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It is about the phenomenon that nowadays AI tools is receiving a increasing usage in the higher eduacation, so the researches should take measure to make a comprehensive policy to academic integrity for all the specialized disciplines.(Ali, 2024)

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This means that social interaction is vital in fandom, and these fan groups provide a sense of belonging (Jenkins, 1992, 2006). Hence, fans have strong motivation to follow their guidelines, such as publicising their artist activities, subscribing to their artist information and so on.

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The text points out that medical research is an interesting field for academic research on cooperation due to two features. Firstly, it has the characteristics of public goods or common resources. Contributors may bear costs and burdens, but many people can benefit, so the research work depends on the cooperation of potential contributors. Secondly, it seems difficult to obtain cooperation because it involves risks. For example, the interests of researchers and participants may not be consistent, commercial organizations or researchers can benefit from participants' voluntary contributions. In addition, a history of scandals has made people more aware of various risks, indicating that the research community cannot always be trusted to have cooperative intentions. These potential risks and burdens bring challenges related to fairness and exploitation, which generally weaken people's willingness to cooperate (Fehr & Schmidt, 2001). Finally, the text raises the question: why do individuals choose to cooperate with medical research and what are the necessary conditions for their cooperation? (Dixon-Woods & Ashcroft, 2008; Fehr & Schmidt, 2001)1

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Artificial intelligence tools make student’s writing work missing authenticity (Taylor, M. 2023).

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They ran tests in a special chamber that can make rain and fog. Heo et al. (2025）used both a camera and a LiDAR sensor to see how bad weather changes their performance. They measured contrast for the camera and signal strength for LiDAR. Their tests showed that both sensors work worse when it's rainy or foggy. From their data, they calculated the attenuation coefficient, showing clearly how much the weather reduces sensor performance. This study points out why bad weather is a big problem for autonomous driving systems.

-By Zerong Yu

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This paper, via reviewing the develop of Ireland's education policies, curriculum design and technological developments over the past 60 years, in order to explain interactive relationship between digital learning experience (DLE) and digital space (DS)(Bough&Sainz,2022:375).Bough indicates that, first of all, there is a gap between policy and practice in the development of digital learning experiences and digital spaces in Irish secondary education. Secondly, the insufficient training of teachers' digital capabilities seriously affects the quality of computer science education. Thirdly, students' digital abilities are influenced by their family background and economic level(Bough&Sainz,2022:388-392).

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Original 2:

However, it is not “carbon-free” when considering its entire life cycle. Therefore, accurate accounting and monitoring of its generated carbon emissions are required to avoid miscalculations of nuclear energy as a clean energy source.

(Bojie, Liu, et al. Critical review of nuclear power plant carbon emissions, 2023)

Paraphrasing and Summarising:

When it comes to the whole period of nuclear power, it doesn’t mean ‘carbon-free’.

Then, to decrease the incorrect calculations about evaluating nuclear power to be clean power, it’s necessary to figure up and observe its carbon release. Which means that there could be more carbon emissions during its entire life cycle, such as the front end (mining, enrichment), the NPP (Nuclear Power Plant) construction and operation, the back end (final disposal and reprocessing of spent fuels) (Bojie, Liu, et al. 2023).

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Summary

In this section, the author points out that previous studies mainly looked at how teachers use the students' first language (L1) in class. However, this research focuses instead on when students use L1 and how their teachers react to it.

The study found a problem in real young learner classrooms. When teachers handled students' L1 answers inconsistently – sometimes accepting them as correct and other times demanding answers in the second language (L2) – it caused confusion and interrupted the lesson. This inconsistency stopped the learning goal from being reached. In contrast, during microteaching sessions (practice teaching), all communication happened smoothly in the L2.

These results indicate that teachers need clear rules for when L1 is acceptable and when L2 should be required. Inconsistent responses can block learning chances. The paper also argues that microteaching and real classrooms are very different. Because of this, teacher training programs should directly discuss these differences. Using methods like analysing classroom videos and reflective practice can help new teachers understand real classroom challenges. This will help them develop better strategies for managing both languages appropriately in different situations, and prevent them from feeling overconfident based only on microteaching experience.

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Summmarising

The results demonstrated differences between the influence mechanisms of PTMU and PNMU. We found that PTMU had a positive effect on GT, whereas the influence of PNMU on GT was not significant.Traditional media tend to cater to the mainstream consciousness, while new media tend to disseminate diverse information because of the “we-media” characteristics of multi-subject and multi-platform. Thus, extreme ideas could be spread widely. Traditional media are mainly subject to governmental approval, and they tend to spread a positive image of the government and its officials. However, because new media have greater freedom to communicate, they spread different and even extreme views (Chan, Lee, & Pan, 2006; Xie & Zhao, 2014). Political news through traditional media outlets is often characterized by the emphasis on social stability and well-being (Chan et al., 2006; Xie & Zhao, 2014). In addition, our findings indicated that PTMU increased HAP by enhancing GT, whereas PNMU decreased HAP by enhancing PSR. In China, the content spread by traditional and new media have different key points as a result of government intervention, increasing civic consciousness, interactions between the traditional and new media, influence of new information technology on media content and mode of transmission, and so on. Hence, individuals have different perceptions and psychological experiences of government and society, which results in different formation mechanisms and consequences of happiness. Finally, we found that PTMU increased HAP through the serial mediating effects of GT and PSR; however, these effects were not significant in PNMU.

Adapted from: Hong, Y. and Zhang, P. (2020) ‘Political news and happiness: the difference between traditional media and new media use’, Chinese Journal of Communication, 13(4), pp. 370–388. doi: 10.1080/17544750.2020.1731562.

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Summary：

It is thought that after Nazi Party owned the power of 1933, actuating serious dictatorship to control adolescent of Germany. Selectively on the biologic racism prompted the special pattern of Nazi education. (Benecke 2015,27 ff& Schumuhl 1992,215ff). Under the coexistence of panic and bleeding background, the education became a tool of totalitarianism which defined by its functional use. (Tenorth 2008, 267). However, the “educational state” (Sturm 1938, p. 93) structure is enforced cause a kind of educational falling (Heinze & Horn 2011, 320). For example, Frequent functional disputes between the department and teachers have occurred, resulting in frictional losses during the implementation of closed education. (Nolzen & Schlüter 2011; Nagel 2012; Kraas 2004, 2011).

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Whole paper summary

This paper examines the relationship between the employment participation rates of young people and older workers in the UK, utilizing annual data from labor force surveys. The article notes that, most empirical analyses typically assume that extending the working years of older workers does not have a negative effect on youth employment. However, through testing multiple variables and applying three different statistical models, and after controlling for the impact of public policy outcomes, there is often a significant correlation between the employment participation rates of young people and older workers.(Wels, 2020).

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In the section “Curricular Fit and Student Preparedness,” the author says that forcing every undergraduate to take data-science classes lowers the course quality and wastes school resources. Two big studies show that students in non-data majors don’t know enough about the subject to ask useful questions and often just “check the box” when doing coding work instead of thinking critically. In contrast, students in data-heavy majors like astrophysics or computational biology already have the math skills and real reasons to use advanced methods. The author suggests making data-science classes required only for these majors, while letting other students take them as electives. This focused plan keeps the courses challenging and guarantees that graduates leave with strong, ready-to-use skills.

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Original

"Artificial intelligence tools are increasingly being used in higher education to support student writing, but their use raises questions about academic integrity and authorship.“
Taylor, M. (2023) The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Writing Support. Oxford: Academic Press.

Paraphrasing

Taylor, M. (2023) believes that most of students use Artificial Intelligence as a tool to help them improve their writing skills. Although this method is convenient sometimes, it also leads to some controversies about whether this essay is true or it written by the student.

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Original：

The coexistence of terror and violence on the one hand and the almost frictionless enforced conformity of German “Aryan” society on the other characterize the ideological practice of rule by the Nazi system.

Paraphrase：

The exercise rely on ideology rule of the Nazi system has two characters: the combination of panic and bleeding, and the non-frictional conformity which be pushed to “Aryan” society of Germany.

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Original：

Biologically based racism is at the core of the National Socialist worldview (Schmuhl 1992,215ff.), which differentiated hierarchically between “superior” and “inferior” races and attributed to them allegedly unchangeable racial characteristics.

Paraphrase：

As the central issue of National Socialist’s special world-perspective, the racism is relied on biology, polarly and oppositely classified to grander and substandard races which they defined the timeless racial quality. (Schmuhl 1992,215ff.)

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Original sentence (selected for paraphrase): "Medical research is an interesting area for scholarly work on cooperation because of two features. First, it has many of the characteristics of a public good or a commons, with the attendant familiar dilemma that it may impose costs or burdens on those who contribute (such as volunteering personal information, contributing biological materials, undergoing additional tests or invasive procedures, or making extra visits to clinics), while allowing many to benefit."

Paraphrase: Medical research is a fascinating field for academic studies on cooperation due to two aspects. To begin with, it shares numerous traits with a public good or a common resource, accompanied by the well-known predicament where those who contribute may bear costs or burdens (like offering personal information, donating biological materials, taking extra tests or invasive measures, or visiting clinics more frequently), yet a large number of people can gain advantages.

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Sources:

Media fandom is the recognition of positive, personal, relatively deep, emotional connection with a mediated element of popular culture.

Buffett (2013:2) claims that the fans have a “positive, personal, relatively deep, emotional connection” with an artist or a brand.

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Original

Based on a theoretical model designed considering the working principles of the camera and LiDAR sensors, we propose a method for extracting the attenuation coefficient, which represents the degree of signal attenuation under rainy and foggy conditions. (Heo et al.2025)

Paraphrasing

（Heo et al.2025）build a model based on how camera and LiDAR sensors work, and they show how to calculate the attenuation coefficient—a number that tells how much the sensor’s signal drops in rain or fog.

-By Zerong yu

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soures:

A key objective of this review was to gather research evidence regarding how the education system in lreland has responded to the various digital initiatives and policy changes and it argues how it is possible to build from previous experiences to develop pathways of forging DS in education.

The data from Irish secondary education has been collected and organized,which link to responded and policy, and it has been demonstrated how it is possible to develop ways to design DS education from previous practices.

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Sources:

Integrating AI into education also raises concerns about academic integrity, particularly regarding the potential for students to misuse AI tools to circumvent assignments[25]. This underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of students’ perceptions of academic integrity and the impact of AI on academic integrity in higher education[26]. Additionally, the limited provision of AI education for specific disciplines, such as radiography, highlights the necessity for dynamic collaboration from research, clinical, and educational perspectives to integrate AI into specialized fields [32].

Paraphrase:

As the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence tools, students tend to over-rely on it when they finish school assignments, which arouses increasing attention among the education field. Ali et al. (2024) believe that it is significant to understand higher education students’ value of academic integrity and the influence on academic integrity. Furthermore, there is still no comprehensive rules for several specific disciplines, such as radiography, which motivates the urgency of dynamic cooperation among research, clinical, and educational dimensions, in order to integrate Artificial intelligence to specialized fields.

Adaptive from: Ali , W., Alami, R., Alsmairat, M. A. K., & AlMasaeid, T. (2024). Consensus or Controversy: Examining AI’s Impact on Academic Integrity, Student Learning, and Inclusivity Within Higher Education Environments. 2024 2nd International Conference on Cyber Resilience (ICCR), 01–05. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccr61006.2024.10532968

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Paraphrase

Source

In line with theoretical arguments, the empirical evidence showed that the influence of political news exposure through traditional media (PTMU) and new media use (PNMU) on happiness differed. For example, PTMU increased happiness by enhancing GT, but it was not the case in PNMU. PNMU decreased happiness by enhancing PSR; however, its effect on PTMU was insignificant. The results suggest that the accessibility of political news should be enhanced, and the level of public trust in the government should be increased to promote civil happiness (Hong, Y. & Zhang, P., 2020).

Writer’s text

The empirical evidence indicated that the different influences between exposure to political news via traditional media (PTMU) and news media use via new media (PNMU) on happiness. For example, PTMU improved happiness by enhancing GT(government trust),but PNMU may not related to this social function，even play a negative role in promoting happiness, because it increased perceived social risks which display negligible outcomes in PTMU progress.Finally， enhancing the accessibility of political news and raising the level of public trust in government

recognized is important to promote civil happiness in the research (Hong, Y. & Zhang, P., 2020).

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Original 1:

As a large scale energy source, nuclear power has a significant potential to contribute to GHG emissions reduction. Nuclear power has avoided a significant amount of CO2 emissions in recent decades. In the absence of nuclear energy, and assuming that fossil fuel technologies had produced the corresponding amount of electricity according to their historical shares in the electricity mix, CO2 emissions would have been considerably higher. Over the period 1970–2015, nuclear power avoided around 68 gigatonnes of CO2 in total, close to the entire actual emissions from the power sector over 2010–2015.

(IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018;2)

Paraphrasing 1:

IAEA (2018;2) shows that:

Nuclear energy plays an important role in limiting GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions as a huge magnitude power source. For current decades, it helps reduce large numbers of CO₂ release. If there is no nuclear power, fossil power systems had supplied the same scale of electricity as their traditional roles in the electrical structure, it would be more CO2 to be released. From 1970 to 2015, almost 68 billion tons of CO₂ was reduced at all, in fact, nearly the whole emissions of the power system during 2010-2015.

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Source

Furthermore, Britain is nowadays dealing with an ageing population and the emphasis is on retaining the older workforce. As a result, the average effective age of retirement has increased of about 2.2 years for women and 2.4 years for men between 1992 and 2014 in the United Kingdom (Wels, 2016).

Paraphrase

Additionally, the UK is currently grappling with the issue of an aging population, with a focus on keeping older workers in employment. Consequently, from 1992 to 2014, the average actual retirement age for British women went up by around 2.2 years, and for men, it increased by roughly 2.4 years (Wels, 2016).

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Original

Chicherina and Strelkova (2023) also emphasize that translanguaging-based approaches allow students to utilize their mother tongue knowledge, making challenging language materials more accessible.

Paraphrase

Approaches grounded in translanguaging enable learners to draw on their first language knowledge, which helps them better understand and engage with difficult language content (Chicherina and Strelkova, 2023, p. 86).

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Original

Data-science courses should be reserved for students who are enrolled in curricula that are explicitly data-intensive, because only these learners possess both the disciplinary context and the immediate need to apply advanced analytics rigorously（Asier et al., 2025-01, Vol.15 (1), p.27).

Paraphrase

Advanced data-science classes ought to remain exclusive to majors whose programs already revolve around large-scale data, since those students alone have the subject-matter background and day-to-day requirement to deploy sophisticated techniques correctly（Asier et al., 2025-01, Vol.15 (1), p.27).

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Hi Everyone -please post your original and paraphrased sentences here! Add your name!