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Beck, R. et al (2009). Japan's Pacific Campaign; The Holocaust; The Allied Victory; Europe and Japan in Ruins. Beck, R et al. World History (931-951). McDougal Littell.

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Glosario de Historia universal. (s. f.). Portal Académico del CCH. https://portalacademico.cch.unam.mx/glosario/historiauniversal#Espacio_Vital

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Johnson, A. K. et al.(2022). The Causes And Consequences of World War II (524-563). Johnson, A. K. et al. World History. (Vol. 2). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/world-history-volume-2

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Germany lost 5.5 mill in military, 3 mill civilians.

Japan 2.1 mill military, 1 mill civilians.

China about 4 mill military and 16 mill civilian

US 416,000 deaths

British 384 deaths

USSR from 8.8 to 10.7 mill military deaths, and more than 13 mill civilians.

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In 1931, Japan sought to control outside the South Manchuria Railway.

After an explotion that Japanese military made but blamed Chinese, they annexed Manchuria saying they were protecting their interest.

To not gain attention from internationals, they provoked sharp clashes with Chinese in Shanghai, known as the First Shanghai incident (1932)

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Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935. The LoN approved sanctions against Italy, but the British and French empire made a secret agreeing that let Italians have Ethipia as a special economic zone.

In 1936, they formally annexed Ethiopia after taking the capital.

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Thanks to the Treaty of Mutual Assistance of France and the USSR (1935), Hitler announced the defiance of the Treaty of Versailles.

In 1936, German troops retook Rhineland, which was demilitarized by the treaty. France feared that if they protested, they would face another war. British didn't see it as hostile

The same year, a referendum took place between Austria and Germany to see if Austria would be annexed even when the treaty prohibited this.

Hitler wanted Sudeteland under the presumption of gathering the Germans. Around 1938, the Czechoslovak goverment granted them self-government to avoid war.

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After the Guomindang (GMD) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), called the Second United Front, to be against Japan's expantionism. Japan took control over Beijingand Taijing, the Chinese decided to focus on the Shanghai front where they had more people, but the Japanese overtook them.

In 1937, Chinese resistance retreated to Nanjing and later ceased the resistance. Japanese troops began a 7-week reign of terror, raping women and children, and executing Chinese soldiers.

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The only country that fully benefited the Treaty was the British empire.

Empires collapsed after the war (Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman), Germany faced harsh consequences, African colonized countried didn't get their independence, countries unsatisfied with results of the treaty. (M. Alvarado. Personal Communication . April 29 2025.)

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The League of Nations had no real power over it's formers, it only recommended things to them, but there were no real consequences. This cause many countries leaving the LoN (Japan and Germany in 1933) or breaking the agreements.

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Soucy, & Robert. (2025, 13 abril). Fascism | Definition, Meaning, Characteristics, Examples, & History. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism

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After depending on one country for the world economy and the stockmarket crash, countries believed that they could only trust in themselves to pursue a better economy.

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After the Great Depression, fascist regimes took control over Europe with a strong sense of military nationalism, total control over the country, race superiority.

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This time, nationalism became a settling of races to go against (Nazis against Jewish; Japanese against whites)

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To avoid war with Germany with France or Britain, the Munich Pact took place and Czechoslovakia granted territorial concessions to Poland, Germany, and Hungary as appeasement.

Later, in 1939, Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia.

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Watanabe, Akira, Hurst, Cameron, G., Sakamoto, Taro, Jansen, B, M., Toyoda, Takeshi, Latz, Gil, Masamoto, Kitajima, Hijino, Shigeki, Masai, Yasuo, Notehelfer, & G, F. (2025, 8 mayo). Japan | History, flag, Map, Population, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/The-road-to-World-War-II

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German Law that defined a Jewish people, were denied citizenship, could only have relationships with other Jewish.

Many Jewish escaped Germany and tried to be refugees in other countries, but these countries did not accepted them.

Germans believed that Jewish were a problem, a dehumanizing tactic, and by eliminating them, a better Germany would be born.

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Secret German-Soviet Nonagression Pact in 1939 agreed to not attack each other. In exchange, they divided eastern Europe.

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Judged the Germans for their crimes against humanity. Punishments went from 15 years in jail, to death by hanging.

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Britain signed a mutual defense agreement with Poland. Later, France and Britain declared war on Germany, not on the USSR.

The allies were formed by Poland, Britain, and France.

Germany and the USSR invaded Poland, which caused the ceasing of Poland.

In 1936, the Anti-comintern Pact was signed against the communist ideas (Japan, Germany), but Japan left in 1939.

The Tripartite Pact was signed in 1940 between Germany, Japan, and Italy.

In 1941, USSR and Japan signed a Neutrality Pact, freeing them from having a multiple-front war.

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Germany's strategy of quick, yet massive air strikes to ensure domination in the air, destroy enemy's supplies, and lower their morale. Then massive land domination, Poland's plain territory helped this plan be more effective.

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Special German troops followed expansion, killing enemies and undesired people. Jewish were gathered in ghettoes for forced labour and excecution.

For their excecution, they were under the presumption of getting to a better settlement, with little to no time between finding out the truth to being killed.

The final solution to the Jewish question was to work them to death, starve them, or exterminating them.

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British hoped the French engaged with the Germans, but the French felt they couldn't counterattack the German forces.

The BEF tried to defend the French-Belgian border. The winter of 1939-1940 became known as Phony war, as little action took place.

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Stalin launched war against Finland to obtain territory near Leningrad (St. Petersburg/ Petrograd) to bolster soviet defenses.

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Norway and Denmark declared neutral, which benefited Germany. In 1940, Germany launched a full westward offensive, passing through Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and into France, avoiding the Maginot Line.

British commander, after seeing this, ordered a retreat to Dunkirk

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It started in 1940, occupying British Somaliland, threatening British Egypt. After loosing territory in Africa, Mussolini turned to the Balkans. Tried to invade Greece, but were unsuccesful.

Hitler helped Italy gain territory, but he wanted to take control of the Suez Canal, this would connect him with the Middle Eastern oil, which would be crucial to win the war.

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Borders of Italy During WW2 and After Map

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People who had helped Germans would be repatriated to the Soviet Union, where they could be treated harshly.

Other millions were forcibly returned "home", hoping to avoid any more racial tensions for the future.

Saved Jewish were relocated in the US or Palestine.

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Japan repealed the law, which allowed for the arrest of anyone perceived to be posing a threat to the Japanese government, and to begin open and free discussion of the entire Imperial government and its institutions.

Political prisoners were released and the secret police disbanded.

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Germans focused on destroying shiping in the English Channel and weapon-producer facilities. British developed new strategies, such as the radar that warned from Germants attacks.

The Germans' strategy failed and shifted to civilian spaces, such as the bombing of London, helped the British recover and develop more weapons.

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US Congress passed this act in 1941 to sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense article. This meant that the US could send materials if it was vital for defense

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Established in 1945, seeking the prevention of another world war.

Germany & Japan actions helped define genocide and crimes against humanity.

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Hitler thought he could easily defeat Stalin. After being postponed for many weeks thanks to helping Italy, he broke the Non-Agression Pact by invading the USSR, causing the USSR to join the Allies.

They advanced rapidly, but the supplies didn't, many people died from diseases or starvation, others survived through cannibalism.

By the end of 1941, the possibility of a peace was being thinked.

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Rearrengement of Wilson's 14 points. Insisting the surrender of the Axis nations (Germany, Italy, Japan), renounced territorial expantion, affirmed self-determination.

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The US imposed oil and gas sanctions to Japan in order to cease the agression, this only caused Japan to turn their focus into the Philippines. Japan sent a surprise attack at Pearl Harbour.

The US wanted Japan to leave China, while Japan threatened the US to a war. Another surprise attack happened in Pearl Harbour, sinking both war and normal boats.

The US declared war on Japan and joined the Allies (China also joined allies, but did not fought in Europe)

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In 1942, Roosevelt authorized West Coast military comanders to relocate Japanese and Japanese Amreican people in the US

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The US stood dominance in Japan from 1946-52 in order to demilitarize, democratize, and foster respect for human rights.

The imposed Constitution of 1947 has remained virtually unchanged, with a bill of rights to academic freedom, women’s suffrage, the right to choose residence, collective bargaining, and full employment.

Japan could not have an army nor participate in wars in the future.

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in 1942, Hitler resumed attacks on every front, but did not managed to get far, except for Stalingrad.

Stalin issued Order 227, forbidding soviets to retreat. Thanks to the unavailability of Germans to resupply, the advance to the Soviet Union was stopped.

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After Japan's expansion for a "whiteless" Asia, the US stopped the spread across the Pacific. This caused a shifting in power to the Allies.

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In 1942, Gandhi got support from the Congress Party for his "Quit India" nonviolent protest. British encarcelated him almost immediately.

Japanese recruited India to his power. The Indian National Army (INA) assisted Japanese military operations in Burma

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Japanese thought heroic determination would be more efficient than advanced weapons, thus resistance extended this battles.

An air base was being constructed in the Guadalcanal island. The US knew that if they completed that base,it could become a stronghold.

The war in the seas was no trouble, however, in the land, it was a struggle. Japan retreated in 1943 and the island became known as "the Island of Death"

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in 1943, Stalin went to the offensive against the nazis. The battle of the Kursk was one of the biggest land-fought and tank-used war

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Mussolini was being humilliated by the allies in winnings of North Africa, Sicily, and the bombing of Rome in 1943.

He was taken down from the power and encarcelated.

On September 8th, Italy surrenders to the Allies. Hitler freed Mussolini and established the Republic of Salo in northern Italy with Mussolini as figurehead.

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"The big three" (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) adressed relations with allies, with neutral countries, postwar settlements, and a scheduled attack to Germany in 1944.

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Germany's Lebensraum justified expansionist ideals of having to cover the population's necessities.

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Many people tried to escape from the concentration camps, such as the Warsaw ghetto uprising in 1943, which failed. Others helped children escape the camps, hide Jews, or closing Sobibor camp.

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Churchill and Stalin agreed percentages of influenze of eastern Europe (90% of Greece for British, 90% of Romania to USSR, 50% for each in Yugoslavia and Hungary)

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June 6th 1944, allied troops were attacking German army holes, causing them to lose Paris.

A race to take Berlin started. Hitler thought that a win for them could still happen if he managed to divide the allied armies.

As the allies progressed the territories, they were liberating people from the concentration camps. To raise awarness of the camps, British and American reporters toured teh camps

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People around the 90s sued the war actions against their integrity.

Korematsu sued for being imprisioned for rejecting the order and fighting for his civil rights.

Korean women sued for being used as "comfort women" by the Japanese.

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Once again, they meet to plan the Yalta conference.

Roosevelt asked for the Soviets to help them in the Pacific War against Japan, which Stalin agreed under the condition of Mongolia's independence, interest in Manchuria's railway and Port Arthur.

Planned the United Nations, a stronger body than the League of Nations.

All occupied nations would be restored; total surrender of nazi germany; division of Germany & Berlin into 3 zones; Germany demilitarization, denazification, and payment of reparations.

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Last offensive of the allies, carried out by the Soviet Union.

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After Hitler's suicide in 1945, many commanders surrounded to soviets or allies.

It was until May 6th that war had finished in Europe.

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Japan thought that Americans could not bear loss, making them sacrifice themselves, both in air and land, in order to disheart Americans. Americans knew that an invasion to Japan would cost a lot, but Japan was not taking a defeat.

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Issued the unconditional surrender of Japan; demilitarize Germany & divide the nation, alongside Berlin, into 4 zones: 3 in the west (France, US, Britain), and 1 in the east (USSR); denazification program for Germany & Austria;

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After discovering that an atomic bomb could be developed, a race to build the ifrst one started in 1942.

There was no success until 1945 in the Trinity Test in Alamogordo.

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Truman wanted to warn Japanese that he was dropping the bomb in militarized zones, that they could save lives by surrending. Japanese didn't accepted and the first bomb dropped in Hiroshima in August 6th, 1945. Three days later, another bomb dropped in Nagasaki. Even though Truman didn't want to drop them in places with children or women, both bombs impacted in places with children and women. Some said it was a revenge for Pearl Harbour, others to show the Soviet Union of what they were capable of.

After the bombing, soviets broke the nonagression pact with Japan and invaded Manchuko and Korea. Japan finally surrended.

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Germany, Italy, and Japan expanded their military power and used force to pursue national goals. Hitler rebuilt Germany’s army in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles, while Mussolini and Japan used military aggression to expand their empires. Their belief in war as a tool for national strength and the lack of early international resistance encouraged further aggression, leading to the outbreak of war.

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Greater East Asia Co-Prospetity Sphere collapse

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Greater East Asia Co-Prospetity Sphere collapse

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Japan's lack of resilience made the Greater East Asia Co-Prostperity Sphere turn into chaos and confussion.

It seemed that no peace settlement with the Allies was concievable if Tojo was in power, thus, in 1944, he was forced to resign.