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A major political scandal during President Ronald Reagan’s administration in which U.S. officials secretly sold weapons to Iran, even though it was illegal, and then used the money to support the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. This caused controversy because Congress had banned helping the Contras.

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He was a 14-year-old black boy and was brutally murdered in Mississippi after being falsely accused of offending a white woman. His open-casket funeral exposed the violence of racism and helped spark the Civil Rights movement.

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The USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba. The cause was unclear, but Americans blamed Spain, which pushed the U.S. closer to war. The slogan "Remember the Maine!" became a rallying cry.

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A labor protest in Chicago turned violent after a bomb went off, killing both police and protesters. It hurt the reputation of labor unions for years.

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The U.S. fought Mexico and won a bunch of land, including what's now California, Arizona, and New Mexico. This was important because it made the U.S. bigger, but it also caused arguments about wheather the new land should allow slavery or not.

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The United States was under President Thomas Jefferson, who bought a huge amount of land from France, doubling the size of the country and opening the way for westward expansion.

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(1754-1763)

Britain's victory gave them control of more land in North America, but the war left them in a lot of debt. To recover, Britain made colonists pay new taxes, which contributed to the divide between Britain and the colonists.

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1492

Christopher Columbus found an island on October 12, 1492, and thought it was East Asia. Columbus went from island to island( which we know as the Caribbean) looking for things such as pearls, gold, spices, etc. His voyages linked both sides of the world. This also started the Columbian exchange to move goods across the Atlantic. His Voyage encouraged Spain and other European powers to explore and colonize America, which changed the political and economic power balances in Europe. Columbus's discovery of the New World also brought a lot of wealth and power to Spain, which helped support European wars. Columbus's discovery of the New World also showed that there was a whole other side to the world, which helped in many different ways, such as in scince, geography, etc.

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(1773)

Because of the Tea Act, Britain started to control colonial trade. Colonists decided to disguise themselves as Native Americans and dumped tea into the Boston Harbor. This act led to harsh punishments like the Intolerable Acts and pushed the colonists closer to the revolution.

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A short war between the U.S. and Spain in 1898. The U.S. won and gained territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, showing America was becoming a global power.

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The North American Free Trade Agreement was a treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico that reduced tariffs and trade barriers. Its goal was to increase trade and economic cooperation among the three countries, though it was debated because some believed it cost U.S. jobs.

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Four Black college students sat at a whites-only lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave. Their peaceful protest inspired similar sit-ins across the country and helped challenge segregation.

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The Supreme Court said that enslaved peopel weren't citizens and had no rights, and that Congress couldn't stop slavery in the territories. This made the North really mad and pushed the country closer to the Civil War.

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A strike at one of Carnegie's steel plants turned deadly when guards and workers clashed. It showed how intense the fight for workers' rights had become.

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1521

The Conquest of Tenochtitlan marked the fall of the Aztec Empire and the beginning of Spanish dominance in the Americas, even though the Aztec Empire was a very powerful civilization. The conquest gave Spain control over central Mexico, which became Spain's New World empire. The fall of Yenochitlan made a massive cultural transformation. This conquest was used for future Spanish campaigns in America's The conquest blended indigenous, European, and later African influences.

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A war between the United States and Britain was caused by issues like the impressment of American sailors and British interference with trade. It ended in a tie, but it increased American nationalism and confidence.

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1587

The lost colony was the first attempt at a permanent colony. It was established once in 1585 and then in 1587 on Roanoke island. When John White, who was the governor, returned in 1590 after leaving to get supplies, there was no one left, and the whole colony had completely vanished. The only clue that was left was the word "CROATOAN" engraved into a post. This helped with the planning of other colonies, such as Jamestown, as they got better supply systems, stronger leadership, etc.

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1675-1678

This was one of the biggest wars in American history due to the much destruction and long-term consequences it caused. This war was more destructive than the Civil War or World War II. Many towns and lands were destroyed, and some communities were even wiped out. The war forced the English colonists to move across different colonies, which strengthened their sense of unity.

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1676-1677

This rebellion showed how discontented lower-class colonists could challenge the authority of the ruling class. There was a lot of conflict over land, and settlers wanted more protection from Native American attacks. They shifted from servitude to African Salvery since they were more controllable. It also highlighted social tensions and exposed the instability of colonial governments in relation to the lower class.

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Philadelphia met with colonial representatives to talk about the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

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(1776)

It was drafted mainly by Thomas Jefferson, and this document was intended to declare the colonies' independence. It emphasized natural rights, liberty, and equality. It became a guided statement of American ideals and identity.

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(1786-1787)

Led by farmer Daniel Shays, this protest was against high taxes, debt, and property foreclosures in Massachusetts. The rebellion highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, which showed the need for a stronger central government.

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(1787)

Delegates from across the states met in Philadelphia to address the flaws of the Articles. Instead of revising them, they drafted the U.S. Constitution, which created a stronger federal system, checks and balances, and a framework that still governs today.

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(1796)

As he stepped down from the presidency, George Washington told the nation to avoid permanent foreign alliances and warned of the dangers of political parties. His message shaped early American foreign policy and influenced political thought for decades.

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During the War of 1812, British troops invaded Washington, D.C., and set the White House and other government buildings on fire.

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A law that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to keep the balance in Congress. It also banned slavery north.

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A period of major economic change when new technology transformed how goods were made and sold, linking the North, South, and West.

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The first women's rights convention in the U.S., held in New York. Leaders like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott demanded equal rights, especially the right to vote.

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President Lincoln anncounced that enslaved people weren't citizens and had no rights, and that Congress couldn't stop slavery in the territories. This made the North really mad and pushed the country closer to the Civil War.

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A nationwide railroad strike occurred after the Pullman Company cut wages but didn't lower rent for workers. Federal troops were sent to stop it, showing how the government often sided with big business.

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This is where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, basically ending the Civil War. It was a huge turning point because it meantthe Union had finally won.

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A violent uprising in China where a group called the "Boxers" tried to kick out foreign influence. The U.S. and other nations sent troops to stop the rebellion and protect their trading rights.

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Right after the war ended, president Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth. His death was a big deal because he never got to help rebuild the country after the war.

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1896

The Supreme Court case legalized segregation under the "separate but equal" rule. It showed how even after the Civil War, racism was still deeply built into American society and affected millions of citizens.

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This was the time after the Civil War when the U.S. tried to rebuild the South and give rights to newly freed African Americans. It was really hard and didn't fully succeed because of racism and new laws that limited Black rights.

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Over 250,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C. to demand civil rights, jobs, and equality. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech, which became a defining moment of the movement.

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1906

Upton Sinclair's novel exposed the disgusting conditions in meatpacking plants. It led to food safety reforms like the Pure Food and Drug Act.

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President Bill Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives for perjury and obstruction of justice related to a personal scandal. The Senate later voted not to remove him from office, allowing him to finish his presidency.

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A German submarine sank the British ship Lusitania, killing over 1,00 people, including Americans. This event made many Americans angry at Germany and pushed the U.S. closer to joining WWI.

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A huge global war was mainly fought in Europe. It involved major powers divided into two alliances. The U.S. entered in 1917, helping the Allies win the war in 1918.

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President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. His death shocked the nation and led to major political and social changes.

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A decade of major cultural change, economic growth, jazz music, new fashions, and new technology. Many Americans enjoyed prosperity until the stock market crash ended the era.

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A long period of severe economic hardship that started with the stock market crash of 1929. Millions lost jobs, banks failed, and poverty grew across the country.

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President Franklin D. Roosevelt's programs to fight the Great Depression. The New Deal provided jobs, financial reforms, and relief for struggling Americans.

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A massive global war involving most of the world's nations. The U.S. entered after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941. The war ended in 1945 with Allied victory over Germany and Japan.

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Martin Luther King Jr., a leader of the Civil Rights Movement, was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. His death caused national mourning and increased pressure for civil rights reform.

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Also known as the Fair Housing Act, this law banned discrimination in housing and strengthened protections for civil rights. It was one of the last major civil rights laws of the era.

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A Supreme Court case that ended the recount of votes in Florida during the extremely close 2000 presidential election. The decision effectively gave George W. Bush enough electoral votes to win the presidency.

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The United States ended its direct military involvement in the Vietnam War after years of fighting and public opposition. This marked a major shift in U.S. foreign policy.

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The Watergate Scandal involved illegal actions and a cover-up by President Nixon's administration. It led to Nixon resigning in 1974 and reduced public trust in government.

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A law passed by Congress shortly after the 9/11 attacks that expanded the government’s ability to monitor communications, conduct surveillance, and detain suspects in order to prevent terrorism. It raised concerns about privacy and civil liberties.

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A broad term used to describe the U.S. government’s efforts to combat terrorist organizations worldwide, including military action in Afghanistan and Iraq, increased security measures, and intelligence operations.