# data[].attributes.headline
background to privatisation in the NHS part 1

# data[].attributes.subject
background to privatisation in the NHS part 1

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The History of Privatisation - Part 1 - The Lowdown

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In just over a year of publication, most issues of The Lowdown have carried reports on the continued inroads being made by the private sector into NHS budgets. In May we attempted to draw a wider picture of the scale of private sector involvement, contrasting the real picture with exaggerated views that include occasional talk of

# data[].attributes.headline
A poem published in a Glasgow Newspaper in support of the Beardmore women workers dispute in 1915

# data[].attributes.subject
A poem published in a Glasgow Newspaper in support of the Beardmore women workers dispute in 1915

# data[].attributes.body
The only snippet ofinformation about the Beardmore case to appear in local newspapers was Anderson's question in the House ofCommons which the Glasgow Herald included as part of its regular report on parliamentary proceedings.48 Late 1915 was a time of great social and industrial unrest on Clydeside with the rent strikes and the imprisonment ofthe Fairfield shipwrights forming a daily part of newspaper reports. The lack of coverage of the Parkhead situation, however, does not indicate a lack of awareness of the plight of the women among the local community. At the end of October, the following poem appeared on the front page of one of Glasgow's local weekly papers: As this poem indicates, there was considerable support and sympathy in Glasgow for the new women munitions workers and for their claim for £1 per week

# data[].attributes.headline
Glasgow Race Riots 1919  By Zandra Yeaman

# data[].attributes.subject
Glasgow Race Riots 1919  By Zandra Yeaman

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Lessons from the Glasgow Race Riots: 1919-2019 — CRER

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A hundred years ago today, on the 23rd January 1919, in the yard of the mercantile marine office in James Watt Street, a race riot erupted in Glasgow. While waiting to be hired, Black and white sailors clashed and a pitched battle broke out. As the Black sailors ran down the Broomielaw, they were p

# data[].attributes.headline
Equal Pay Struggles on the Clyde by Jennifer McCarey 

# data[].attributes.subject
Equal Pay Struggles on the Clyde by Jennifer McCarey 

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Ken Currie's 1987 painting of The Calton Weavers' Massacre; (Image: Glasgow Museums)

# data[].attributes.headline
The women workers of the Beardmore went on to defeat England's women football team in 1918

# data[].attributes.subject
The women workers of the Beardmore went on to defeat England's women football team in 1918

# data[].attributes.headline
Working Class Politics and the Clydeside by John Foster 

# data[].attributes.subject
Working Class Politics and the Clydeside by John Foster 

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The Women of Red Clydeside: Women Munitions Workers in the West of Scotland during the First World War. Myra Ballie

# data[].attributes.headline
The Women of Red Clydeside: Women Munitions Workers in the West of Scotland during the First World War. Myra Ballie

# data[].attributes.subject
The Women of Red Clydeside: Women Munitions Workers in the West of Scotland during the First World War. Myra Ballie

# data[].attributes.body
Myra Ballie in the third chapter looks at the murky issue of dilution on the Clyde from the female dilutees perspective.

# data[].attributes.headline
Elspeth King On the Calton Weavers Strike 1787

# data[].attributes.subject
Elspeth King On the Calton Weavers Strike 1787

# data[].attributes.body
Talk at The Old Burnt Barns in the Calton. Organized by Calton Books and others commemorating the weavers strike of 1787 https://www.calton-books.co.uk/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Elspeth King On the Calton Weavers Strike 1787

# data[].attributes.headline
Is You Is, Or Is You Aint My Baby: woman's pay and the Clydeside Strikes of 1943 by Peter Bain 

# data[].attributes.subject
Is You Is, Or Is You Aint My Baby: woman's pay and the Clydeside Strikes of 1943 by Peter Bain 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Peter Bain Article equal pay strike (1) (1)

# data[].attributes.headline
Pictured Agnes McLean third from the left and her fellow trade union sisters who lead the strike in 1943.

# data[].attributes.subject
Pictured Agnes McLean third from the left and her fellow trade union sisters who lead the strike in 1943.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
the 1943 strike for equal pay in Glasgow 

# data[].attributes.headline
Interview with Agnes Mclean about the 1943 Equal Pay Strikes 

# data[].attributes.subject
Interview with Agnes Mclean about the 1943 Equal Pay Strikes 

# data[].attributes.body
Interview with Agnes Mclean & one other about the 1943 Equal Pay Strikes in Glasgow

# data[].attributes.body
The Strike of the Glasgow Weavers - 1787' by Elspeth King

'Calton Weavers' Memorial - 1787' by Harry McShane

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Strike of the Glasgow Weavers - 1787

# data[].attributes.body
Commemoration and Celebration of the Calton Weavers, Glasgow 2023

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Commemoration and Celebration of the Calton Weavers

# data[].attributes.headline
A tale of Two Cities - The General Strike of Glasgow & Belfast 1919 - interview with John Foster and Kenny Coyle.

# data[].attributes.subject
A tale of Two Cities - The General Strike of Glasgow & Belfast 1919 - interview with John Foster and Kenny Coyle.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Tale Of Two Cities - The 1919 General Strikes Of Glasgow & Belfast by The Manifesto Press Podcast

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Prof. John Foster in conversation with Kenny Coyle: This conversation explores the languages of class struggle in Britain and Ireland, focusing on the significant events of 1919-20, particularly in Glasgow and Belfast. The discussion highlights the industrial centres’ roles, the impact of shipbuilding on class mobilisation, the international context of the strikes, and the divisive nature of sectarianism. The speakers emphasise the importance of understanding these historical struggles to grasp the evolution of class consciousness and labor movements in the region.

# data[].attributes.headline
100 years on: the day they read the Riot Act as chaos engulfed Glasgow

# data[].attributes.subject
100 years on: the day they read the Riot Act as chaos engulfed Glasgow

# data[].attributes.body
Westminster feared a ‘Bolshevik uprising’ when 60,000 strikers fought police on the streets. What really happened in the Battle of George Square?

By Robin McKie

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
100 years on: the day they read the Riot Act as chaos engulfed Glasgow

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Westminster feared a ‘Bolshevik uprising’ when 60,000 strikers fought police on the streets. What really happened in the Battle of George Square?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Our Housing Heritage: Ned Donaldson and the battle for Merrylee

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Springburn office of ng homes is named after Ned Donaldson. But who was Ned Donaldson? Kieran Findlay recalls the contribution of the activist and the post-war battle to stop the privatisation of council housing at Merrylee. It was a cold sleety December day in 1951. Slum landlordism and sublett

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Hopes are rising for an end to a pay dispute which led to strike action at a Glasgow hospital.

The 48-hour stoppage involved about 300 domestic and cleaning staff at Glasgow Royal Infirmary on Tuesday and Wednesday.

They are seeking a £1,000 pay rise from French company Sodexho, the private firm which has the contract for the services.

Three days of strike action are threatened for next week unless there is an agreement.

More strikes

On Friday, union negotiators said some progress had been made and it is likely a new offer from Sodexho will be put to the 300 porters, cleaners and catering staff on Monday.

They have been fighting for a basic wage of £5 an hour plus a return to NHS conditions on holidays, sick pay, shift allowances and pensions.

Sodexho was forced to draft in 60 extra staff on Tuesday and Wednesday to keep services going.

The company is hoping that the new offer will be enough to head off more strikes at the Royal and stem the tide of ancillary services returning to the NHS.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
BBC NEWS | UK | Scotland | Progress in hospital strike talks

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hopes are rising for an end to a pay dispute which led to strike action at a Glasgow hospital.

# data[].attributes.body
The tactics suggested in the manual for union-busting are all legal. They are, however, not the tactics one would have ascribed to a company which boasts of award winning employer-employee relationships.85 The manual advocates banning union activity from company premises, encourages managers to talk on a one-to-one basis to try and dissuade employees from joining a union and informing a potentially striking employee that he (sic) can be replaced if he does strike. They also encourage managers to “…give opinions on unions, and unions leaders…in derogatory terms”86 and explain to employees that trade unions are linked to …communism, racketeering and other undesirable elements…”87

Sodexho used these measures to good effect in a dispute with hospital workers at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 2002. When early in 2002, UNISON helped exposed the unsanitary conditions there, the company responded with what branch secretary, Carolyn Leckie called ‘a climate of fear’ against union members. In August 2002, hospital services workers went on strike over the low wages they were being paid £4.20 – £4.67 an hour. This is much less than other staff working directly for the Health Authority. Sodexho attempted to break the strike by flying in scab workers from up to 400 miles away, paying £42.50 a night for accomodation and £10 pounds an hour. Despite this, in August 2002, around 300 staff won an increased pay and conditions package including £5 an hour minimum wage and three months full sick-pay.88

These concessions, however, did not come from the goodness of Sodexho’s heart. As local UNISON branch secretary Caroline Leckie said, “the only reason we won was the strike – there was no way Sodexho would have conceded without that.”89

Following Glasgow’s success, 900 Sodexho employees at the Liverpool Royal Hospitals went on strike in November 2002 in pursuit of a pay claim of £5 / hour. Porters, catering, and housekeepers, earning £4.15 an hour, were involved in the action. During the strike, a Sodexho manager on £70,000 / year came forward as a “volunteer”, handing out tea to patients.

For more info on strike action taken against Sodexho in the UK, see

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Founded in France in 1966, Sodexo is a multinational food and management services company. Most visible providing the food in school, university, museum, hospital and office canteens, Sodexo also provides 'facilities management' services to a vast array of organisations, including NHS trusts, prisons in the UK and Australia, the US Military and some of the world's biggest corporations.

You can find Corporate Watch articles on Sodexo and our 2004 Company Profile in the right hand column of this page.

Click here for details of Sodexo's latest profits and other financial results from the Bloomberg website.

T here is also lots of useful information on Sodexo's website:

Click here for details of the company's UK head office and other contact addresses from the opencorporates website.

Click here for a full list of the services currently offered by Sodexo.

Click here to find out about Sodexo's board of directors and here for the UK management team and

Click here to download Sodexo's latest annual report and accounts.

For a more on Sodexo's work, try this critical perspective profile of the company on the SourceWatch website.

Sodexho has thousands of food and management services contracts worldwide from multiservice contracts with IBM in Peru, Chile, Venezuela and Colombia to contracts with the International Peace Maternity Hospital in Shanghai.12
In the UK, some examples of its products and projects include:
Sodexho Defence Services, based in Aldershot, from where Sodexho run around 60 projects for the military across the UK including at the Aldershot Garrison. Sodexho are also the lead contractor at the new Colchester Garrison private finance initiative (PFI). Other contracts including the Catterick Garrison, ARCC Germany, Falkland Islands, Dover/Shorncliffe MAC and RAF High Wycombe.13 See www.sodexhodefence.com for more information.

Catering services in the UK span from two halls of residence at the University of Huddersfield, to the 'Kitchen Mondiale' at University College, London. From 170 private schools to numerous state schools. For more information as well as lists of schools worldwide that are catered for by Sodexho, from Chile to China, as well as in the UK, see www.sodexhoeducation.com.14 Sodexho also serve meals to around 45,000 patients in the UK each day15 and run coffee shops in hospitals under the names "Strollers" and "Just Trading".

Sodexho provide inhouse catering at hotels, commercial restaurants and in corporate canteens such as Ford, British American Tobacco and Toyota. It also provides catering services at prestigious events including Royal Ascot, Henley Royal Regatta and the Stella Artois tennis tournament.16 Sodexho also provides 'cook-chilled' and frozen meals through its Tillery Valley Foods division17 and vending services.

Sodexho has provided remote services to all the major oil, gas, construction and mining companies including BP-Amoco, Halliburton and Rio Tinto. See www.universalsodexho.com for a complete list of projects and clients.

Sodexho also own Parisien-style boats that do sightseeing tours on the Thames, as well as a restaurant boat, Naticia. See www.bateauxlondon.co.uk

Sodexho offer conference and banqueting facilities at numerous locations around Britain. From the Royal Agricultural Showgrounds at Stoneleigh (which is quite an indictment of the Royal Agricultural Showgrounds and their commitment to UK agriculture!), to The Tall Ship in Glasgow harbour and Mill Hill school. For a complete list see www.conference-online.co.uk.

Safegard is a specialist division of Sodexho, that operates as an autonomous consultancy on health and safety issues both for Sodexho and external clients. More can be found on www.safegard-online.co.uk

Facilities management span from the NHS, where Sodexho is one of the largest laundry providers - with a capacity to launder 364,000 items a week,18 to the Ford Motor company at 33 locations in the UK. See www.sodexhofm.com. This ranges from grounds mantainance through Sodexho Land Technology, where clients include the Royal Park at Kensington Gardens, Cheshire County Council, Birmingham International Airport and many private clients and Local Authorities19 to the 'Healthworks' division which manages corporate gymnasiums for, amongst others, Shell UK, Clydesdale Bank, Land Rover, Glaxo Smithkline Pharmaceuticals and Norwich Union.20

Sodexho's provision of services to the UK Government span from providing tea at the Scottish Parliament to winning government contracts under the Private Finance Initiative to manage prisons and immigration detention centres. This connection has its own little pop-up website with the slogan "Sodexho: a more human approach to corrections" when you load up www.sodexhoalliance.com. There is very little information on the main site, though. Some of these facilities are run outright by Sodexho and others it runs jointly with other companies. In the UK, Sodexho operates in the prison industry through its subsidiary, UK Detention Services.

Besides 'Strollers' bakery brand and 'Just Trading' food retailing units, other Sodexho brand names include 'Caffe Toscana' kiosks and full coffeeshop units; 'Pasta Gusta' pizzas and pasta sauces; 'Promise' sandwiches, baguettes and wraps; 'Spitfires' fast food breakfast solutions being developed for the education sector and 'Donut warehouse'.21

12
www.sodexhoalliance.com/16sxoatny/pdf/RA_2002_us.pdf (viewed 1/12/03)

13 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/defence.htm viewed 10/11/03

14 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/education.htm viewed 10/11/03

15 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/healthcare.htm viewed 10/11/03

16'Inside track Sodexho: A 60-second cribsheet on some of the country's largest employers of graduates' by Nick Pandya. The Guardian 11/10/2003

17see www.tvf-online.co.uk/enter.htm viewed 10/11/03

18ibid.

19 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/landtech.htm viewed 10/11/03

20 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/healthworks.htm viewed 10/11/03

21 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/brands.htm viewed 10/11/03

Global Headquarters Sodexho Alliance S.A. 3 Avenue Newton, Saint Quentin En Yvelines, 78883, France

Sodexho has 315,141 employees based on 24,700 sites in 74 countries worldwide.22 20% of which are based in the UK.23

Company value: On 14th November 2003, Sodexho announced its full year profit as 162 million Euros ($191 million) This is 11.3% lower than it had been the previous year. Sodexho, who have issued a number of profit warnings over the last two years, put on a brave face as Morgan Stanley downgraded Sodexho shares from 'equal weight' to 'under weight' and Deutschebank withdrew the share from its main European list.24

The company blamed the fall in the dollar for this loss, as over half its revenue comes from US operations, where it is also losing market share to The Compass Group.

Disappointment over the growth figures added to investor fears over a looming class action lawsuit filed in the US on behalf of 2,600 current and former employees of Sodexho alleging racial discrimination. See section on 'Discrimination' in 'Corporate Crimes' section.

Earlier in 2003, the company's share price came under pressure amid worries that diplomatic tensions over war in Iraq could damage its US operations, with particular concern over a record $1bn contract with the US Marine Corps.25

Sodexho is currently embroiled in a scandal that knocked 8% off its share value. On January 9th 2004, market analysts, Smith Barney, claimed Sodexho had revealed ?82m (£57million) of previously undisclosed securitisation at its UK division in a 20-F filing to the Securities and Exchange Commission in the US in December. The accusation being that Sodexho had used this to artificially boost its working capital in financial results released in November. A few days later, Smith Barney retracted this accusation saying that the disputed securitisation had not been hidden by Sodexho. Smith Barney stressed, however, that it had not changed its 'sell' recommendation on Sodexho stock. Sodexho had asked the AMF, the French markets regulator, to investigate movements in its share price and has threatened to sue Smith Barney.26

Auditors: KPMG 27

Major Shareholders 28

The Bellon Family, through the family holding company, Bellon S.A.,own 38.69%

Unamed French Institutions: 25.90%

Unamed French Indivuduals: 8.90%

Non-French Shareholders 23.18%

Treasury Stock 1.70%

Employees 1.63%

Members of the Board of Directors 29

Sodexho is still very much a family business as is illustrated by the current Board of Directors.30

Chairman Pierre Bellon (74 years old.)

Bellon is the founder of Sodexho as we know it today, and has, until this year, been very involved in the running of the business. In April 2003, he announced his intention to bow out of the group gradually. He would have retired earlier if Sodexho had not been beset with merger-acquisition problems over the past five years. Bellon handed operational control to the group's managing director, Albert George, in 2000.31

According to the 2001/2002 Annual report, Pierre Bellon is chairman of the Supervisory Board of Bellon SA., the family holding company that controls Sodexho Alliance S.A.

He is also the director of a number of Sodexho subsidiaries such as Abbar & Zainy Sodexho Catering Company Ltd., Sodexho Inc., Sodexho Netherland, Sodexho Ltd.

He is on the supervisory board of Air Liquide S.A. Founded in 1902, Air Liquide is the world leader in industrial and medical gases and related services. www.airliquide.com. He is a member of the supervisory board of Pinault-Printemps-Redoute, a massive French multinational whose products span from department store retailing to electrical goods catalogues, building materials to financial services offering consumer credit. He is a director of the Association Nationale des Société par Actions (ANSA). He is vice-president of pro-privatisation French employer's organisation, Medef.

He and his family are worth around a billion dollars, making them, according to Forbes.com, the 427th richest people in the world, and in the top ten list of richest Frenchmen.32

Remi Baudin - Vice Chairman.

Remi co-founded Sodexho as we know it today, with Pierre in 1966.

Astrid Bellon -

Member of the Executive Board, Bellon SA

Bernard Bellon - Chief Executive Officer,

Finadvance S.A., this is a veture capital company.

Francois-Xavier Bellon -

Member of the Executive Board of Bellon SA

Sophie Clamens -

works for Bellon S.A. as a special projects advisor for Sodexho Alliance.

Patrice Douce -

was the Group Chief Operating Officer for Sodexho from 1990 to 2001.

Paul Jeanbart -

Co-founder, Partner and Chief Executive Officer, Rolaco Group. I am unclear whether this is the same company as Rolaco Trading and Contracting, a large diversified Saudi Arabian company, that amongst other divisons has a sevices, a purchasing services and hotel division. See www.rolaco.net.

He has many other directorships such as Oryx Finance Ltd, Hotel Intercontinentale, Geneve, Semiranis Hotel Co, Delta International Bank, XL Capital Ltd and Nasco Insurance Group. He is also on the advisory group of Club Mediteranee S.A.

Francois Perigot -

a former Unilever executive and Chairman of UNICE, the European Employers and Industry Union, he is currently the chairman of Medef International, the Franco-Dutch chamber of commerce and the International Employer's Organisation.

He is on the board of directors of Astra Calve, Lever, CDC Participations and Sabate- Diosos.

Edouard de Royere -

Honorary Chairman, L'Air Liquide.33 Also on the Board of Directors of three other venerable French companies, Danone, Michelin and L'Oreal.

Nathalie Szabo - Member of the Executive Board, Bellon SA

Mark Tompkins -

Unclear what his current job is, but sounds like he's a venture capitalist/ business consultant. He is on the board of directors of Bio Projects International Ltd. and Calcitech Ltd.

Senior Executives 34

In June 2003, Sodexho's Group Chief Operating Officer, Albert George, resigned after having suffered a stroke earlier in the year. He had been seen as a natural successor to Pierre Bellon, so his health problems and resignation have probably come as a blow to the company.

In response to the situation, Jean-Michel Dhenain and Michel Landel, who were previously Vice-Presidents of the Executive Committee, were appointed joint Presidents and Chief Operating Officers. Jean-Michel Dhenain will remain the CEO for Continental Europe, as well as taking responsibility for South America and Asia-Australia. Michel Landel will remain CEO of Sodexho Inc., as well as supervising the United Kingdom, Ireland and the remote site management activity.35

Jean-Michel has been with the firm since 1971 and risen through the ranks. He is President of the Chamber Opera of France, based in Menton. He is also an accomplished oenologist (winemaker), a Chevalier in the Order des Coteaux de Champagne and a member of the Chevaliers du Tastevin.

Michel has been with the company since 1984 and was the CEO of Sodexho Inc. before this promotion

Other members of the Executive Committee include:

Elisabeth Carpentier - Senior Vice President, Human Resources

Sian Herbert-Jones - Chief Financial Officer

Clodine Pincemin - Senior Vice President, Corporate Communications

Dick Macedonia, Chief Operating Officer of Sodexho in North America

Vincent Hillenmeyer, Senior Vice President, Strategic Planning.

Sodexho Alliance Senior management Sodexho breaks its activities down by country/region and then by activity. Each country and each activity has it's own Chief Operating Officer, or equivalent, who sit on Sodexho's operational leadership team.

Details can found on each country's website, which can reach by initially going to the main website ( www.sodexho.com).

UK facts and figures 36

Turnover: £1,044,311,000

Employees: 54,322

Clients: 3,847

UK Auditors: Price Waterhouse Coopers37

Senior UK & Ireland Management Team 38

Mark Shipman - Chief Executive, Food and Management Services. Shipman joined Sodexho in 2002 after the debacle with accounting irregularities. See Corporate Crimes section on 'Accounting Irregularies'. He previously headed up the Wood Company, a leading provider of contract food services, in the USA which was acquired by Sodexho in 2001.39 Shipman sits on the British Hospitality Association Council.

Herb Nahapiet OBE- Chief Executive, UK Detention Services Ltd Herb sits on the Institute of Physics, Built Environment and Transport panel.
He also sits of the Government's LINKS/TCS panel, which is an advisory structure for industrial collaboration and technology transfer schemes.

He is a visiting professor at the Bartlett, which is the faculty of the Built Environment at University College, London.
He is also Sodexho's "Worldwide Market Champion for Correctional Services". See later section on 'Sodexho and Prisons'.

UK Locations

Head Office Kenley House

Kenley Lane

Kenley, Surrey CR8 5ED

(44) 208 763 12 12

(44) 208 763 10 44

PR and Press Office The Merchant Centre

New Street Square,

London EC4A 3BF

(44) 207 815 06 10

(44) 20 7832 7832
Subsidiaries mentioned on the Sodexho website include:

Adicarte Technology in Milton Keynes

Universal Sodexho in Aberdeen

Sodexho Leisure Services in Alperton, Middlesex

Catamaran Cruises/Bateaux London on Charing Cross Pier in Central London.

Sodexho Defence Services in Aldershot

Sodexho Land Technology.

There are dozens of other UK Sodexho offices. The best way to find them is either to go through www.sodexho.co.uk or www.yell.co.uk

Other UK Subsidiaries named in 2001/2002 Annual Report (100% ultimate ownership unless indicated).

Agecroft Prison Management (50%)

Sodexho Services Group Ltd.

HPC Limited (25%)

Sodexho International Holdings Ltd

Keyline Travel Management

Sodexho Limited

Sodexho Prestige Limited

Universal Sodexho Scotland

Harmondsworth Detention Services Ltd

United Kingdom Detention Services (UKDS)

Tillery Valley Foods Limited

Rugby Hospitality 2003 Ltd (55%)

Sodexho Holdings Ltd

Sodexho Education Services Ltd

Sodexho Management Services Ltd

Cadogan Caterers Ltd

Sodexho Services Ltd

Sodexho Support Service

Universal Sodexho Holding Ltd

Universal Services Europe Ltd

Primary Management Aldershot (60%)

Mercia Healthcare Holding Ltd (25%)

South Manchester Healthcare Ltd (25%)

Sodexho Pass Ltd

22 www.sodexho.com/SodexhoAnglais/informer/index.cfm viewed 07/10/03

23 www.sodexho.com/SodexhoAnglais/site/LiensSite/Lien_Info_Chifcle.cfm (viewed 21/06/03)

24″Sodexho share falls 1.97%" La Tribune 28/11/03 and "Sodexho drops on broker downgrade" AFX UK (Focus) 17/11/03 viewed 1/12/03

25 "Sodexho blames weak dollar for sales drop" By Martin Arnold in Paris FT.com site 8/10/03

26Sodexho may sue over Smith Barney report by Heather Stewart. The Guardian Jan 14, 2004

27Yahoo Biz Sodexho profile http://uk.biz.yahoo.com/p/e/exho.pa.html. viewed 10/11/03

28 www.sodexhoalliance.com/16sxoatny/pdf/RA_2002_us.pdf (2001/2 annual report). Viewed 07/10/03

29 www.sodexhoalliance.com/16sxoatny/pdf/RA_2002_us.pdf viewed 07/10/03

30Pierre Bellon: Gargantua of the Canteens. Le Nouvel Observateur 7 November 2002 www.nouvelobs.com/articles/p1983/a28088.html viewed 7/10/03

31″Sodexho chief to step down" Les Echos 22/4/03 and "Sodehxo Alliance Announces Appointment to Two Presidents and Chief Operating Officers" BusinessWire 12/6/03

32 www.forbes.com/static_html/bill/2003/rank.html

33 www.airliquide.com viewed 1/12/03

34 www.sodexhoalliance.com/16sxoatny/pdf/RA_2002_us.pdf viewed 07/10/03

35″Sodexho Alliance announces the appointment of two Presidents and Chief Operating Officers" BusinessWire 12/6/03

36 www.sodexho.co.uk/aboutsodexho/index.asp viewed 10/11/03

37″Sodexho hit by British shortfall" BBC online 20 September 2002 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/business/2270185.stm viewed 10/11/03

38 www.sodexhoalliance.com/16sxoatny/pdf/RA_2002_us.pdf viewed 07/10/03

39 www.sodexho.com/nonflash/SodexhoAnglais/informer/Communiques1.cfm?cid=98

Influence & Lobbying Groups

Interestingly, Sodexho is not a member of any of the key European or US lobby groups, such as the European Roundtable of Industrialists, the European Services Forum or the US Coalition of Service Industries, all of which are pushing for a further liberalisation of services under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Corporate Watch can see no reference to Sodexho having attended any of the major service industry conferences or congresses, such as the 'World Services Congress' in 199940 or Services 2000: A Business-Government Dialogue on US Trade Expansion Objectives" which focused on the service industry's priorities at the WTO negotiations.41

Campaign contributions in the USA
The Centre for Public Integrity lists Sodexho as having contributed £25,632 to the political campaigns between 1990 and the fiscal year ending 2002. Over that same period, the company won federal contracts worth $23,456,000,42 including military contracts to cater for marines in Afghanistan and Iraq.

American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)
Whilst Sodexho was working in partnership with Corrections Corporation of America, it was a member of ALEC. ALEC is a Washington, D.C.-based public-policy organization that supports conservative legislators. Of the more than 6,000 state legislators in the United States, nearly 3,000 are members of ALEC, including scores who hold key leadership positions. Business foots much of ALEC's $6-million operating budget and directly shapes its political agenda. Details of direct links between expansionist private prison policies and state legislators who belong to ALEC are detailed in Edwin Bender's article "Private Prisons, Politics & Profits.43

Sodexho UK Ltd's accountancy firm Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC), is not only an accountancy firm but also a back door lobbyist for PPP/PFI schemes. Along with other accountancy firms, it has developed the "value for money" test used for such projects, and has also produced reports for the government on the benefits of PFI and PPPs. PWC is the biggest of the five key global accountancy firms, and stand to profit most from the privatisation of services. To date it has profited worldwide to the tune of £22 billion and in 2000 advised the UK government on 90 PFI projects worth £8.3 billion.44

The New Local Government Network (NLGN)
The 'New Local Government Network', which calls itself a think-tank, campaigns for more private sector involvement in the public sector. On the board of the NLGN is Professor Paul Corrigan, who also works in the Department of Health as a special adviser to Alan Milburn. The organisation lobbies ministers on behalf of more than 40 corporate sponsors, who between them contribute up to £500,000 a year. Sodexho is one of the NLGN sponsors who has also gained lucrative NHS contracts. Professor Corrigan is also married to Hilary Armstrong, Labour's Chief Whip.45

Herb Nahapiet, Executive Director of UK Detention Services, sits on various government quangos, as well as being a visiting professor at the Bartlett, the faculty of the Built Environment at University College, London. See section on UK senior executives.

Influencing research and education

Sodexho is heavily involved in feeding students from primary school to universities and higher education colleges. Under the PFI scheme, it looks likely that it will expand its role to include other services. For example, at the Rotherham PFI schools project, Sodexho will have a contract which will include "general management and help desk facilities, site management, janitorial, portering, security, building maintenance, grounds maintenance, asset maintenance".46

Sodexho UK do some educational work around food including pupil committees and theme days in schools. In primary schools it operates 'Club Joules', which is a 'fun school food club'. See www.clubjoules.com. It thankfully has no other educational imput into the school curriculum.

It gives unversity bursaries to students such as those in the faculty of arts at the Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada and the Sodexho scholarship at the Memorial University of Newfoundland.47 Sodexho also have a room named after them at King's College, London.48

Sodexho Research Institute on the Quality of Daily Life
The Sodexho Institute is "a unique global tool for analysing the present and future needs and behaviour of consumers around the world...Through its partnership with international organizations, such as the UN, UNESCO, and the WHO, and a wide range of interviews with leading experts, the Institute collects and analyzes vast quantities of data to publish approximately two research papers a year on topics related to the quality of daily life. Research papers produced include "Gender Differences in Eating Patterns in Children" and "Workers value their Private Lives over their Jobs". Surprise surprise!49

In addition, but complementary to the Sodexho Research Institute, Sodexho also undertakes research specific to the UK market. These include the biannual Sodexho School Meals Survey, published in September 2002, as well as ad hoc projects throughout the year.

So basically the Sodexho Research Institute is a forecasting and marketing tool.

Centre for Quality of Daily Life at Work
www.qualityofdailylife.org/homepage.htm
The Centre is a network of leading employers and employees who want to better understand the importance of quality of daily life - especially at work - so that organisational environments can be made a better place to work. Sodexho is the foundation sponsor of this project.

Public Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility

In the USA
"We strive to be the type of company that help to create the type of world we want for tomorrow. As a leading provider of outsourced food and facilities management services throughout North America, we're committed to continuing to lead our industry in helping to address the challenges that are impacting our communities." Sodexho Inc. website

Sodexho's corporate social responsibility work is mainly focused on charitable donations and supporting 'Habitat for Humanity International', a 'not for profit' homebuilding organisation that gives grants for housing poor people.50 Another major "campaign" is Sodexho's S.T.O.P Hunger campaign www.helpstophunger.org. This includes food donations; Caring Cans, where non-perishable surplus food can be donated at Sodexho locations; the Servathon, where every April, Sodexho employees join forces to donate food and serve meals in their local communities, and the work of The Sodexho Foundation.

The company is especially fond of talking about its adoption of the "Global Sullivan Principles", but Sodexho has yet to put those principles into action. See report on Not With Our Money for more information.51 For a more in depth critique of the 'Global Sullivan Principles' see www.labournet.net/world/0209/sodprofile.pdf

The Sodexho Foundation
The Sodexho Foundation was founded in 1999. The Mission of the Foundation is to be "a driving and creative force that contributes to a hunger-free nation." Primary funding for the Foundation comes from Sodexho, with additional funding coming through employee payroll deductions and contributions. Additionally, Sodexho receives donations from its vendor partners. Projects include:

Feeding Our Future® which provides nutritious meals over the summer to kids that rely on state-funded meals during term-time; The Campus Kitchens ProjectsTM which encourages university students and catering staff to distribute leftover food to various relief agencies in the community; Community Kitchens, organized by "America's Second Harvest", that trains unemployed people to re-prepare rescued surplus food into balanced meals that are, in turn, served to other people in need; and finally Heroes of Everyday LifeTM which makes awards to Sodexho employees who have invested their time, talent, and spirit in helping those who suffer from hunger in their communities.

Back to top
Defending themselves against the accusation of being 'French'
"My colleagues and I abhor the idea of continuing to pour American dollars into a French-based firm when those dollars could be feeding our wartime economy."
Jack Kingston, a Georgia Republican

In April 2003, various Republican congressmen approached Donald Rumsfeld to call for a boycott of Sodexho, who were supplying US troops in the Gulf, on the basis that they were 'French', and the French government were opposed to the US military attack on Iraq. Sodexho had recently signed an eight-year contract with the Marine Corps, worth US$881m.52

In response, Sodexho has pushed the boat out to prove that its a patriotic citizen.

"Sodexho and it's 110,000 US employees are strongly dedicated to our nation's values and traditions and fully support the men and women of our armed forces. We thank them and their families for the sacrifices they are making to serve and protect America." 53

Sodexho give support to US military kids through the Armed Forces YMCA: Project Hero ( www.asymca.org/operation_hero.htm). They also support the 'Operation Dear Abby' website which allows supporters to 'send a special message to our men and women in the military defending American freedom worldwide'
www.dearabby.com.

Sodexho point out that this is not the first time Sodexho has been called into action to support U.S. troops.

'Since 1993, Sodexho has provided meals and logistical support to American soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines serving their country at home and abroad. Sodexho was there during Desert Storm, Operation Restore Democracy in Haiti, and Operation Joint Endeavor in Bosnia/Croatia. In addition, Sodexho provides all food and lodging for all the residents at the U.S. Strategic Missile Testing Range at Kwajalein Atoll and at 98 defense facilities in Korea, serving 105,000 U.S. troops, civilians and military dependents.' 54

Corporate Social Responsibility in the UK

In the U.K., Sodexho's 'corporate social responsibility' programme is less brash and more about the pressing issue of social degradation in our towns and cities complete with images of deserted graffitti-ed housing estates on their website. Sodexho has literally dozens of projects on the go from the Duke of Ediburgh award scheme, to Education Action Zones (EAZ) and 'youth rugby in the community' (Sodexho also sponsor the Army rugby team) to more blatantly self-interested projects such as supporting the Springboard UK Futurechef competition and mentoring emerging talent in schools and colleges. It also encourages its employees to volunteer on their various programmes which must save Sodexho some money on CSR too. See www.communityconcern.co.uk

Sodexho also sponsor the Police service through the 'National Police Community Trust', a charity which supports police/community projects throughout England, including a booklet aimed at 7-11 year olds called 'A Young Person's Guide to Drugs, Tobacco and Alcohol'.

Sodexho pledged to raise £250,000 during 2003 for the company's new registered charity KidsOut. KidsOut is a national charity established to help disadvantaged children who may have learning difficulties or physical disabilities, or who are seriously deprived. The charity provides holidays and days out, grant aid, respite care and a helpline service.55

Sodexho UK as good as admit that being seen to be an 'ethical' company providing for the community is good for business, extensively quoting market research proving this link e.g.

'CSR has shifted decisively from 'nice to do' to 'need to do' - in 2000 32m UK consumers (67% of population) actively bought a product or service because it was linked to a cause.' 'Cause Related Marketing - Profitable Partnerships', BMRB International 2000
UK Public Relations
Sodexho's public relations has been handled by Landmark Corporate Communications as well as by Sodexho UK's own inhouse team based in London. See above.

Contacts: Clare Collins 020 7832 7833 or Leah Latimer 020 7832 7804 .

In 2000, UKDS paid £80,000 in fees to Nicholas Hopkins Associates (£77,000 in 1999) for public relations services. Mr Hopkins is a director of UKDS.56 Richard Peters Associates has also done advertising for UKDS.57

41 www.uscsi.org/events/services2000conf.html viewed 7/11/03

42 www.publicintegrity.org/wow/resources.aspx?act=history viewed 16/11/03

43 www.followthemoney.org/press/ZZ/20000701.phtml#_ftn1)

44 'A Web of Private Interests: How the five big Accountancy Firms Influence and profit from Privatisation Policy' no single author, a report commissioned by UNISON. www.unison.org.uk/acrobat/B362.pdf viewed 20/09/03

45Milburn aide lobbies for private NHS work by Chris Hastings and Rajeev Syal 18/11/03 The Telegraph

46 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/pfi_schemes.html viewed 30/09/03

47 see, for instance www.sfu.ca/advancement/scholarships/donors/2003/S-Z.html or www.mun.ca/regoff/calendar/ScholarshipsEntranceStudentsMayQualify.htm viewed 06/10/03

48 www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/admsup/sdtu/timetable.html viewed 07/10/03

49 www.sodexho.co.uk/media/research.htm viewed 07/10/03

50 http://sodexhousa.com/corp_community.asp viewed 4/10/03

51 www.notwithourmoney.org/05_sodexho/social_so2.html

52'No French food' for US troops BBC online news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2894383.stm

53 www.sodexhousa.com/military.asp viewed 25/08/03

54 www.sodexhousa.com/military.asp

55 www.sodexho.co.uk/csr/charity.htm viewed 16/10/03

56 www.psiru.org/justice/ppri44.asp#UNITED%20KINGDOM viewed 19/12/03

57 www.richardpeterspr.co.uk/index.html viewed 16/11/03

Privatisation and Public Private 'Pay-offs'

"Sodexho is committed to the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and in developing Public Private Partnerships (PPP), both as an FM (facilities management) services provider and as an equity investor." Sodexho UK website58

Without British and American government policies over the last twenty years encouraging the privatisation of public services known as Public Private Partnerships, Sodexho would probably have stayed an inoffensive medium-sized catering company. 'Privatisation', and the lucrative contracts that go with it have turned Sodexho into a multinational giant.

Sodexho greatly benefited from the Conservative government policy for "Compulsory Competitive Tendering", under which a number of local government services, including school meals and cleaning services, had to be subjected to competition from the private sector. It was based on the idea that tendering council work in competition with the private sector would lead to better, more cost effective local services. Compulsory competitive tendering was a regulatory regime that extolled price over value, quantity over quality and generally disregarded health, well being and sustainable development. It was superseded in 2000, for local government, by the Best Value regime, which aims to overcome the more debilitating features of CCT, although still prioritising cost-cutting and league-tables.

The 'Private Finance Initiative' is another way in which Sodexho is making money out of the public sector. It is the main way of financing new public sector buildings. The private consortium behind the project is then contracted to run the building typically for 30 years paid for by the public purse. Introduced by the Tories in 1992, it has since been expanded by the Labour government, who claim that it is a way of completing new capital-intensive projects without increasing public spending. Its critics claim that it will end up costing the public more as the money flows into corporate pockets and quality of service provision drops.

From the outset of de-regulation and competitive tendering within the public sector it was clear that not all services delivered for decades to meet a basic need could be replaced for less money by a private contractor obliged to make a profit. Margins must, after all come from somewhere. As the unions have pointed out, 'efficiency savings' generally come through cutting staff wages and renegotiating contracts so that basic rights, such as sick and holiday pay, are excluded. Sodexho has found other ways of increasing efficiency and saving itself money, as illustrated throughout the 'Corporate Crimes' section.

Sodexho's attitude to privatisation ranges from being unduly modest (especially about it's involvement in prisons) to evangelical about the wonders of Public/Private Partnerships.

Sodexho's website lists various projects that it involved with the UK such as:

- Hereford Hospital

- Wythenshawe Hospital

- King's Healthcare

- Fife Schools

It is also the preferred bidder in the following PFI projects:

Havering NHS Trust

Colchester Garrison

Exeter Courts

Conwy Schools

Stoke Mandeville

Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton

Manchester Royal Infirmary 59

Under the various headings below, Corporate Watch highlight why Sodexho, and maybe private companies in general, are not the best companies to handle the management of crucial and sensitive public services. Sodexho's record on sanitation, food safety and labour relations as well as running prisons and asylum seeker centres for profit and serving a highly unethical client list are symptomatic of some of the worst aspects of capitalism.

For a detailed critique of 'public private partnerships' check out the Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU) at www.psiru.org and "Captive State: The corporate Takeover of Britain" by George Monbiot (MacMillan 2000). There are also a series of case studies looking at PFI in the health and education sector in the UK published by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation called 'PFI vs. Democracy?'.60

Sodexho's record on food safety and food quality

Sodexho is predominantly a food service provider feeding millions of people every day. It has a huge responsibility not only towards food safety, but also food quality and high nutritional levels. Sourcing such vast amounts of food, Sodexho also has a responsibility to its suppliers, and ultimately the impact it has on farming and the environment worldwide.

Sodexho and school meals

"Food-based school meal standards implemented since 2001 are failing to deliver adequate nutrition to our school children. Indeed, the evidence emerging shows that this policy needs to be replaced by quantified nutritional standards, tight menu guidance and adequate levels of free school meal subsidy. Nothing less will oblige caterers and schools to abandon a food and dining culture where in the name of 'giving children what they want' they spend the bare minimum on ingredients and shovel poor quality food on to children's plates". "Food for Life". The Soil Association report (2003)

According to Unison, more than 20 companies have contracts to provide school meals to the 203 Local Education Authorities (LEAs) in England, Wales and Scotland, as well as to individual schools. The most prominent companies are: The Compass Group subsidiary, Scholarest, who are contracted by 37 authorities; Initial Catering Services who are contracted by 17 authorities; and Sodexho, who are contracted to 13 authorities. LEAs that use Sodexho either as sole contractor or as one of several are Bristol City, Bromley, Cardiff, Coventry, Cumbria, Gloucestershire, Hounslow, West Sussex, Warrington, Swindon, Rotherham, Plymouth City, Oxfordshire (2 schools).61

Evidence is mounting that we bear the cost of 'Best Value' in school meals not only in our pockets, with the cost of the average primary school meal rising above the rate of inflation,62 but also in our food quality. Out of an average meal price of around £1.56, the amount spent on ingredients in school meals averages between 31p - 36p per child a meal.63 These costs can be kept so low as school dinners are often "cheap ready prepared and heavily processed foods of poor nutritional quality (laced with additive and loaded with fat, sugar and salt) delivered for assembly or 'regeneration' from chilled, dried or frozen status by de-skilled kitchen staff paid minimum wages."64 Some of the rest of the money will be spent on administration costs and paying managers to manage the contracts. Most major school meal caterers source their food from the same big wholesale firms such as Brake Brothers, Green Gourmet and Bernard Matthews.65

Sodexho boasts on its website about the healthy fare it serves to students of all ages: "Our reputation on serving good food...our nutrition and dietectics team play a fundamental role...". 66 However, it is hard to see how it can possibly provide healthy nutritious food on such tight margins. Further, whilst Sodexho may well follow Government guidelines in offering a balanced diet, it still also offers unhealthy options. So whilst it does educational work with kids to encourage healthy eating, the kids can still ultimately choose to eat unhealthily.67

The parents of a boy at St John's Primary School, Warminster, refused to let their son return to school due to disgust at the quantity and quality of packed lunches supplied by Sodexho. The mother stated that the lunches were "totally inadequate. My son only gets a finger roll, a 10-pence bag of crisps, biscuit and a drink. During his last seven days at school, he had grated cheese in his roll five times. It is not a balanced diet and I'm fed up with him coming home hungry and in a bad mood." 68

There are some good initiatives from The Soil Association and Cardiff University's Regeneration Institute to raise awareness about the generally poor quality of school meals in Britain today, and to encourage schools to opt out of 'corporate control' and source better quality fresh and organic produce locally. See 'Further Reading' section. On its website, Sodexho states that it is part of the Ethical Trading Initiative, an initiative that draws up voluntary codes of conduct for worker's rights in the Global South, that for its critics falls under the ineffectual 'corporate social responsibility' category.69

In response to a query in the Gloucestershire Citizen, school meals operations director, Colin Garnham-Edge said that Sodexho was actively working to find new ways to increase the amount of locally-produced food on its menus. But he said local authorities would need to look at their price stipulations if they wanted more British food served. And he called for farmers to take a leaf out of their Continental cousins' book and look at forming co-operatives to aid the buying process.70

Despite Sodexho trumpeting its pupil committees, it seems that some students in the UK have had a hard time trying to influence Sodexho's purchasing policy. The People & Planet group at Cotham School in Bristol hit upon a problem when they tried to start a Fairtrade Café. The school canteen is run by Sodexho. Under their current contract with the school, only Sodexho products can be sold on site, and Sodexho has told the school they cannot supply Fairtrade goods under this contract. The good news is the school's contract with Sodexho is due to be renegotiated (Summer 2003) and the group have asked to be part of the process. They will be asking the school to only renew the contract if Sodexho agrees to supply the schools with Fairtrade products.71

Sodexho and school meals in the USA

A quick look at the school and college catering in the US produces other examples of dodgy dishes. For example in Cape Cod, an automatic slicer that cut off part of a woman's thumb was not dissembled and cleaned before a cafeteria worker used it to cut vegetables for hundreds of Barnstable High School student lunches. A small piece of the employee's thumb was later found by a student in her sandwich.72 Another example was in Bethlehem, Pennsylvannia where more than 500 parents and residents of the Nazareth Area School district signed a petition calling for an end of contract with Sodexho for managing its five school cafeterias. Complaints range from expired freshness dates on bread and milk to lack of consistent management.73 In El Paso, Texas, a dietician who had stopped working for Sodexho five years previously claimed that Sodexho forged her signature to approve the nutritional quality of the menu.74

Sodexho USA seems far ahead in providing better quality school and college meals. In 2002, parental pressure led to Sodexho carrying out a pilot scheme to provide an organic food option in all 12 elementary schools, in Palo Alto, California. The organic lunches, which include organic applesauce and organic milk or apple juice, however, are not cheap, costing $4.50, amost twice as much as the other cafeteria meals.75

In 2003, Sodexho set up Herb 'n Farm, a natural and organic food dining concept, with Wild Sage Foods, Inc, of California. "Herb 'n Farm is a new fast casual organic dining concept...that combines fresh and natural foods prepared and presented in an urban setting, with eco-friendly flair." The first Herb 'n Farm resturant, called the Wild Sage, opened in Colorado College, in Colorado Springs in February 2003, and the concept looks set to expand. (Interestingly, Colorado College is one of the main college campuses pushing for better worker's rights for Sodexho's janitorial and foodservice staff on campus.)76 Sodexho are also sourcing products for all their canteens from United Natural Foods, Inc., an organic and natural food distributor.77

In April 2003, Sodexho USA announced that it would feature foods from farms and ranches endorsed by Food Alliance, a leading certifier of environmentally friendly and socially responsible agricultural practices. Certified foods will feature on its menus at selected college and university campuses in the Pacific Northwest and Midwest regions.78

It would not be impossible for Sodexho to serve better quality and even organic food in its public sector contracts in the UK as in 2001, Sodexho Prestige, which specialise in catering and corporate hospitality, teamed up with celebrity chef Steven Saunders ('The Green Gourmet') to launch a new catering venture called Organica,79 which is listed in The Soil Association's annual review (2002) as one of their corporate donors.

Hospital Meals
"Extensive and robust research carried out over many years has identified that NHS patients made consistent comments on the standards of hospital food.
Patients said that menus were complicated and carried poor descriptions; there were also comments on the time that food was ordered and delivered; on the presentation and temperature of food; and on the size of portions. They also commented that help with feeding was sometimes necessary, and that the complaints procedure was onerous. " 80

NHS "Better Hospital Food" website 81

Sodexho Healthcare sources much of its cook/chilled and frozen foods for patients from another Sodexho subsidiary, Tillery Valley foods. Situated in Abertillery, Gwent, its purpose designed production facility has the capacity to produce in excess of 420,000 meals a week. Hospital food is, in effect, manufactured in these facilities and then transported to hospitals around the country where it is 'regenerated' on the ward.

Tillery Valley Foods say that they have developed their product and service to meet the expectation of the "Better Hospital Food programme" which arose as part of the NHS plan. See Tillery Valley Foods website www.tvf-online.co.uk

Various projects are underway to encourage local and organic food sourcing in hospitals. Organic South West, based in Callington, are working on a partnership project with Cornwall NHS. A full time worker at London Food Link is working to facilitate getting the same in four London hospitals including the Royal Brompton Hospital, St George's Hospital, Ealing General Hospital and the Lambeth Hospital.

Much catering in the public sector is for vulnerable groups who deserve the highest quality food. However, food may not be as fresh and nutritious as it could be, as length of time between farm and plate can be many days. The vitamin C content of fruits and vegetables, for example, starts to decline immediately after harvest. So improving the freshness of food supplied to hospital wards and canteens is likely to affect the nutritional health of hospital staff as well as the people to whom they offer care. 82

De-skilling in the catering sector

Catering could so easily hugely benefit the local economy, with small local businesses, employing and skilling local people, as well as sourcing locally-produced and/or organic food. This is why many people find the idea of a couple of multinationals providing standardised factory-prepared meals in schools, hospitals, prisons, army messes, cafes in public buildings and corporate canteens and food courts worldwide problematic. The whole notion of cooking as a creative and skilled profession, where food quality is something to be valued, not only for its taste, but also for its health giving properties, is bound to be lost.

It is not suprising that the UK does not have a strong food culture when a huge proportion of the population eat in corporate canteens, where portions are tightly controlled and served by 'food service operatives' who are poorly paid and who couldn't really give a damn. This has certainly become the case in schools, where children develop their food culture.

The canteen culture doesn't encourage skilled and highly motivated cooks. Where they do cook, ingredients are of poor quality and questionable or unknown provenance. Some do virtually no fresh food preparation, many do little more than reheat 'cook-chill' dishes, add water to sauce powders or cake mixes, reheat frozen vegetables, reconstitute dried potatoes and 'assemble' other ready prepared ingredients made days previously and which have travelled miles to get there.

If you are interested in these issues you may want to fill in Sustain's 'How Green and Healthy is Your Canteen?' survey. See www.sustainweb.org/chain_survey.asp

Anti-Unionism

The International Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union run a website dedicated to Sodexho's anti-union activities called EyeonSodexho www.eyeonsodexho.org. The website includes public information about Sodexho's food safety record, numerous examples of employment-related litigation and the company's controversial labour relations record.83 More information can also be found on www.hereunion.org.

EyesonSodexho claim that only around 12% of Sodexho staff are unionised. The company claim that in fact, 13.75% of its eligible staff are unionised. 'Eligible' excludes managers.

In 1998, HERE obtained a copy of the 'union aviodance manual used by Sodexho managers called "Progressive approach to Labour : Union Avoidance.84

The key argument used to persuade senior managers to favour non-unionised staff is self-interested and financial. The manual illustrates that the 'manager: worker' wage ratio is much wider when staff are not members of a union, and there is less regulation.

Current (less regulation) Weekly Earnings (Median)

20 years ago (More Regulation) (Ratio CEO salary/Workers earnings)

- $35 to $1

1995 (Less Regulation) (Ratio CEO salary/Workers earnings)

- $120 to $1

The tactics suggested in the manual for union-busting are all legal. They are, however, not the tactics one would have ascribed to a company which boasts of award winning employer-employee relationships.85 The manual advocates banning union activity from company premises, encourages managers to talk on a one-to-one basis to try and dissuade employees from joining a union and informing a potentially striking employee that he (sic) can be replaced if he does strike. They also encourage managers to "...give opinions on unions, and unions leaders...in derogatory terms"86 and explain to employees that trade unions are linked to ...communism, racketeering and other undesirable elements..."87

Sodexho used these measures to good effect in a dispute with hospital workers at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 2002. When early in 2002, UNISON helped exposed the unsanitary conditions there, the company responded with what branch secretary, Carolyn Leckie called 'a climate of fear' against union members. In August 2002, hospital services workers went on strike over the low wages they were being paid £4.20 - £4.67 an hour. This is much less than other staff working directly for the Health Authority. Sodexho attempted to break the strike by flying in scab workers from up to 400 miles away, paying £42.50 a night for accomodation and £10 pounds an hour. Despite this, in August 2002, around 300 staff won an increased pay and conditions package including £5 an hour minimum wage and three months full sick-pay.88

These concessions, however, did not come from the goodness of Sodexho's heart. As local UNISON branch secretary Caroline Leckie said, "the only reason we won was the strike - there was no way Sodexho would have conceded without that."89

Following Glasgow's success, 900 Sodexho employees at the Liverpool Royal Hospitals went on strike in November 2002 in pursuit of a pay claim of £5 / hour. Porters, catering, and housekeepers, earning £4.15 an hour, were involved in the action. During the strike, a Sodexho manager on £70,000 / year came forward as a "volunteer", handing out tea to patients.

For more info on strike action taken against Sodexho in the UK, see www.labournet.net/default.asp#sodexho .

Students from universities and colleges across the USA have campaigned with Sodexho staff on campus to defend their right to unionise. Examples include a Plattsburg State university student campaign for union rights for Sodexho employees 90and a ground-breaking Colorado college report on the treatment of Sodexho workers on campus.91

Sodexho's anti-union stance and involvement with private prisons have led Xavier University, DePaul University, and the State University of New York at Albany amongst others, to end their relationships with Sodexho. Wesleyan College and Harvard have required janitorial contractors to raise wages and benefits to reasonable standards.

Healthcare

Both the National Health Service (NHS) and private healthcare have provided Sodexho with numerous contracts. Healthcare worldwide provides Sodexho with 18% of its revenue.92

In the UK, Sodexho operate at 130 hospital sites, with half of the contracts "multiple" - with Sodexho providing more than one service. Typically the services they provide include housekeeping, vending, portering, non-emergency patient transport, car parking, security and grounds maintenance, reception and switchboard.93

In January 2002, Sodexho's healthcare subsidiary in the U.K. gained notoriety in Scotland after a joint union-management inspection team found filthy conditions at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. According to reports in the Glasgow Evening Times,94 bloody surgical scrubs were found dumped in an elevator used to transport patient meals; piles of waste were stored in tunnels under the hospital making it a fire hazard; patients complained of dirty wards and staff members were reassigned directly from cleaning toilets to bringing patients meals. Hospital staff and their union, UNISON, attributed the problems to staff shortages brought about by the private contractor milking profits from an under-funded system. This accusation bought reprisals on the union, as noted by Carolyn Leckie in the section above.

In a Guardian newspaper report issued in April 2001, Sodexho was identified as the cleaning sub-contractor at Broadgreen University Hospital in Liverpool, cited as one of the ten filthiest hospitals in the National Health Service.95 Incidently, four out of the five 'filthiest' hospitals were 'cleaned' by private contractors.

In June 2002, South Manchester Community Health Council found stains and debris on the floor of an acute ward and stained toilet seats, dusty ventilation areas, debris under beds and open waste bins used to wedge open fire doors in a high observation ward just after it had been cleaned.96

This is not just in the UK. Sodexho was reported by the nursing division of Stanford Hospital, California to be using linen contaminated with faecal smears, blood, hair, dirt and tape.97

In Hamilton, in the Canadian province of Ontario, Sodexho had a contract for all housekeeping at Chedoke hospital and 40 per cent of McMaster University Medical Centre. Mike Walters, a Union Rep., who represented hospital cleaners in Hamilton said "Sodexho doesn't do a good job of cleaning the areas they're supposed to. They prioritise what gets cleaned and what doesn't. In practice that means Sodexho cleaners are directed away from cleaning corridors, stairways and doctors offices, because they are not a priority. Sometimes public employees are called in to clean up areas the private contractor has left behind. They've found blood and urine left on the walls in areas that Sodexho was supposed to have cleaned." 98

In April 2003, UNISON reported that patients had launched a £1m legal action against Scottish hospital officials, alleging negligence for cutting back cleaning contracts and allowing bugs to flourish in dirty wards. The action is being led by Robert Cuthbert, who may lose his leg after contracting MRSA following major surgery at Glasgow's Victoria Infirmary. Commenting on the state of the hospital, where cleaning was carried out by Sodexho, he said: "The walls and floor were covered in a thick film of dirt and dust. If you rubbed the walls or floor with your finger, you literally lifted the filth and grime off, leaving a clean mark."99

Racial discrimination

Other than their involvement in the inherently discriminatory asylum and prison industries, Sodexho regularly find themselves facing accusations of racial discrimination at employment tribunals. One high profile case, being brought in the US, is a billion dollar class-action racial discrimination lawsuit being filed by ten current and former Sodexho managers. The class action they seek would include all African Americans (around 2,600) who are or were salaried employees at any of Sodexho's various divisions and locations from March 9, 1998 to the present, and who have held or sought to obtain an upper- level managerial, supervisory, or professional position; or who have held a job that would lead to such a position. The allegations include that the company-wide promotion process is uncontrolled and entirely subjective, virtually guaranteeing racial bias. Also that promotion decisions are based on the decision makers' own personal preferences rather than validated selection criteria.

"Sodexho has known for years that its white managers discriminate against blacks in promotions but has chosen not to stop it." 100

Despite the fact that the US Supreme Court rejected Sodexho's request to have the case blocked, Sodexho commented in The Financial Times, that it "firmly denies the allegations and considers the case without merit".

Worries about the lawsuit's eventual cost coupled with disappointment over modest sales forecasts have, however, undoubtedly affected Sodexho's share price during the latter half of 2003.101

Whether as a response to the allegations in the lawsuit or otherwise, Sodexho USA does support an almost overwhelming amount of minority groups in the USA today, from the Black Culinary Alliance, Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, United Negro College Fund and other groups supporting single mothers, Asian Americans etc.102

Asylum

Sodexho's main involvement with the asylum industry in the UK is through its subsidiary, UK Detention Services, which runs Harmondsworth Detention centre, near Heathrow Airport. Thankfully, the hugely controversial voucher scheme for asylum-seekers which was run by Sodexho during 2000-2001, was abandoned after huge public pressure.

Harmondsworth Detention Centre. Sodexho has an eight year £180 million contract from the British Government to build and run Harmondsworth.103

Harmondsworth Detention centre, which opened in October 2001, holds 550 people including children as young as 4 years old. There are several independent reports which attest to the psychological damage that can occur to children in incarceration.104

In one of the most shocking potential corporate abuses of power Corporate Watch has heard of, it was alleged at the time of its opening that Sodexho planned for asylum-seekers at Harmondsworth to become virtually 'slave labour' so that the company could cut its operating costs.

A Home Office document obtained by the National Coalition of Anti-Deportation Campaigns, showed that the Government intended to suspend the minimum wage at Harmondsworth so that Sodexho could pay asylum seekers £12 a week, which works out at 34p an hour (92% below the minimum wage) to do the work of painters, cleaners and caterers. If they refused work but complied with an 'agreed activity programme', they would be paid £6. If they refused to cooperate at all, they would be given £4 for cleaning their rooms.105

Thankfully this scheme did not happen and Sodexho, although highlighting that the terms of its contract meant that asylum seekers could be offered jobs at the facility under terms to be defined by the UK immigration services, denied that that it ever actually happened. It never, however, denied that it might have been planning such a scheme.106

The latest inspection of Harmondsworth made by the Chief Inspector of Prisons in September 2003 said that:

"There were increasing levels of disorder, damage and escape attempts, with an average of seven assaults a week. In spite of an average of one self-harm incident a week, suicide, self-harm and anti-bullying procedures were not effectively managed. Nor was there sufficient mental health support for detainees held in the in-patient ward." 107

In conclusion, the report stated: "Harmondsworth, when we inspected it, did not meet three of our four tests for a healthy custodial environment." 108

In a report that came out in March 2003, the prison inspectors expressed "deep concern"109 about detainees with mental health problems being held at Harmondsworth. Other problems highlighted include the lack of uptake of education and the fact that there is no fresh air in the building.110

On February 22, 2002, The London Times reported that nine detainees escaped from Harmondsworth, breaking a window, scaling a 15' fence and using towels to get over the razor wire surrounding the facility. It seems that they did not feel Sodexho was improving their quality of life, as the company has claimed in the past. 111

The Voucher Scheme "The whole voucher system is demeaning and discriminatory and will have an extremely damaging impact on survivors of torture and persecution who seek protection in the UK.

Asylum seekers are already being forced to live at a level of support below the rest of the population. We are appalled that they will face impoverishment through not being able to receive their change when they spend the vouchers."
-Zoe Harper of the charity Asylum Aid

The 'Sodexho-Pass' voucher scheme has provided Sodexho with its most unwelcome publicity yet in the UK. This scheme, which began in April 2000, saw the already extremely low state benefits provision for asylum-seekers (equal to 70% of income support rates) paid to them in the form of vouchers, rather than cash. The idea behind the vouchers was to deter asylum seekers from thinking that the UK system for claiming asylum is a 'soft touch'. In practice, this led to asylum seekers becoming further impoverished and stigmatized.

'Impoverished' because when the vouchers were presented at participating supermarkets, asylum-seekers could not receive change, so they either got less than the face value of the vouchers, or were encouraged by supermarket staff to make any up shortfall in often useless goods. In their attempts to attract shops to join up to the scheme, Sodexho even encouraged the stores to keep the change and to see it as a 'revenue-making opportunity.112

When asylum-seekers were 'dispersed' out of inner city areas, they often had to travel to get to a participating supermarket, which meant that the token amount of benefit they received in cash soon would disappear. Asylum-seekers were further 'stigmatised' as voucher users were often made to stand in a separate queue from the rest of the customers. For more details see 'Token Gestures', a report by OXFAM, The Refugee Council and the Transport and General Worker's Union, which illustrated the damage the scheme was causing.113

Sodexho was paid around £3.1 million by the UK government for running the scheme and company accounts reveal that it earned £1.1m in its first year of operation.114

Unsurprisingly, the voucher scheme created a massive ground swell of opposition. An alliance of anti-racist and anti-deportation groups, churches, trade unions and NGO's eventually put enough pressure on the government so that in October 2001, David Blunkett announced that the scheme would be scrapped by April 2002.115 Although at the same time, the Government announced that it was expanding its plans to build detention centres.116

The campaign also included direct action against Sodexho including the occupation of a Marriott Hotel in Bristol (Marriott Hotels is not actually part of Sodexho Inc., or Sodexho Marriott Services, as it was previously known), and an action at Sodexho's European Management Centre in Croydon, London. See Schnews editions 299 and 334 for more info.

Prisons

The prison industry accounts for 1% of Sodexho's total revenue. In addition to providing ancillary services (food, grounds keeping, etc.) to a number of prisons throughout continental Europe, Sodexho Alliance owns for-profit private prison companies in the U.K. and Australia. Sodexho's subsidiaries?Australian Integrated Management Systems and United Kingdom Detention Services?not only privately operate prisons and refugee detention centers, but also work with governments to design, build and finance new prisons.117

Overall, Sodexho have some involvement with ninety-one prison facilities in the UK, Australia, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal and the Netherlands. Sodexho is also part of a consortium which, in 2002, won two contracts to operate five prison facilities in Chile.118 See www.sodexho.com/dcs/en/p_1.htm for more information from Sodexho on their approach to the prison industry.

In an extraordinary statement in May 2001, Pierre Bellon stated that Sodexho were pulling out of Corrrections Corporation of America. 'In June 1994, we acquired an 8% stake in CCA... we have now determined that our CCA investment is no longer in line with our strategic objectives and is in conflict with our policy." 119

However, this did not end Sodexho's involvement with the prison industry. "Sodexho will provide services to prisons only in those countries, which are, established democracies, where death penalty is illegal and which do have rehabilitative policies for inmates". 120 They did however, concede that they would only be providing services at prisons, and not owning them. "Sodexho will not own any prison or jail facility." 121

Sodexho's statement and the sale of its stake in CCA was a response to widespread criticism and an extensive campus-based campaign in the USA with support worldwide which were aimed at ending Sodexho's relationship with the private prison industry.

This was a huge victory for campaigners. In a campaign launched in April 2000, the Prison Moratorium Group ( www.nomoreprisons.org) and student and community activist group, Not With Our Money ( www.notwithourmoney.org), were (and are still) key in helping to co-ordinate students in around 60 campuses across the US to organise boycotts, persuade colleges to sever contracts, write letters and take direct action against Sodexho. Around six contracts were not renewed on the basis of Sodexho's prison industry involvement (See also section on 'Anti-Unionism). There are numerous US student campaign websites targetting Sodexho for its involvement in the prison industry. Solidarity actions happened in France where the French Union, the CNT, targetted Bateaux Parisiens, another company owned by Sodexho.122

However, some sneaky deals were going on behind closed doors between CCA and Sodexho over the UK prison company, UK Detention Services. CCA held a 50% stake in UK Detention Services, which it sold in November 2000 to none other than...Sodexho, who already owned the other 50% of the company, leaving them the sole owner.

UKDS was formed in 1987 by a consortium of two construction companies, McAlpine and Mowlem, together with CCA. Mowlem sold its share to CCA and in 1997, McAlpine sold its 50% share to Sodexho.

In effect, through this acquisition and the acquisition of Corrections Corporations of Australia (now renamed Australian Integrated Management Services) also from CCA, Sodexho has expanded its direct involvement in the industry.

Despite Bellon's statement that Sodexho would not own prisons, a statement from Herb Dehapiet, the head of UKDS, who is also known as 'Sodexho's Worldwide Correctional Services Champion' proves that he has other ideas about how the prison service should be run and what Sodexho's role could be in the future:

"PFI (Private Finance Initiative) in prisons has proven that it works better when the whole service is given over to the private sector, with none of the usual boundaries between the public and private sectors. I'll oppose any plans by the government to move just towards service management contracts." 123

For more information on Sodexho's continued involvement in the prison industry see "Locking Up Profits: A report on Sodexho Alliance and the Private Prison Industry". www.notwithourmoney.org/05_sodexho/prison_op.html
Prisons run by UKDS
HMP and YOI (Young Offender Institution) Forest Bank HM Forest Bank, located in Salford, England, opened in January of 2000 as a privately financed/privately operated prison. Sodexho has been directly involved in the design, construction, management and financing of the facility since 1998, when UKDS signed a contract to develop the prison.

According to data from the 2000-2001 Annual Report of HM Prison Service,124 Forest Bank is amongst the worst prisons in England in terms of such measures as violence and drug use. Out of the forty male local prisons (MLPs) in the UK, Forest Bank had the highest number and rate of assaults, with around 123 assaults that year. The rate of assaults, 17.7%, is more than twice the MLP average, which is 8.4%, and well above the target of 9% set by the Prison Service. Forest Bank also had the 6th highest rate (22.7%) of positive drug tests. That rate is 50% higher than the MLP median (15.25%) and well above the target of 16% set by the Prison Service. Note: Sodexho representatives have recently asserted that the high number of assaults and Positive Drug Tests at Forest Bank is due to the age of the prisoners housed in the facility. 125

The report on a full announced inspection of HMP Forest Bank, by HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, released in December 2002 highlights some serious failings. The report states that "...a major weakness was that there was insufficient purposeful activity, with fewer than half the prisoners engaged in meaningful work or education...The Inspectorate was also concerned that the general atmosphere of respect did not extend to the visits room, where prisoners and their visitors were separated by dividers and there was excessive use of closed visits". 126 Further detailed criticisms included lack of decent education facilities and low staff-prisoner ratios.

HMP Blakenhurst HM Blakenhurst, located near Redditch, England, opened in May of 1993 as a publicly owned/privately operated prison. The facility was managed by United Kingdom Detention Services from May 1993 until 2001, when the facility was turned over to the public sector

During this period it has to be said that the Prison Inspectors reports were sometimes positive, however HM Prison Inspectors Report (2001) stated "...of more immediate concern is the clear evidence that treatment of and conditions for prisoners at Blakenhurst had, at best, stood still since our previous inspection and in some respects have become worse. It was disappointing to find so many recommendations still not actioned, and so many promising innovations stalled until it had become clear whether the contract was won or lost." 127 Ramsbotham goes on to describe serious problems with health care, race relations, overcrowding, and limited educational programs.

The Death of Alton Manning In 1995, Alton Manning, an inmate at HMP Blakenhurst, died after being restrained by a UKDS prison officer. According to evidence given at the coroners' inquest,

"Mr Manning was brought down on to the floor and held prone, face down, with officers putting his arms in locks and restraining his head and legs. Prison Officer Reynolds testified that he put a knee at the base of the spine on the right hand side for 2 to 3 seconds. This was in direct contravention to Home Office directives on Control and Restraint. Home Office, 3 August 1992: Paragraph 4. `At no time after an inmate has been taken to the floor should any body-weight be applied to an inmate's head, neck, chest or abdomen.' Reynolds, unlike other more junior officers, claimed he did not know of this Home Office guidance and could not remember "whether he had been trained on it". 128

'Inquest', who campaign against deaths in custody and for changes in the Coroner's court system ( www.inquest.gn.apc.org), conclude that:
"The evidence and information available to the jury has called into question the following:
The honesty and integrity of the individual officers and their accountability to the rule of law;

The management at Blakenhurst and the relationship between the private company running the prison for profit on the one hand and the Home Office, Parliament and the public in general on the other;

The evidence which emerged at the inquest established that Alton Manning died a brutal, inhuman & violent death as a direct result of a neckhold unlawfully applied by a senior prison officer at HMP Blakenhurst. Alton Manning's death revealed an alarming failure at both individual and management level within HMP Blakenhurst, and within the Prison Service as a whole, in respect of lesson that ought to have learnt from previous violent deaths in prison. The inquest exposed a catalogue of lies and evasions by officers and management at Blakenhurst, and by lawyers acting for UKDS, in an attempt to cover up their responsibility for this death."129

Although Sodexho had no direct management role in HMP Blakenhurst at the time, as it was managed by a UKDS which was owned by CCA, Mowlem and McAlpine, it was still happy to acquire a stake in CCA and UKDS.

New Contracts UKDS, in a consortium with Interserve plc (formerly Tilbury Douglas), Royal Bank Project Investments Ltd and the Royal Bank of Scotland, have won PFI contracts to build two new prisons.

HMP Shortwood, which is in Ashford in Middlesex is a 450 capacity women's prison due to open in early 2005. This is the first new women's prison to be built in the UK since Holloway in 1971. Interserve Project Services will design and build the prison, which has a capital value of £47m. UKDS will then provide operational management over a period of 25 years. Interserve Investments plc is taking an equity stake in the project with other consortium members Sodexho Alliance SA (UKDS's parent company) and Royal Bank Project Investments Ltd. The senior funding package of £60m was arranged and underwritten by the Royal Bank of Scotland.130 The site where HMP Shortwood is being built was the subject of a protest in March 2003 as part of an International Women's Day solidarity action with women prisoners.131

The second contract is to build and run an 840 capacity Category B prison, for both men and women in Peterborough, Cambridgeshire.

This will be the first purpose-built prison in England and Wales to accommodate both men and women, and in the press release from HM prisons, UKDS are praised on their attention to gender issues. The prison is due to take its first prisoners in April 2004.

The value of the contract is worth approximately £60 million in capital and £265 million in total. It will be located on the old Baker Perkins site in Peterborough.132

In February 2003, the Government announced that under a new pilot scheme, Prospects, short term prisoners could be moved to temporary premises designed to help them stay off drugs. UKDS won two contracts to run such premises in the Bristol area.133

Prisons run by Australian Integrated Management Services (AIMS) 134

In 2001, Sodexho-Alliance acquired CCA's share in Corrections Corporation of Australia, renaming it Australian Integrated Management Services (AIMS).

Acacia Prison, Western Australia The 750-bed Acacia men's prison in Western Australia was opened in May 2001. AIMS has a 20 year contract.

Leaked confidential briefing notes from Western Australia's inspector general of custodial services, make some serious allegations about AIMS running of Acacia Prison.135 According to documents seen by the West Australian, the prisons' inspector general, Professor Harding, states:

A recurrent message from prison staff working in the blocks was that they were too thin on the ground to feel safe at all times. The whole management system, from top to bottom, is under tremendous stress. Staff felt under so much stress that they went on strike during March, not for pay, but for 30 extra staff." 136

The report questioned whether the prison could cope with a major incident or, less dramatically, whether it would quietly collapse as morale eroded. There was no doubt that a tangible amount of violence was either going unreported or unsanctioned. Prisoner safety at Acacia was also a concern. Many long term prisoners told the inspectors that quantities of food seemed to have diminished as the population increased, as if the same sized cake were being divided more times.137

The inspector general also noted that there was a high level of grievances amongst prisoners and evidence that some had been locked in their cells and electricity cut off as a form of punishment. The prison's cultural area was not used by Aboriginal prisoners as they felt it was irrelevant and inappropriate.

Acacia is now on the inspector general's alert list of prisons at real risk of significant failure. In his briefing notes, Professor Harding wrote that, "we will be keeping it [Acacia] under close review during the next six months to a year - a period which could be crucial to its future." 138

A decision is likely to be made on the report's official publication in September 2003.139

Prison Services run by the AIMS Corporation "The safety, care and well-being of prisoners must always constitute the primary consideration. The Inspection has given rise to questions as to whether this has always been the case...The reality of transportation for prisoners is that they are often dehumanised and subjected to sub-standard conditions...In summary, the serious issues raised in this Report regarding the performance of the Contract cast doubt on the claim that the objectives of the out-sourcing of prisoner transport services has been achieved." 140

Report of an Announced Inspection of Adult Prisoner Services. Professor Richard Harding, Inspector General of prisons, Western Australia. November 2001

AIMS provides custodial transportation for Western Australia's prison service. This includes: police lock-up to prison; prison to prison by way of transfer or for inter-prison visits; prison to court and vice-versa; prison to hospital or to some other medical centre and vice versa; prison to mental hospital and back etc. In Western Australia, the distances can be enormous - for example, from Kununurra to Broome, which is over 1,000 km by road - and the locations sometimes inaccessible by standard road transport.

The inspector general, Richard Harding, described his first encounter with the AIMS Corporation's transportation system thus:

"...a Mazda van was about to be loaded with prisoners for medical escorts. The locked compartment contained two inward-facing metal benches with no restraints or grab handles to prevent passengers from sliding around as the vehicle braked. There was no natural airflow and very little natural light, for the back window was very closely grilled. The compartment was claustrophobic and cramped. An elderly Aboriginal prisoner ... told me that he had been ill on his last journey because of the shaking and discomfort of the van and, more particularly, because he had no sense of where he was or what land he was passing through ... it was evident from such a brief encounter that safety, comfort and duty of care issues were taking second place to security - an impression that was fortified when it emerged that even minimum security prisoners were handcuffed at all times when not in the vehicle." 141

Further points made by the Inspector's report included:

Of the eight complaints received by the Ombudsman's office over an eight month period, five have been upheld and the results of the other three are [then] still pending;

Evidence gathered from prisoners and prison managers is that many prisoners are fearful of travelling in the vehicles. Some even decline other necessary services - for example, medical escorts - rather than be transported in these vehicles;

Not even the basic toilet facilities are provided for prisoners being transported in the metropolitan area;

Evidence has been gathered that prisoners sometimes have very restricted access to water;

Staff were asked: if they would stop if a prisoner were seen to self-harm. They responded that they would not do so;

Transportation of those in custody is inconsistent in quality and, at its worst, unacceptable.142

An earlier report by the consultants, KPMG, found that there were significant failures to adhere to the contract by AIMS, including an increase in costs and fraudulent reporting of hours worked.143 For its part, AIMS challenges the accuracy of many of the KMPG findings.

Professor Harding cast doubt on whether AIMS Corporation should have been awarded the contract in the first place,

"Nevertheless, in retrospect, some suspicion arises that the successful bidder - AIMS Corporation - may either have been "low-balling" to obtain the contract or had simply under-estimated the scope of the contracted tasks...Whether due to low-balling or genuine under-estimate or a composite of these factors, a contract that does not carry within it a viable commercial margin will be under stress from the outset, with consequential impact upon services." 144

Low-balling is a recognised phenomenon in dealings between the public and the private sector. There are well-documented cases of a contractor putting in a low bid and 'negotiating' a hefty price hike once the public sector enterprise has become dependent on it for the continuation of an essential service.145

Metropolitan Women's Correctional Centre at Deer Park, Victoria The Metropolitan Women's Correctional Centre was a privately owned/privately operated women's prison that was commissioned in 1996 and developed by Corrections Corporation of America. Deer Park became operational in 1997 under the management of Corrections Corporation of Australia.

Metropolitan Women's Correctional Centre was so badly run by the then Corrections Corporation of Australia, that the Government of Victoria, after issuing three Default Notices without seeing any progress, took over control of the prison and arranged to purchase the facility from CCAus for A$20.2 million.

For more information on the Metropolitan Women's Correctional Centre, Borallon Correctional Centre (CCAus1990 - 2000), see the fantastic 'Not with our money' report entitled, 'Locking Up Profits: A Report on Sodexho Alliance and the Private Prison Industry' (2002) at www.notwithourmoney.org/05_sodexho/prison_op.html

On 10th June 2003, AIMS Corporation won its latest contract to provide security services for the next three years at both the Magistrates and Children's Courts in Melbourne.146

Military

Apart from helping Multinationals exploit natural resources, Sodexho's 'Remote Site Management also help pave the way for the military. In this area, the U.S. Military are their biggest customer. The Center for Public Integrity reveals that Sodexho won a $324,000 contract to provide food and equipment in Afghanistan during 2002.147

In 2001, the US Marine Corps also awarded Sodexho Inc. an $850 million contract to serve meals at 55 Marine Corps mess halls. After an investigation, however, the General Accounting Office (GAO) questioned how Sodexho's proposed price for the contract would cover its cost while still maintaining quality food and service levels. The GAO told the Marines to reopen discussions for the contract. The GAO investigation caused Sodexho's share price to drop 3 percent. Despite the setback, the Marine Corps eventually approved the contract with Sodexho.148

Sodexho also 60 contracts with the UK military.149 See Products/Projects section.

Accounting Irregularities

In the wake of the collapse of Enron and World Com., 'creative' accounting seems to be widespread amongst Multinationals.

"We have found serious errors of management as well as accounting anomalies." 150

Sodexho's UK and Ireland division encountered problems during 2002, when evidence surfaced of accounting irregularities in its Land Technology division. Sodexho's chief financial officer Sian Herbert Jones told the BBC that the shortfall related to unpaid bills from clients, money which the company had already accounted for but never received. Ms Herbert Jones said this had been found through an internal audit, and would cost the group 22m euros (£13.9m). A profit warning was issued which immediately wiped 30% off the value of its shares.151

Perhaps fittingly, Sodexho ran the Deli Market Emporium, a "1,000 square-foot money maker" at Enron's HQ in Houston. UN Energy giant, Enron collapsed in a sea of "accounting anomalies" at the end of 2001.152

Meanwhile in France in June 2001, the French Competition Council fined Sodexho Cheques, the French subsidiary of Sodexho Alliance, for forming an anti-competitive alliance with two other companies, Accor and Cheque Dejeuner. Together the three companies control 94% of the food services market in France. The Competition Council ruled that the three companies attempted to maintain their respective market shares by "responding to calls for tenders in an irregular or incomplete fashion." 15

Facilitating Environmental Destruction

Sodexho's Environment Policy: Sodexho recognises its responsibility to respect the environment and will strive to achieve environmental best practice throughout its business activity. We believe that everyone has a duty of care for the environment and to seek ways to conserve natural resources. We are conscious of environmental issues and we believe that the pursuit of economic growth can be linked to ecological protection." 154

Sodexho has contracts with numerous natural resource exploiting companies such as BP Amoco, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Occidental Petroleum, Shell, Texaco, Bechtel, Daewoo, Hyundai, Caspian Drilling, Rio Tinto and Halliburton. For a full list of Sodexho Universal's clients see www.universalsodexho.com/ .

One of Sodexho Universal's notably un-environmental projects includes collaborating with the destruction of mangrove swamps on Bonny Kingdom, at the southern edge of Rivers State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The Federal Government of Nigeria, with its international partners, has cleared thirty five hectares of virgin mangrove forest putting the indigenous Ijaw community under severe threat.155

Another Sodexho Universal supported project is the exploitation of oil and gas reserves on Sakhalin Island, Russia.156 Located in Russia's Far East, it is seen by regional politicians as the ticket to economic prosperity for the area because of huge deposits of oil and natural gas off the northern coast.

Since President Vladimir Putin abolished the State Committee on Ecology and Forest Service, environmental protection regulations governing oil and timber exploitation have not been enforced, according to Sakhalin Environment Watch. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to increasing the island's capacity to prevent and respond to oil spills that could threaten productive fisheries in the Okhotsk Sea. In September 1999, the residents of the island learned that oil had spilled from the Vityaz Marine Terminal, part of the Sakhalin II project, a joint oil-drilling venture of Sakhalin Energy Investment Company and Royal Dutch Shell.

Conclusion

Sodexho are a very wily company, ready to expand into any business they can see as potentially profitable. This 'farsightedness', especially when it comes to contracts with the public sector, has made them into the multimillion pound company they are today. They are totally integral to the government's 'privatisation of public services' drive, happily taking on unpopular sectors with gusto. After all, these contracts provide rich pickings.

Whilst it may seem that Sodexho operate in many disparate sectors, its success relies on:

1. Effectively managing a large and unskilled workforce;

2. Keeping the costs of its raw materials down through economies of scale;

3. Managing very large contracts, or at least gaining the confidence of multinational companies, the military and governments around the world it they can 'come up with the goods', as well as convincing them that it is actually far less effort to put the contracts into Sodexho's capable hands than to do it 'in-house'.

Sustained campaigning in the US has won some concessions on labour rights, food quality and food sourcing. The campus organising to kick Sodexho out of privatised prisons in the States has certainly been inspirational. However, Sodexho has not budged so easily in the UK where its prison and detention centre investment is much bigger. There may well be potential for similar campaigning here with students targetting schools and university catering over prison investment, food quality/food sourcing and labour rights.

In recent years, Sodexho-Alliance has been rocked by scandals, been downgraded by analysts, and it about to see its founder and inspiration, Pierre Bellon, standing down. It remains to be seen how it will weather these storms.

58 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/pfi.htm viewed 10/11/03

59 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/pfi_schemes.htm

60Published in 2002 by the Menard Press. Edited by Professor Colin Leys

61Unison - School Meals in the 21st Century. Unison Education Services, London 2002 viewed 20/1/04

62ibid.

63Kevin Morgan - School Meals - Healthy eating and sustainable food chains. Regeneration Institute Cardiff University. September 2003 viewed 20/1/04

64Food for Life - The Soil Association (2003) See www.soilassociation.org for more info. viewed 20/1/04

65″Food for Life" Report The Soil Association. 2003

66 www.sodexho.co.uk/segments/nutrition.htm viewed 30/09/03

67Which! Magazine. School Meals. March 2003

68 www.unison.org.uk/bargaining/doc_view.asp?did=649 viewed 20/09/03

69 www.sodexho.co.uk/aboutsodexho/purchasing.htm

70 www.britishfoodfortnight.co.uk/News2.htm viewed 25/1/04

71 www.peopleandplanet.org/news/news.php?story=309. viewed 25/1/04

72 "Slicer not cleaned after worker cut her thumb" Cape Cod Times, 02/03/01.

73 The Morning Call, 2/23/00 "Petition asks ouster of food service agency"

74 The Associated Press State and Local Wire, 8/19/01 Sodexho Marriott forges dietitian's signature

75″Organic food trial expands" by Nicol

US campaign groups

The Prison Moratorium Project is a " strong grassroots organization of youth and college students dedicated to educating our peers about prison issues and engaging marginalized voices in the criminal justice debate". See www.nomoreprisons.org.

The Prison Moratorium Project runs "Not With Our Money", a network of student and community activists working to end the use of prisons for profit.
Our mission is to provide the training, tools and informational resources communities need to hold prison profiteers (particularly corporations that finance the private prison industry) accountable for their actions.
For their excellent work on Sodexho see: www.notwithourmoney.org/05_sodexho/sodexho.html

There are numerous US college websites with information about Sodexho and their anti-unionist stance and involvement with the private prison industry. Notable is Colorado College and their CC Fair Labor website, which charts their campaign for decent wages and working conditions for Sodexho on campus. http://studentwebs.coloradocollege.edu/~g_piescoputn/fairlabor/content/

EyeonSodexho is website run by Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union. www.eyeonsodexho.org. It is currently under construction (28/1/04) but there is some information on their website www.hereunion.org/

The Canadian Union of Public Employees have also been active on Sodexho.

'Who is Sodexho?' by Tom Walker, Privateer Watch for the Hospital Employee's Union, The B.C. Health Services Division of the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) May 1, 2002. This can be downloaded from the LabourNet website. www.labournet.net/world/0209/sodintro1.html

In the UK

LabourNet is an extremely useful resource in tracking Sodexho's labour disputes in the UK. LabourNet promotes computer communications as a medium for strengthening and building organised labour. www.labournet.net

On radically rethinking public sector catering in the UK, two excellent reports and action packs are available:

"Good Food on the Public Plate" published by Sustain and East Anglia Food Links. 2003

Using local food in our school, hospital and prison canteens would boost local economies by at least £5 billion and create many local jobs. See www.sustainweb.org for more details.

Food for Life: Do our children need healthy food? published by The Soil Association and Organix. To download the report see www.foodforlifeuk.org/ or www.soilassociation.org/ web/sa/saweb.nsf/GetInvolved/ffl.html

For further information on Hospital Food, contact Fiona Cairncross, Hospital Food Project Co-ordinator at London Food Link. c/o Sustain: the alliance for better food and farming

94 White Lion Street

London, N1 9PF

Tel: 020 7837 1228

Fax: 020 7837 1141

Email: fiona@sustainweb.org Web: www.londonfoodlink.org

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sodexho Company Profile - Corporate Watch

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Founded in France in 1966, Sodexo is a multinational food and management services company. Most visible providing the food in school, university, museum, hospital and office canteens, Sodexo also provides 'facilities management' services to a vast array of organisations, including NHS trusts, prisons in the UK and Australia, the US Military and some of the [...]

# data[].attributes.body
Jennifer McCarey and Brian Smith explain the organising approach to the Glasgow Equal Pay fight that produced strength from weakness

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Equal pay victory – how Weegie women won

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Jennifer McCarey and Brian Smith explain the organising approach that produced strength from weakness October 2018 saw Scotland’s and Britain’s largest women’s strike for equal pay. It represented a significant change in Scottish union strategies around equal pay because it included a combination of public campaigning and industrial muscle. It provided inspiring images of working […]

# data[].attributes.headline
Glasgow Strike for Equal Pay film by PSI Global

# data[].attributes.subject
Glasgow Strike for Equal Pay film by PSI Global

# data[].attributes.headline
Nineteenth Century - The Scottish Trade Union Movement

# data[].attributes.subject
Nineteenth Century - The Scottish Trade Union Movement

# data[].attributes.body
The two men who from about the middle of the century did most to organise Scottish labour were Alexander Campbell and Alexander MacDonald. Campbell had been a disciple of Robert Owen and secretary of the Glasgow Carpenters' Union in the days of the Owenite agitation. He became editor of the Glasgow Sentinel and one of the leaders of the movement to give the local unions a corporate existence in the form of Trades Councils, which resulted in the formation of these Councils in the large industrial centres of the United Kingdom between 1858 and 1867. These were a sort of workmen's Parliaments for the discussion and advocacy of matters bearing on the industrial and social interests of the organised workers. Those of Glasgow and Edinburgh were among the first to be established. Campbell's friend and fellow organiser, Alexander MacDonald, who was born in 1821, began to work in a Lanarkshire pit at the age of 8. In 184G he became a student at Glasgow University and maintained himself during the winter sessions by working as a miner in the summer. In 1850 he became a teacher and seven years later devoted himself wholly to agitation in the miners' interest. He unsuccessfully stood for Kilmarnock Burghs in 1868, but was elected for an English constituency in 1874. He was chosen president of the Miners' National Union, whose foundation in 1863 was largely due to his exertions, and retained this post till his death in 1881.

These Councils lent a powerful support to the policy of seeking to secure, by means of Parliamentary action, the social and industrial improvement of the working class, which the leaders of Trade Unions adopted from about 1860 onwards. Under Campbell's leadership the Glasgow Councils, along with those of other towns, took an active part in helping to carry the Reform Bill of 1867-68, which enfranchised the artisan in the towns. Glasgow was again in the forefront of the agitation for the reform of the Master and Servant Act, which favoured the master at the expense of the servant, breach of contract on the part of the latter being, under this Act, a crime punishable by imprisonment, whilst the former could only be sued for damages for the same offence. Moreover, the law allowed the master, but not the servant, to bear witness on his own behalf. Campbell and MacDonald brought the question before the Glasgow Council, and as the result of the combined action of those of Glasgow, Edinburgh, London, and the English provincial towns, seconded by the Trade Unions throughout the United Kingdom, the law was amended in 1867. This amendment constituted " the first positive success of the Trade Unions in the legislative field." They also co-operated effectively in the passing of the Act of 1871 entitling Trade Unions to register as legal associations and thus securing legal protection for their funds. The keen resentment over the failure to prevent the passing of another Act restricting strike action on their part intensified the determination to secure direct labour representation in the House of Commons. MacDonald had in 1868 become a candidate for the Kilmarnock Burghs, but had retired before the election. At the General

Election of 1874 he and Thomas Burt, another leading official of the Miners' National Union, were returned for Stafford and Morpeth respectively—the first two Labour members to enter Parliament. The result was the repeal of the Act restricting strike action and the substitution for the Master and Servant Act of the Employers and Workmen Act, which put employers and employees on an equal footing before the law and fully recognised the right of collective bargaining after fifty years of organised effort. There was ample reason in this legislation for the enthusiasm with which Mr G. Howell, at the Trade Union Congress at Glasgow in 1875, eulogised Mr Cross, the Conservative Home Secretary, who had been the sympathetic instrument of placing on the Statute Book "the greatest boon ever given to the sons of toil."

# data[].attributes.headline
UK: hospital cleaning brought in house in Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland

# data[].attributes.subject
UK: hospital cleaning brought in house in Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland

# data[].attributes.headline
Video of Scottish miners' leader Mick McGahey

# data[].attributes.subject
Video of Scottish miners' leader Mick McGahey

# data[].attributes.body
The video was recorded for Grampian TV news. It contains footage of Mick McGahey, vice-president of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) talking at a press conference. In the film he expresses regret at calling off industrial action and explains the reasons behind the recommendation to resume normal working hours in the Scottish coalfield.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Film 10712-189167642 - Back to the future: 1979-1989 - National Library Scotland

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The video was recorded for Grampian TV news. It contains footage of Mick McGahey, vice-president of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) talking at a press conference. In the film he expresses regret at calling off industrial action and explains the reasons behind the recommendation to resume normal working hours in the Scottish coalfield.

# data[].attributes.headline
Fighting the privatisation of scottish health services 

# data[].attributes.subject
Fighting the privatisation of scottish health services 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Fife health staff fought against privatisation plans in 1984

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Industrial disputes made the headlines on a consistent basis in the 1980s, and more than a few of them centred on the health service.

# data[].attributes.headline
Miners Campaign Tape Project. Tape 3 iSolidarity

# data[].attributes.subject
Miners Campaign Tape Project. Tape 3 iSolidarity

# data[].attributes.body
This was produced during the 1984 Miners Strike with approval of the NUM, as part of the Miners Campaign Tape Project. Tape 3 is titled Solidarity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
1984 Miners Strike   Solidarity   Miners Campaign Tape Project   Tape 3

# data[].attributes.headline
Miner Strike - Not Just Tea and Sandwiches.

# data[].attributes.subject
Miner Strike - Not Just Tea and Sandwiches.

# data[].attributes.body
This was produced during the 1984 Miners Strike with approval of the NUM, as part of the Miners Campaign Tape Project. Tape 1 is titled Not Just Tea and Sandwiches.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
1984 Miners Strike   Not Just Tea and Sandwiches   Miners Campaign Tape Project   Tape 1

# data[].attributes.headline
50th anniversary of the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders’ 

# data[].attributes.subject
50th anniversary of the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders’ 

# data[].attributes.body
On the 50th anniversary of the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders’ (UCS) work-in, the Jimmy Reid Foundation is holding this meeting to celebrate and commemorate one of the most successful campaigns of the post-war period. The work-in of 1971-1972 humbled the Heath Conservative government and represented a new industrial tactic without precedence. Jimmy Reid played a leading role in this. Professor John Foster, co-author of the seminal study on the work-in, will explain its success. He will be joined by UCS work-in veteran, James Cloughley, in doing so. Stella Rooney of UNITE Scotland Young Members and Morgan Horn, a UNITE Scotland organiser, will discuss what the work-in means to them as leaders of a younger generation of union activists.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The UCS work-in: a celebration and commemoration 50 years on

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In November 2022 I published a new edition of 'Sell and be Damned - the great Merrylee housing scandal of 1951', by my Dad, Ned Donaldson and his pal Les Forster - but the Merrylee story is really three stories in one: it's personal, it's political and it's historical.

The Merrylee protest began toward the end of 1951 and ended successfully in May 1952. The word Merrylee held a story involving the adults in my family which I heard throughout my childhood; it seemed to my wee mind to be important, it was spoken of with pride but, at times, tinged with darker undertones which I didn't really understand until I was much older. The word Merrylee was one of a number of words in our family's lexicon alongside socialism, communist, trade unions, the YCL, Daily Worker, May Day, the Cooperative Guild, and the Soviet Weekly. The word communist to my Mum Mary, in particular, was at times something she was simultaneously proud of, yet careful about mentioning in certain circumstances. Making sense of it all took me a while.

It's just over seventy-one years since the Merrylee protest march in December 1951. In the early 1990s Ned and Les, two politically and historically very savvy guys, knew the 40 th anniversary of the protest was coming up and that the story of Merrylee would be forgotten unless somebody wrote it down. Both were highly literate and articulate men, well known for just getting on and doing things, their politics were very practical, very active. They decided to gather the stories, interview those who were involved and write a book about it to celebrate the 40 th anniversary of Merrylee in 1992.

'The 'Merrylee affair' receives little mention amongst books concerned with social and political history. Yet housing remains the biggest social issue in Scotland today, and Glasgow's housing problem is dubbed the worst in Europe. The almost criminal decision to authorise the sale of council housing has only exacerbated the problem.'Sell and be damned (1992)

'Sell and be damned - the great Merrylee Housing Scandal of 1951' is a first-hand account, written by and including the voices of those who were involved in the protest. I felt their story was worth republishing because, apart from a few rough copies, the book was out of print. I decided to celebrate the original protest in 1951 and the publication of the book 30 years ago in early 1992 by bringing out a new edition in 2022.

The Merrylee story itself is told in the book but by weaving the personal, the political and the historical stories which simultaneously run across each other and across time there are perhaps wider meanings to be gleaned for twenty-first century readers.
Politics: Housing for the needy not the greedy!
Merrylee is a story about working-class people whose lives were directly and negatively affected by a policy decision made by local politicians with a clear political agenda completely divorced from the lives it would affect.

As the 1950s dawned, Glasgow, like the rest of the country, was only five years away from the end of the war and the city continued to struggle with its historic legacy of poor housing and housing shortages. There had been no houses built during the war in Glasgow and in 1951, James Duncan a local Baillie commented,' if the 46,800 homeless people in Glasgow marched three abreast and with a one-yard interval between the ranks, they would form a procession five and a half miles long'. In 1949, the Conservatives (known then as the Progressives [sic]) had taken control of the Corporation. They had spent much of the interwar years opposing the construction of municipal housing in order to keep the rates low for middle class ratepayers (homeowners paid rates, those renting did not). By 1951 - approximately 143,000 of the existing housing stock were either single ends or one bedroom flats and Glasgow needed 186,000 houses. In the 1951 city housing plan, 169,000 existing houses were to be demolished but only an additional 17,000 new houses built. This exacerbated class tensions in the city.

Workers engaged in post-war reconstruction needed homes, and the labour movement was energetic in the cause of homelessness alongside the tenants' associations which became active at the time. New homes were needed but over-crowding, insanitary conditions and sub-let racketeering by unscrupulous landlords were longstanding and persistent problems in Glasgow. Housing was a class and a labour issue with council housing yet again at the forefront of politics as it had been in the interwar years.

Towards the end of 1951 when the Corporation decided to sell the 622 houses that they were building at Merrylee and, given the shortage of housing, workers in the Corporation's Direct Labour Department who were building the houses were incensed.

The shop stewards at Weirs Engineering convened a conference of all delegates in the city's trade union movement to oppose the sale. However, Ned, Les and others were concerned that the 'traditionalists' in the unions and the labour movement would put their faith in the local elections due in May 1952. The Glasgow Trades Council and many union branches favoured making requests for deputations to the Corporation. Les and Ned worried that the call to action would lead

to direct action or fall into the deadening clutch of officialdom, ' this sort of thing would not raise much of a flutter in their pigeon-holes.
Sell and be damned 1992

The workers had other ideas: on the day the Merrylee motion was to be discussed in the City Chambers, 6 December 1951, the workers planned direct action organised by federation shop stewards who were a strong network across all sectors in the city - a one day strike and a march on George Square.

The bricklayers, plumbers, painters, electricians, dumper drivers, navvies, plasterers downed tools. Foundry workers from works across the city, railwaymen, engineering workers from Weirs Pumps as well as tenants' associations converged on the city centre. It was decided that the Cranhill contingent with their model house would lead the march. Officials of the Glasgow Trades Council standing on the pavement sent round to their office for the official banner and made a move to lead the demonstration. They were told in no uncertain terms that they were welcome to join the march but they would not be leading it. This was direct action organised by the workers themselves outside the official channels inhabited by the 'traditionalists' among the trade union movement.

While the Corporation meeting was going on inside the Chambers, estimates vary but between 700 and 2000 marchers went around the square three times and held a rally in North Frederick St. Many speakers addressed the crowd including women from tenants' associations who spoke about the conditions of their homes with one woman from the Gorbals holding up a dead rat and another a lump of sodden plaster from her home.

The Corporation motion was carried but during the following months, campaigning and protest continued to grow with the City's Labour Party and Trades Council voting to back the struggle in January. The campaign has been regarded by some as a factor in the Labour Party regaining control of the Corporation in the May elections.

Personal
Ned and Les' activism came at a personal cost. As the campaign continued into 1952, victimisation began on sites. Les and several other leading shop stewards were sacked and Ned was blacklisted from working in the Corporation and on other sites in the city. The official trade union movement give them no backing and he found himself isolated and unemployed even although there was a shortage of skilled labour. He had to seek employment outside the city. For a young man of 24, now married to Mary and with a new baby, times were very tough. Talk of Merrylee around me as I grew up was thus tinged with the economic and political consequences it had for my Mum and Dad and their comrades.

For Ned, the existential struggle for public housing went hand in hand with struggle to unionise the construction industry. In his memoirs, he recalled that the general swing to the right in British and international politics at the time meant the left wing was under attack all over the world - anti-communist hysteria had reached fever level. He also spoke about witch hunts in the trade unions including the Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU) which banned members of the Communist Party (CP) like himslef and others from holding office.

Ned and Les' personal integrity, independence of mind and support for direct action in the Merrylee campaign also created problems for them with the CP hierarchy in Glasgow. Unhappy with the 'cult of the individual' surrounding Stalin and the reformist direction the party was taking - including a move towards a parliamentary road to socialism - Ned and Les joined Harry McShane, Hugh Savage, Jeanette and Matt McGinn and others in quitting the party in 1952.

For me the term 'communist' was associated in my young mind with pride in my family's youthful activism in the Young Communist League (YCL) and in the Party in the late 40s until they left after Merrylee debacle. Alongside the blacklisting and the chilly Cold War climate, communism and the Soviet Union became conflated in the mind of the general public and it was very tough for young activists in my family and their friends to find a place for their politics. They were all now seasoned campaigners, union organisers, administrators and public speakers and over the years they eventually found other avenues for their political energies including the Cooperative Movement, community-ased housing associations, Workers City and in a trade union movement that eventually got over itself and readmitted them.
History
As I embarked on this project to republish 'Sell and be Damned' in 2021, I contacted historian colleagues and housing activists to see if there might be value in doing so. Their enthusiasm for my project came as a huge surprise. It seems that 'Sell and be damned', this wee book Ned, Les and the others made has become an important primary source and the story it tells so powerfully, has taken its place as a key moment in the history of working class protest, housing and community campaigns in this city. In a time-line that began with the rent strikes of 1915, on to the squatting movements, to Merrylee, continued with the housing and community struggles and occupations in the Gorbals and Castlemilk in the 1980s, in Kinning Park, at the Govanhill Baths, and on to the present day with the ongoing activism of tenants in the Wyndford area of Maryhill trying to save homes from demolition - housing activism continues and its history inspires. PHDs have covered it, academics have researched it, written and given lectures about it. The twenty-first century tenants' rights movement such as, for example, Living Rent, takes great inspiration from it. A new archive of housing activism is making sure these stories of working class housing campaigns are preserved for future generations. Without the original publication of the book in 1992, Merrylee might have remained a powerful family story for me and for the families of those involved, a precious and precarious oral history of the working class in Glasgow. My hope is that by reprising and republishing the Merrylee story, the energy and optimism of the Merrylee protesters can be kept alive and continue to inspire others for at least another seventy years.

Some readers may think that the Merrylee struggle was in vain: eventually Glasgow gave in to the Thatcher Tories and sold council houses. What they did was unforgiveable. There are no cobwebs upon the events described in this book. It is a relevant and significant story for today.'Sell and be damned (1992)

The new expanded edition contains additional material by James Kelman and Dr Valerie Wright for which I am very grateful. Its publication was made possible with the financial support of a number of individuals and organisations - all named in the new edition. I am extremely grateful to all of them and to the Scottish Labour History Society for publishing the new edition

Donaldson, E, Forster, L., (1992), Sell and be damned, the great Merrylee housing scandal of 1951. (New Edition, Donaldson, A. (Ed). 2022). Glasgow, Scottish Labour History Society. ISBN 978-1-9163050-3-8
Copies of the new edition of Sell and be damned... can be purchased from:
https://www.scottishlabourhistorysociety.scot/occasional-publications/sell-and-be-damned-glasgow-merrylee-housing-scandal-1951-2022 https://www.akuk.com/sell-and-be-damned-the-glasgow-merrylee-housing-scandal-of-1951.html Links to further information https://www.scottishhousingnews.com/article/our-housing-heritage-ned-donaldson-and-the-battle-for-merrylee https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12013385.ned-donaldson/ http://www.workerscity.org/the_reckoning/ned_donaldson.html https://mapmagazine.co.uk/tenancy-x-document-stock-transfer
Herald article 16 January 2019
https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/17360955.1951-anger-glasgow-corporation-plans-sell-off-622-houses/
Ned Donaldson, Homes for the Needy - Workers City
http://www.workerscity.org/the_reckoning/ned_donaldson.html
Article and photo of Merrylee
https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA05283
Let Glasgow Flourish film
https://movingimage.nls.uk/film/1721
glasgowtennantsarchive.com

Occupy! Occupy! Occupy! Comic Book, (2022), 36 page comic book in collaboration with; Magic Torch Comic, featuring industrial, community, student and environmental occupations in Scotland from the 1940s till now. Glasgow. Govanhill Baths Trust. https://www.govanhillbaths.com/product/occupy-occupy-occupy-comic-book/
Further reading
Damer, S. (1990) Glasgow: Going for a Song, London: Lawrence & Wishart.

Damer .S (2020), Scheming. A social history of Glasgow council housing 1919-1956. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.

Johnstone, C. (1992) 'The Tenants' Movement and Housing Struggles in Glasgow, 1945-1990'. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Glasgow.

Michael Lavalette & Gerry Mooney (eds.) (2000): Class Struggle and Social Welfare, Routledge. Especially Chapter 8: 'Housing and class struggles in post-war Glasgow.'

Wright, V. (2018), 'Housing problems ... are political dynamite': housing disputes in Glasgow c. 1971 to the present day. Sociological Research Online, (doi:10.1177/1360780418780038.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Great Merrylee Housing Scandal 1951 -a history in 3 stories

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In November 2022 I published a new edition of 'Sell and be Damned - the great Merrylee housing scandal of 1951', by my Dad, Ned Donaldson and his pal Les Forster - but the Merrylee story is really three stories in one: it's personal, it's political and it's historical.

# data[].attributes.body
Glasgow City Archives

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
TheGlasgowStory tells the story of Glasgow in words and pictures, told by some of Scotland’s best writers, and illustrated with thousands of images from the collections of the city’s world-famous libraries, museums and universities. From football to fashions, Auchenshuggle to Yoker, you’ll find it all here.

# data[].attributes.body
film of the Merrylee protest in Housing archive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please read Understanding catalogue records for help interpreting this information and Using footage for more information about accessing this film.

Title: LET GLASGOW FLOURISH

Director: filmed by the Dawn Cine Group

Description: Film about housing conditions in Glasgow using footage shot in 1952 during the proposed sale of Council houses in Merrylee.

Dramatised sequences and bulk of film taken 1956. Members of the Cine Group took parts in the film. Bill MacGregor and brother, Hugh Dalton. Una Bukelis, wife of Charlie, plays mother of dead child who puts flowers on grave.

See additional information file and research notes.

Credits: [camera Bill MacGregor, Charlie Bukelis]

Shotlist: Credits (.01) l/s of Clyde estuary looking south. gvs vessels in Clyde, shot shipyard gantries (.31) title and rolling caption concerning the fight to stop the sale of Council houses at Merrylee in Glasgow in 1952 (.57) int. of tenement flat in Maryhill as family eat meal (1.19) workforce entering John Brown's shipyard, Clydebank (1.52) shots construction site and labourers during lunch break (3.23) Suspension bridge over Clyde (3.44) gvs of Gorbals Street and Warwick Street. shots of children playing in streets and back courts (4.54) Children at play in Old Gorbals graveyard (5.05) More streetscenes around Laidlaw Street Kingston area (5.50) Dramatised accident as girl is knocked down by car, carried back into house and the doctor arrives and examines the child (6.59) woman lays flowers on grave in Caledonia Street cemetery (7.11) shots of accident. Tram in collision with motorcycle in Great Western Road. Scenes of rescue services intercut with shots of two women standing talking outside a grocer's shop window (8.00) streetscenes (8.10) gvs of Glasgow's West End. Kelvingrove swingpark (8.52) back courts in Gorbals (9.10) squatters' huts at Toryglen being used as "temporary" housing. Woman draws water from tap in street outside (9.16) Candlelit int. of prefab (9.20) strike meeting over the sale of Merrylee housing and protest march in George Square (10.06) Shots of Merrylee housing (10.16) Shots of City Chambers (10.52) Local elections. Man chalking slogans on pavement and staged sequence of protesters leafletting voters at ballot station (11.10) ballot box, election results (11.24) shots of march for "more new houses" (11.36) shots of new Council houses, prefabs (11.52) The End (11.54)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Please read Understanding catalogue records for help interpreting this information and Using footage for more information about accessing this film. Title: LET GLASGOW FLOURISH Director: filmed by the Dawn Cine Group Description: Film about housing conditions in Glasgow using footage shot in 1952 during the proposed sale of Council houses in Merrylee.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Introducing a pamphlet published by the Communist Party of Great Britain during the 1971 Upper Clyde Shipbuilders work-in. The pamphlet can be downloaded from this page.

'We are not going to strike. We are not even having a sit-in strike. Nobody and nothing will come in, and nothing will go out, without our permission. And there will be no hooliganism, there will be no vandalism, there will be no bevvying, because the world is watching us, and it is our responsibility to conduct ourselves with responsibility, and with dignity, and with maturity.'

With these words, Jimmy Reid, senior shop steward for the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers at Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS), set the tone for a new form of industrial action - the work-in. It was a tactic that would win support across the trade union movement and far beyond, forcing Edward Heath's Conservative government into a humiliating retreat and saving thousands of jobs across the West of Scotland - and which would be copied in future disputes.

The UCS work-in began in July 1971, after the government refused a short-term subsidy to the partly state-owned company, even though it had full order books and was forecast to return to profit the following year. With 8,000 shipyard jobs under immediate threat and 20,000 more at risk in the wider supply chain, a work-in committee of shop stewards from the engineers', boilermakers' and other unions took control, and fulfilled the contracts that the receivers had sought to cancel.

UCS - The Fight for the Right to Work, reproduced here was written by Alex Murray, secretary of the Scottish Committee of the Communist Party of Great Britain even as the work-in was still in progress. It both told the story of the UCS dispute and highlighted the part played by the CPGB, making the case for 'a bigger Communist Party'.

It was indeed true that the CPGB had played a central role in the work-in. Of the four shop stewards who constituted the inner leadership of the work-in committee and who through platform speeches and media appearances became the best known of a large group of union officials involved in it, three (Jimmy Reid, Jimmy Airlie and Sammy Barr) were CPGB members; the fourth, Sammy Gilmore, was on the left of the Labour Party.

In February 1972, the government gave way, providing additional cash and restructuring UCS, creating a new company, Govan Shipbuilders, as its successor to run the Govan, Scotstoun and Linthouse yards. Though shipbuilding would never see a return to the glory days of the early 1900s, when it was claimed that one in five of all ships in the world were made on the Clyde, the 1971 work-in helped secure shipbuilding in Scotland for decades to come.
Further information
The truth behind speech that saved Clyde yards, The Herald, 28 July 2011.

Background: when Clyde shipbuilding was the envy of the world, The Herald, 6 November 2013.

The Work-Ins of the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders, 1971-1972: Hearing the Voices of the Protests, by Cara Melissa Evans is a National Library of Scotland project which offers access to sound recordings in the University of Glasgow.

May Day: the UCS work-in collections introduces papers relevant to the dispute held at the University of Glasgow Library.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
'There will be no bevvying': the 1971 UCS work-in

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introducing a pamphlet published by the Communist Party of Great Britain during the 1971 Upper Clyde Shipbuilders work-in. The pamphlet can be downloaded from this page. 'We are not going to strike. We are not even having a sit-in strike. Nobody and nothing will come in, and nothing will go out, without our permission.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Work-Ins of the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders, 1971-1972: Hearing the Voices of the Protests | Scotland’s Sounds