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Behaviorism emphasizes reinforcement and observable outcomes where students complete repetitive drills, quizzes, or practice tasks independently.

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mastery-based online quizzes allows teachers to provide immediate feedback and track progress.

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GoFormative

EdPuzzle

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Pros: allows students to practice at their own pace

Cons: younger learners may need additional synchronous reinforcement to stay motivated (Al-Azawei et al., 2017).

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Both Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning

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Both Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning

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Cognitivism focuses on how learners process and organize information .

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Instructional strategies like scaffolding and concept mapping can guide students through complex material.

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*Google Classroom

* MindMeister

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Pros: Cognitivism works best in blended modes because asynchronous time allows for reflection and practice, while synchronous time ensures real-time clarification (Martin et al., 2018).

Cons: Without structured supports, some students may struggle to manage cognitive load independently.

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Social constructivism emphasizes that learning is a socially mediated process, which makes it perfect for synchronous learning environments that value discussion and collaborative meaning-making.

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Instructional strategies such as collaborative problem-solving in breakout rooms ensure active participation.

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Zoom -with breakout group

Padlet- for shared boards support this interaction.

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Pros: Ensures students negotiate meaning and co-construct knowledge (Getting Smart, 2020).

Cons: maintaining equitable participation in larger groups or with younger students who may need more structured guidance.

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Connectivism emphasizes the importance of networks, digital literacy, and the ability to navigate information flows.

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curated resource exploration and reflection tasks supports autonomy.

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Diigo

Twitter/X

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Pros: Builds independence and real-world digital literacy.

Cons: Younger students may need scaffolds to evaluate credible sources (Siemens, 2014).

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Both Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning

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Both Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning

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Online Collaborative Learning maximize community and knowledge-building.

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peer review and collaborative writing support this framework.