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The World Factbook. (2021). Afghanistan map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afg

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Refugees from Afghanistan are likely to present with a variety of health difficulties upon arriving in Australia; however, I have decided to focus on the Hepatitis B Virus, Immunisations, and Strongyloidiasis in particular. The Hepatitis B Virus causes Hepatitis B, a liver illness that can be acute or chronic. Those infected with the virus are at a high risk of developing liver cancer and cirrhosis; transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids. Fortunately, Hepatitis B can be avoided with a vaccine given shortly after birth, followed by boosters (WHO, 2023).

Many refugees and migrants who arrive in Australia lack documentation and confirmation of immunisations, making it difficult to determine what they have and what they require. Catch-up vaccines are recommended to overcome these deficiencies. Serologies can be used to determine vaccination status for certain immunisations. This enables all persons to have the same level of resistance to communicable diseases (Victorian Foundation for Torture Survivors Inc., 2023).

The last health concern I've chosen for Afghan migrants is strongyloidiasis. It is a chronic intestinal parasite nematode that spreads by direct contact with contaminated soil (Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture Inc, 2023). This parasite is frequently asymptomatic, making it difficult to diagnose and cure. Serologies are the first recommended step; if positive, stool samples should be considered. Improved sanitation and human waste management are two further elements that help to reduce presentness and transmission (WHO, 2023).

1. World Health Organisation. (2023). Hepatitis B. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

2. Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture Inc (Foundation House). (2023). Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. Common health concerns - all ages. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/

3. World Health Organisation. (2023). Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases; Strongyloidiasis. https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/soil-transmitted-helminthiases/strongyloidiasis

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The Olympics are held every four years (International Olympic Committee, 2021) and are unheard of until the year of arrival, after which all Australians become infatuated. It's a moment when everyone comes together to support our country's representatives, and the sportsmanship we share is incomparable. When it comes to competitive sports, everyone's excitement truly reflects the culture of Australia. It becomes the center of attention anywhere it is broadcasted, including pubs, at home, and schools. People who don't watch sports become invested, and the love for the games brings everyone together, unites us as a nation, and strengthens the image of Australian mateship.

1. International Olympic Committee. (2021). History and origin of the Games. https://olympics.com/ioc/faq/history-and-origin-of-the-games#:~:text=Since%20then%2C%20the%20Summer%20and,Factsheet%3A%20The%20Olympic%20Winter%20Games

2. International Olympic Committee. (2021). The Olympic Rings. https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-rings

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The Olympic rings are a cornerstone of the Olympic properties, which comprise a variety of assets: the Olympic symbol, flag, motto, anthem, identifications (including but not limited to "Olympic Games" and "Games of the Olympiad"), designations, emblems, flame and torches (...) may, for convenience, be collectively or individually referred to as "Olympic properties".
Use and rights
All rights to the Olympic properties, as well as all rights to the use thereof, belong exclusively to the IOC, including but not limited to the use for any profit-making, commercial or advertising purposes.

The Olympic symbol and the Olympic properties must be used only with the express prior written consent of the IOC.

Guidelines are available to provide direction for the use of the Olympic symbol by the Olympic Movement and its authorised stakeholders. They aim to preserve the integrity and authority of the Olympic symbol while ensuring its visibility and inclusiveness.

For further information on the Olympic rings and the Olympic properties, please refer to the FAQ section on this site.

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Olympic rings - Symbol of the Olympic Movement

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Created by Pierre de Coubertin, the Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions that represent the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes at the Olympic Games.

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Image of Pain relief forms taken by myself, Taylah Cowper.

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My Australian Families Beliefs on Health

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My Australian Families Beliefs on Health

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As I grew older, it became clear that my family did not believe in supplementary medicine. Herbal medicines and other remedies were disregarded, so you took pain relief and toughened up. Our health culture consisted of ignoring pain until it was absolutely necessary to seek care. I've wondered if this is a misconception of all Australians, that it's vital to maintain the 'strong' and ' mighty' image, or if my upbringing was influenced by my immediate family. Health was always essential in my family; nevertheless, I suppose we saw it differently. Panadol, rest, ice, heat, and resilience were the foundations of aid; medical assistance was only sought when absolutely necessary.

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Health to me means being healthy. I don't mean just physically healthy but spiritually, physically, emotionally, and mentally. I believe that to be truly healthy, you must be all these things combined, not just one. To me, no one is ever completely healthy, who can be all of these things at once?

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Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds. (2019). MIGRANT AND REFUGEE WOMEN’SHEALTH PARTNERSHIP

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I believe that we Australians have a diverse range of musical preferences. We listen to almost everything, from rap to pop. Songs appreciated by this generation are liked by previous generations, demonstrating how different everyone is when it comes to sharing their passion for music, regardless of their age or the age of a song. Music has also been found to boost mood and cognitive processing (Rebecchini, 2021). One song in particular unites our population; a mutual love for the song has lasted for decades. The song 'Down Under' is by the Australian band Men At Work. 'The Horses,' by Daryl Braithwaite, an Australian artist, is another well-known song in Australia.

1. Rebecchini L. (2021). Music, mental health, and immunity. Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 18, 100374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100374

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Fairy bread is a delicacy found at social gatherings ranging from picnics to birthday parties and a simple snack. Fairy bread never fails to disappoint (except when made with gluten-free bread, which isn't the best), and I'm sure others who grew up with it will agree. This snack is unrivaled in Australian and New Zealand culture, using only three ingredients. While this may not have been the healthiest option for food, participating in the preparation of basic dishes such as these with the people around you offers enjoyment like no other. Cooking brings people together, and I feel that an easy act such as making fairy bread and sharing it, can promote mental health and emotional health as cooking and baking do for me.

This meal doesn't require a recipe because it merely consists of bread covered in butter with sprinkles on the top. It's not regarded as too unhealthy in modest amounts, but who can resist fairy bread?

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Photo of the beach taken by myself, Taylah Cowper, at sunset.

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Going to the beach is one of the greatest and most traditional activities. According to my knowledge, this is a classic Australian practice that may be done on any day with acceptable weather, not just in the summer. It not only boosts morale and bonds but it also helps you keep fit and healthy. Swimming, playing football, or playing beach cricket all include physical activity that benefits your health in a variety of ways.