjaW4?feature=shared

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Who: Founded by Samuel Gompers.

What: A federation of skilled workers’ unions.

Where: Across the U.S.

When: Founded in 1886.

Why: To focus on practical goals like wages, hours, and conditions rather than broad social reforms.

How/Impact: Became one of the most powerful unions in U.S. history; influenced future labor rights and policies.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/video/the-american-federation-of-labor-definition-goals-history.html