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9th november 1918, Kaiser abdicates

11th november 1918, sign armistice

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1919 new constitution

Strength

voting over 21

re-election every 7 years

rights (speech/religeon)

Weakness

article 48

too much power to president

proportional representation

coalation form

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German take blame

Forced to pay 6.6 mil total reparations

military constraints

no tank, submarine, aircraft

100,000 soldier

rhineland demiliterised

six battleship with 15,000 men

loose all colonies

germans felt 'stabbed in the back'

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Left wing, Spartacist uprising, Jan 1919

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Left wing, Spartacist uprising, Jan 1919

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January 1919

rosa luxemburg and Karl liebknecht (died during uprising)

full scale revolution

Cause

wanted to improve German worker life

Effect

fail

captured newspaper office and nothing else

no support from other left wing (bad plan)

crushed by army and Freikorps

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Cause

Freikorps mad at Treaty of V

Freikorps refuse to hand back weapon aft defeating left wing

want new gov under Wolfgang Kapp

effect

12,000 Freikorps marched into Berlin

Army refuse to fire at former Soldier (Freikorp)

gov escape to Weimar

Kapp unable to Govern Berlin bc no support

Kapp fled and nothing happen

fail

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Fact

60,000 French and Belgium

10 month

worker go on strike

Cause

French did not think Germany was 'broke'

Effect

Germany print more money to pay workers

hyperinflation

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cause

Reparations

Ruhr

Effect

worker's wage cant keep up

widespread poverty

Gov Blamed

Stats

bread price

july $3,000

Nov $201 billion

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New Currency 1924

papiermark (old) -> Rentenmark (temp)-> Reichsmark (new)

New currency was quickly accepted

Inflation under control

some ppl mad due to lost saving

The Dawes Plan 1924

loans from USA to give Germany a kick start

800 mil loan to start

pay over time

The Young Plan 1929

reduce reparation

6.6 bil to 2 bil

led to removal of troops in Ruhr

Saved money from lower reparations to cut tax and create more job

nationalist mad as still pay reparations

has to pay until 1988, endanger future

Foreign Policy

1925 locarno pact

respect borders + improve relations

1926 League of Nations

improve trust + peace

1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact

solve international dispute w/ peace + restore Germany status

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Nationalist elements

Nullify Treaty of Versailles

Lebensraum (expand German land to fit population)

Building up strength of Army

Only Aryans allowed to be citizens

Socialist

Give every man employment

Give all citizens equal rights

Giving support for mother and children

SA

make from former soldier who hated the Weimar Republic

asserted power by intimidation & fighting

led by Ernst Rohm

SA grew

1930 -> 400,000

1934 -> 3 million

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Long term cause

resentment against Treaty of Versailles

Weimar republic was 'fundamentally weak'

Short term cause

Nazi was angered by french occupation of Ruhr

Stresemann calling of passive resistance (in Ruhr)

Weimar was fragile and Hitler thought Germans would support him

Short term consequence

Hitler sent to prison for 5 years (reduced to 9 month)

Fail

Nazi party banned

Long term consequences

Adv bc used his trial to give Nazi publicity

Newspaper posts his Nazi ideas to public

Mein Kampf ( 12 mil sold from 1925 -> 1945)

outline need to destroy democracy

inferiority of Jews

Events

8th November

600 SA troops threaten gov leader

Rohm took control of army HQ and police

Ludendorff secretly let leaders go

9th November

Hitler march w/ 1000 SA & 2000 volenteers

Lundendorff & Rohm arrested

Hitler fled then later arrested

3 policemen & 16 Nazi dead

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Wall street crash, 24th October 1929

bank lost billions

whole world great depression

Unemployment

US bank stop loans under Dawes plan

German workers

By 1932, 24% german workers unemployed

Lost faith in democracy

Hindenbrug

1930, used article 48 to bypass to give workers employment

How Nazi grew?

Germans turned to extremist parties such as the Nazi to solve unemployment

they gained increasing support of the Germans

Intimidation tactics

SS & SA fought to eliminate political opponents and protect the Nazi's

Gave Nazi a image of power

Funding

Nazi could stage a good & well-funded campaign as they were funded millionaires:

Hugenberg

Krupp

Hitler's personality

good public speaker

charismatic

Tactics

propaganda

flexible Nazi msg for different audiences

for farmers & women (promised them that gov will stop taking their food and prioritize women)

results

1928 -> 2.6%

1930 -> 18%

1932 -> 37%

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Reichstag

in 1932, Hindenburg was re-elected as the President of Weimar republic

in 1932, Nazi gained political power in Reichstag but Reichstag had no stable power

Chancellor

in May 1932, Von Papen became chancellor after Brüning resigned

in July 1932, Nazi became the biggest party and Hitler demanded that he become chancellor but was refused

in November 1932, Von Papen resigned and Von Schleicher replaced him but he did not have support of the Nazis or people

Von Papen & Hindenburg secret pact

Von Papen and Hindenburg wanted to make Hitler a 'puppet chancellor' and use his popularity for their benefit

January 1933, Hitler become chancellor

they underestimated Hitler's power and could not control him

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The Reichstag Fire

27th Feb 1933

Blamed on dutch communist

arrested thousands of communists after

effect:

it weakened the Weimar republic even more

it showed power

1933 German election

nazi got 43.9% vote

DNVP got 7.9%

coalition laws need over 50% to rule

nazi + DNVP has 51.9%

Enabling Act (March 1933)

enabling act meant Hitler can make laws without the Reichstag

23rd March 1933, Hitler proposed this act and won in votes 444:94

Reichstag can't stop Hitler, Germany was no longer democratic

Single Party state (july 1933)

In july, all parties other than Nazi were banned

All political oppositions were removed

Trade Unions

May 1933, trade union leaders were sent to concentration camps

After all trade unions were banned, everyone forced to join the German Workers Front

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Cause

Hitler though that the SA and Rohm threatened them, so he created the SS (led by Himler)

He wanted to eliminate any opposition which included Rohm and the SA

Events

30th June 1934, SS and Hitler purged SA

400 SA killed including Rohm

former chancellor Von Schleicher also killed

Effect

No more opposition

only one in power

Fuhrer and 3rd Reich

August 1934, President Hindenburg dies

Hitler merge president and chancellor role to create the new Fuhrer

he believed 3rd Reich will last 1000 years

Created 'Heil Hitler' to show loyalty

forced army to swear an oath of allegiance to him personally not Germany

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The Gestapo

secret police service (no uniforms)

Purpose:

small unit of 50,000 police men who identified opponents

spied on German citizens and prosecuted anyone against Nazi

punishment was either torture or concentration camp

The SS

Hitlers protection squad (body guards)

set up in 1925 & led by Himler

Black uniform

trained soldiers & only Aryan race

90,000 full time employees and 200,000 informants

Role:

In charge of Germany Police force

Could send ppl to jail or concentration camp without trial

In charge of concentration camp

In WWII, in charge of death camp

The SD

Was Hitler Security Service

Spied on opposition in other countries

Set up by Himler & led by Heydrich

Concentration Camp

had political prisoners, Ethnic minority (jews & romas), prostitutes, and more

Isolated Camps so no one can see what goes on inside

Prisoners forced to do hard labour and were ill-treated

Law

got rid of trials and the Jury, all decisions made by Judge alone

Compulsory for Judge to join the National Socialist League for Maintenance of Law

All Judges rule in Nazi favor

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Widespread fear in Germany meant ppl wouldn't dare to oppose Nazi

Fear of the Gestapo

No one knew if anyone was the Gestapo so everyone had to be careful of what they say

Germans were encourage to Spy and Snitch on one another

200,000 Germans were paid to spy

Propaganda, and repression (control by force) worked together to create gleichschaltung (synchronization of Nazi)

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Propaganda

Joseph Goebbels was the minister of Propaganda

used multiple techniques:

Films & Radios

Rallies & Military parade

Berlin Olympics 1936

chance to showcase Aryan race superiority

Hitler embarrassed after USA won 100 meter gold medal

A.K.A as 'totalitarianism' which means everything controlled by the gov.

Propaganda was very successful before war (1933-1939).

Propaganda started to fail when Germany were losing the war.

Censorship

Burned booked written by Jews and anti-nazi books

All scripts in films and radios were all Nazi-edited

Only Nazi news stations were allowed

In 1944, 80% news stations were controlled by Nazi

Art & Culture

Nazi buildings to reflect Nazi power

Music - needed traditional music (Beethoven)

Jew music and jazz were banned

Art - traditional work to glorify Aryan race and Nazi were encouraged

Literature - all booked needed verification from 'Chamber of culture'

Cinema - filled with propaganda and Nazi messages

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expectation

No makeup, plain cloth, traditional look

Clear role as a housewife to serve family

'3k's' - Kinder (children), Kuche (Kitchen), Kirche (churche)

Nazi want all women to marry and have children

gave married couple 1000 mark

wanted lots of children

every 1 children you have, you keep 250 marks from the loan

Motherhood cross given

Bronze - 4 children

Silver - 6 children

Gold - 8 children

1932 - 15 briths per 1000 ppl

1938 - 19 births per 1000 ppl

Mum needed to stay home w/out job

female education was limited to household chores and others

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youth groups (compulsory)

10 - 14 boys - Young German Folk

10 - 14 girls - Young Girls

14 - 18 boys - Hitler Youth

14 - 18 girls - League of German Maidens

Boys

wanted to prepare for as future soldier

activity targeted for military

Girls

wanted to prepare as a mother

activity that targeted training for motherhood

Education

Nazi wanted to control children through education

all teachers forced the join 'Nazi Teacher Association'

Student learned to accept Nazi ideas

all subjects were linked to nazi in some way

by 1935, all textbooks needed to be Nazi-certified

Racial studies dissed the Jews and opted for the 'perfect human' of Aryan race

By 1939, 90% boys joined Hitler youth

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Two types of christianity

Protestant

Catholic

People more likely to believe god than Nazi... because some stuff Nazi did were bad in god's eyes

Churches were great propaganda tool and Hitler wanted to use it

The Reich Church (1933)

Hitler creates new Nazi Church

Banned the old testaments because they were in Hebrew (jewish stuff)

New testiment

All non-pure Aryan priests were banned

Opposition

Not everyone followed the new church

1934, confessional church was made to oppose the Reich church

loyalty was split between Hitler and the Pope

Catholics were a big threat to Hitler as they would send their kids to Catholic Youth organisations to oppose the Nazi