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Plato & Aristole - debated how knowledge is acquired ( nature vs. nurture)

Plato: knowledge is innate

Aristole: knowledge comes from experience

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Rene Descartes(1600s) - Mind body dualism (the mind is separate from the body).

John Locke (1600s) - Empiricism, the mind as a " blank slate."

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Wilhelm Wundt- Founded the first psychology lab in Leipzig Germany.

Approach: Structuralism (studying the structure of the mind using introspection).

Edward Titchener later spread structuralism to the U.S

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William James- Wrote Principles of Psychology (1890).

Focused on how mental processes function in helping people adapt

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Sigmund Freud - Developed psychoanalysis (focus on unconscious motives, childhood, and dreams)

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John B. Watson- psychology should study observable behavior, not the mind.

B.F Skinner- Expanded behaviorism, introduced reinforcement and punishment

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Biological/Neuroscience Approach- Brain, genetics, neurotransmitters.

Evolution Psychology- Behavior explained by natural science.

Sociocultural Perspective- How culture and society shape behavior.

Positive Psychology (Martin Seligman- Strengths, resilience, well-being.

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Focus on Mental processes like memory, problem solving, and language.

Jean Piaget (child development), Noam Chomsky (language), Uric Neisser (coined "cognitive psychology").

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1920s-1950s - Humanistic & Gestalt psychology

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1920s-1950s - Humanistic & Gestalt psychology

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Gestalt Psychology (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler)- " The whole is greater than the sum of its parts."

Humanism (carl Rodgers, Abraham Maslow) - Focus on free will, self-actualization, and human potential