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Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared that slaves living in states not under Union control were to be freed.

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President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the United States, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy (the Southern secessionist states) that had already come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union (United States) military victory.

Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the nation, it captured the hearts and imagination of millions of Americans and fundamentally transformed the character of the war. After January 1, 1863, every advance of federal troops expanded the domain of freedom. Moreover, the Proclamation announced the acceptance of black men into the Union Army and Navy, enabling the liberated to become liberators. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and freedom.

From the first days of the Civil War, slaves had acted to secure their own liberty. The Emancipation Proclamation confirmed their insistence that the war for the Union must become a war for freedom. It added moral force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both militarily and politically. As a milestone along the road to slavery's final destruction, the Emancipation Proclamation has assumed a place among the great documents of human freedom.

The original of the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, is in the National Archives in Washington, DC. With the text covering five pages the document was originally tied with narrow red and blue ribbons, which were attached to the signature page by a wafered impression of the seal of the United States. Most of the ribbon remains; parts of the seal are still decipherable, but other parts have worn off.

The document was bound with other proclamations in a large volume preserved for many years by the Department of State. When it was prepared for binding, it was reinforced with strips along the center folds and then mounted on a still larger sheet of heavy paper. Written in red ink on the upper right-hand corner of this large sheet is the number of the Proclamation, 95, given to it by the Department of State long after it was signed. With other records, the volume containing the Emancipation Proclamation was transferred in 1936 from the Department of State to the National Archives of the United States.

The Emancipation Proclamation

Select Resources

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Enlarge The Emancipation Proclamation (page 1) Record Group 11 General Records of the United States View in National Archives Catalog Español President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war.

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Abraham Lincoln delivered this speech during the American Civil War. He declared that all men are created equal and should be treated as equal.

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Urbanization led to many engineering advances in the Gilded Age cities. 11 million people migrated from rural to urban areas and 25 million immigrants moved in the United States.

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To print the story please do so via the link in the story toolbar.

The beginning of the Gilded Age meant for Americans a drastic change. The Industrial Revolution changed lives, not only for Americans, but for the Immigrants as well. Millions and millions of Immigrants arrived on the land of the United States and started a new life. That of course doesn't mean they found a better one. Not better. Not worse. Just different. They had to go through a lot, but the fate of America definitely changed thanks to them and the Urbanization.

When You're Done Questions

Thinking about the dates for the documents, what time period is covered?

1800-present.

In a couple of sentences, explain one or two observations you made about how American attitudes toward immigration have changed over the years. Under what circumstances were immigrants more likely to be welcomed? More likely to be feared?

During the Gilded Age, the Immigrants were used as workers in factories, they created inventions that changed America forever. Over the years, because more and more immigrants came here due to the fast development, started being discriminated and usually, they have less rights and freedoms than American citizens. In the present, a lot of programs for students abroad were closed just because the Government thinks that the Americans don't have enough jobs and the Immigrants are taking their place.

You saw just a small selection of possible documents that could indicate how Americans responded to immigration at different times. What other kinds of documents would you look for if you were researching the history of American attitudes on this topic?

I feel like the best kind of documents are books or letters written by Immigrants, because we can find out more about that period from the people that actually been through all of that, instead of the ones that just heard or saw some things that were not 100% correct. The Government has an objective point of view, while the Immigrants have an objective point of view that actually has true facts and true stories.

City growth was due to immigrants and the ones that were moving from rural areas to urban areas. Engineering innovations, such as expansive bridges and skyscrapers, led to modern American cities. Industries were rapidly growing and in need of cheap workers. Urbanization stimulated industry and modernized cities, but led to terrible conditions for poor workers and immigrants, that later joined labor unions. Because a lot of immigrants were from Europe, where the industry was well developed, a lot of factories and businesses were open, education was improved and life began to change. What a day without Immigrants inventions would be like? Their inventions are pretty basic if we think about them, but they made a huge difference, for instance blue jeans, blenders, video games, bikes, hair dryers and even the telephone that was invented and developed by Alexander Graham Bell. The Hot Dog was brought by Germans, processed cheese and basketball by Canadians, broadcast radio developed by Swedes. The Immigrants made a HUGE impact on the economy.

Political machine, in the U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state.

Immigrants came from Europe and Asia with no jobs or they were working in miserable conditions in factory and were not paid really well. Political machines provided for the needs of the immigrants and in exchange the immigrants had to support them in order to gain power.

Urban pollution and diseases
The leading cause of air pollution in the U.S. is motor vehicles, which were first mass-produced in the U.S. by Henry Ford in the early 20th century. Auto emissions also increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which in turn contribute to global warming.

The population of the United States during the Gilded Age was increasing so fast, that immigrants had to live in tenements. The population of the United States in the 1900s, reached the number of 40 million people. Because of the overcrowding diseases were spreading really fast. Cholera and Yellow Fever epidemics were a few of the diseases that killed a lot of people. Tuberculosis was a huge killer, and 25% of the new borns dies before reaching the age of one. Compared to other large urban areas, such as Boston or Philadelphia, New York's death rate due to disease was considerably higher.

The trash was dumped on the streets and rivers so the citites were far from sanitary. Poorer families did not even have the luxury of an outhouse. They simply dug a small trench into the ground outside of their homes. Trenches and outhouses were both unsavory solutions as waste was rarely removed from them and frequently flowed into the streets of the city.

Tenement Houses
Tenements were first built to house the waves of immigrants that arrived in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s. A typical tenement building was from five to six stories high, with four apartments on each floor. A typical tenement building had five to seven stories and occupied nearly all of the lot upon which it was built. In many tenements, only the rooms on the street got any light, and the interior rooms had no ventilation.

Population explosion
During the Gilded Age, Americans moved to the urban areas over the course of the late nineteenth century. 11 million people migrated from rural to urban areas and 25 million immigrants moved in the United States. By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas. During 1870 and 1920 one of the most massive migrations in human history occurred. Some of the Immigrants settled on farms, while a big majority of them moved into the nation's growing towns and cities.

Upton Sinclair, in his book ''The Jungle'' exposed the meat industry. He described the diseases that occurred because of the rotten meat. The discovery of the meat-packing industry led to new federal food safety laws.

The Hull House provided day care for children. Jane Addams and the Hull house gave English and art classes. She gave young people the chance of education, opportunities and provided training in social work.

Florence Kelley was fighting for minimum wage, child labor and eight-hour workdays. She led campaigns that changes the working conditions for workers and for the goods produced. One important thing she did is pass the Keating-Owen Child Labor act, which banned the products made by children in factories.

As with the industrial revolution, entertainment was also developing and people had more things to do to entertain themselves unlike the past centuries.

The movie industry was slowly developing, but some people were still able to watch them. Books were also an option of entertainment for both adults and kids.

Canadians brought the broadcasting radio so people were able to listen to music and news using the radio.

Jazz bands became popular, so people came after work, usually at night to watch them perform.

When You're Done Questions

Thinking about the dates for the documents, what time period is covered?

1800-present.

In a couple of sentences, explain one or two observations you made about how American attitudes toward immigration have changed over the years. Under what circumstances were immigrants more likely to be welcomed? More likely to be feared?

During the Gilded Age, the Immigrants were used as workers in factories, they created inventions that changed America forever. Over the years, because more and more immigrants came here due to the fast development, started being discriminated and usually, they have less rights and freedoms than American citizens. In the present, a lot of programs for students abroad were closed just because the Government thinks that the Americans don't have enough jobs and the Immigrants are taking their place.

You saw just a small selection of possible documents that could indicate how Americans responded to immigration at different times. What other kinds of documents would you look for if you were researching the history of American attitudes on this topic?

I feel like the best kind of documents are books or letters written by Immigrants, because we can find out more about that period from the people that actually been through all of that, instead of the ones that just heard or saw some things that were not 100% correct. The Government has an objective point of view, while the Immigrants have an objective point of view that actually has true facts and true stories.

City growth was due to immigrants and the ones that were moving from rural areas to urban areas. Engineering innovations, such as expansive bridges and skyscrapers, led to modern American cities. Industries were rapidly growing and in need of cheap workers. Urbanization stimulated industry and modernized cities, but led to terrible conditions for poor workers and immigrants, that later joined labor unions. Because a lot of immigrants were from Europe, where the industry was well developed, a lot of factories and businesses were open, education was improved and life began to change. What a day without Immigrants inventions would be like? Their inventions are pretty basic if we think about them, but they made a huge difference, for instance blue jeans, blenders, video games, bikes, hair dryers and even the telephone that was invented and developed by Alexander Graham Bell. The Hot Dog was brought by Germans, processed cheese and basketball by Canadians, broadcast radio developed by Swedes. The Immigrants made a HUGE impact on the economy.

Political machine, in the U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state.

Immigrants came from Europe and Asia with no jobs or they were working in miserable conditions in factory and were not paid really well. Political machines provided for the needs of the immigrants and in exchange the immigrants had to support them in order to gain power.

Urban pollution and diseases
The leading cause of air pollution in the U.S. is motor vehicles, which were first mass-produced in the U.S. by Henry Ford in the early 20th century. Auto emissions also increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which in turn contribute to global warming.

The population of the United States during the Gilded Age was increasing so fast, that immigrants had to live in tenements. The population of the United States in the 1900s, reached the number of 40 million people. Because of the overcrowding diseases were spreading really fast. Cholera and Yellow Fever epidemics were a few of the diseases that killed a lot of people. Tuberculosis was a huge killer, and 25% of the new borns dies before reaching the age of one. Compared to other large urban areas, such as Boston or Philadelphia, New York's death rate due to disease was considerably higher.

The trash was dumped on the streets and rivers so the citites were far from sanitary. Poorer families did not even have the luxury of an outhouse. They simply dug a small trench into the ground outside of their homes. Trenches and outhouses were both unsavory solutions as waste was rarely removed from them and frequently flowed into the streets of the city.

Tenement Houses
Tenements were first built to house the waves of immigrants that arrived in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s. A typical tenement building was from five to six stories high, with four apartments on each floor. A typical tenement building had five to seven stories and occupied nearly all of the lot upon which it was built. In many tenements, only the rooms on the street got any light, and the interior rooms had no ventilation.

Population explosion
During the Gilded Age, Americans moved to the urban areas over the course of the late nineteenth century. 11 million people migrated from rural to urban areas and 25 million immigrants moved in the United States. By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas. During 1870 and 1920 one of the most massive migrations in human history occurred. Some of the Immigrants settled on farms, while a big majority of them moved into the nation's growing towns and cities.

Upton Sinclair, in his book ''The Jungle'' exposed the meat industry. He described the diseases that occurred because of the rotten meat. The discovery of the meat-packing industry led to new federal food safety laws.

The Hull House provided day care for children. Jane Addams and the Hull house gave English and art classes. She gave young people the chance of education, opportunities and provided training in social work.

Florence Kelley was fighting for minimum wage, child labor and eight-hour workdays. She led campaigns that changes the working conditions for workers and for the goods produced. One important thing she did is pass the Keating-Owen Child Labor act, which banned the products made by children in factories.

As with the industrial revolution, entertainment was also developing and people had more things to do to entertain themselves unlike the past centuries.

The movie industry was slowly developing, but some people were still able to watch them. Books were also an option of entertainment for both adults and kids.

Canadians brought the broadcasting radio so people were able to listen to music and news using the radio.

Jazz bands became popular, so people came after work, usually at night to watch them perform.

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Immigration and Urbanization during Gilded Age

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The beginning of the Gilded Age meant for Americans a drastic change. The Industrial Revolution changed lives, not only for Americans, but for the Immigrants as well. Millions and millions of Immigrants arrived on the land of the United States and started a new life. That of course doesn't mean they found a better one.

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Thomas Jefferson made a treaty with France where the United States paid $15 million for the Louisiana Territory. Some factors that contributed to this was population growth and economic opportunities.

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Table of Contents

1. Manifest Destiny

2. Westward Expansion and Slavery

3. Westward Expansion and the Mexican War

4. Westward Expansion and the Compromise of 1850

5. Bleeding Kansas

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the territory of Louisiana from the French government for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to New Orleans, and it doubled the size of the United States. To Jefferson, westward expansion was the key to the nation's health: He believed that a republic depended on an independent, virtuous citizenry for its survival, and that independence and virtue went hand in hand with land ownership, especially the ownership of small farms. ("Those who labor in the earth," he wrote, "are the chosen people of God.") In order to provide enough land to sustain this ideal population of virtuous yeomen, the United States would have to continue to expand. The westward expansion of the United States is one of the defining themes of 19th-century American history, but it is not just the story of Jefferson's expanding "empire of liberty." On the contrary, as one historian writes, in the six decades after the Louisiana Purchase, westward expansion "very nearly destroy[ed] the republic."

Manifest Destiny

By 1840, nearly 7 million Americans-40 percent of the nation's population-lived in the trans-Appalachian West. Following a trail blazed by Lewis and Clark, most of these people had left their homes in the East in search of economic opportunity. Like Thomas Jefferson, many of these pioneers associated westward migration, land ownership and farming with freedom. In Europe, large numbers of factory workers formed a dependent and seemingly permanent working class; by contrast, in the United States, the western frontier offered the possibility of independence and upward mobility for all. In 1843, one thousand pioneers took to the Oregon Trail as part of the " Great Emigration."

Did you know? In 1853, the Gadsden Purchase added about 30,000 square miles of Mexican territory to the United States and fixed the boundaries of the "lower 48" where they are today.

In 1845, a journalist named John O'Sullivan put a name to the idea that helped pull many pioneers toward the western frontier. Westward migration was an essential part of the republican project, he argued, and it was Americans' " manifest destiny " to carry the "great experiment of liberty" to the edge of the continent: to "overspread and to possess the whole of the [land] which Providence has given us," O'Sullivan wrote. The survival of American freedom depended on it.

Westward Expansion and Slavery

Meanwhile, the question of whether or not slavery would be allowed in the new western states shadowed every conversation about the frontier. In 1820, the Missouri Compromise had attempted to resolve this question: It had admitted Missouri to the union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, preserving the fragile balance in Congress. More important, it had stipulated that in the future, slavery would be prohibited north of the southern boundary of Missouri (the 36º30' parallel) in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase.

However, the Missouri Compromise did not apply to new territories that were not part of the Louisiana Purchase, and so the issue of slavery continued to fester as the nation expanded. The Southern economy grew increasingly dependent on "King Cotton" and the system of forced labor that sustained it. Meanwhile, more and more Northerners came to believed that the expansion of slavery impinged upon their own liberty, both as citizens-the pro-slavery majority in Congress did not seem to represent their interests-and as yeoman farmers. They did not necessarily object to slavery itself, but they resented the way its expansion seemed to interfere with their own economic opportunity.

Westward Expansion and the Mexican War

Despite this sectional conflict, Americans kept on migrating West in the years after the Missouri Compromise was adopted. Thousands of people crossed the Rockies to the Oregon Territory, which belonged to Great Britain, and thousands more moved into the Mexican territories of California, New Mexico and Texas. In 1837, American settlers in Texas joined with their Tejano neighbors (Texans of Spanish origin) and won independence from Mexico. They petitioned to join the United States as a slave state.

This promised to upset the careful balance that the Missouri Compromise had achieved, and the annexation of Texas and other Mexican territories did not become a political priority until the enthusiastically expansionist cotton planter James K. Polk was elected to the presidency in 1844. Thanks to the maneuvering of Polk and his allies, Texas joined the union as a slave state in February 1846; in June, after negotiations with Great Britain, Oregon joined as a free state.

That same month, Polk declared war against Mexico, claiming (falsely) that the Mexican army had "invaded our territory and shed American blood on American soil." The Mexican-American War proved to be relatively unpopular, in part because many Northerners objected to what they saw as a war to expand the "slaveocracy." In 1846, Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot attached a proviso to a war-appropriations bill declaring that slavery should not be permitted in any part of the Mexican territory that the U.S. might acquire. Wilmot's measure failed to pass, but it made explicit once again the sectional conflict that haunted the process of westward expansion.

Westward Expansion and the Compromise of 1850

In 1848, the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War and added more than 1 million square miles, an area larger than the Louisiana Purchase, to the United States. The acquisition of this land re-opened the question that the Missouri Compromise had ostensibly settled: What would be the status of slavery in new American territories? After two years of increasingly volatile debate over the issue, Kentucky Senator Henry Clay proposed another compromise. It had four parts: first, California would enter the Union as a free state; second, the status of slavery in the rest of the Mexican territory would be decided by the people who lived there; third, the slave trade (but not slavery) would be abolished in Washington, D.C.; and fourth, a new Fugitive Slave Act would enable Southerners to reclaim runaway slaves who had escaped to Northern states where slavery was not allowed.

Bleeding Kansas

But the larger question remained unanswered. In 1854, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed that two new states, Kansas and Nebraska, be established in the Louisiana Purchase west of Iowa and Missouri. According to the terms of the Missouri Compromise, both new states would prohibit slavery because both were north of the 36º30' parallel. However, since no Southern legislator would approve a plan that would give more power to "free-soil" Northerners, Douglas came up with a middle ground that he called "popular sovereignty": letting the settlers of the territories decide for themselves whether their states would be slave or free.

Northerners were outraged: Douglas, in their view, had caved to the demands of the "slaveocracy" at their expense. The battle for Kansas and Nebraska became a battle for the soul of the nation. Emigrants from Northern and Southern states tried to influence the vote. For example, thousands of Missourians flooded into Kansas in 1854 and 1855 to vote (fraudulently) in favor of slavery. "Free-soil" settlers established a rival government, and soon Kansas spiraled into civil war. Hundreds of people died in the fighting that ensued, known as " Bleeding Kansas."

A decade later, the civil war in Kansas over the expansion of slavery was followed by a national civil war over the same issue. As Thomas Jefferson had predicted, it was the question of slavery in the West-a place that seemed to be the emblem of American freedom-that proved to be "the knell of the union."
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Westward Expansion - Timeline, Events & Facts | HISTORY

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Westward expansion, the 19th-century movement of settlers into the American West, began with the Louisiana Purchase and was fueled by the Gold Rush, the Oregon Trail and a belief in "manifest destiny."

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This amendment prohibits denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It was a voting protection regards to race.

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This amendment established citizenship and declared what it entailed to be a citizen of the United States.

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This amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude officially. The only exception was punishment for a crime.

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This made segregation legal. It was a ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution. There was a doctrine that was known as "separate but equal."

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Plessy v. Ferguson: Background and Context

After the Compromise of 1877 led to the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, Democrats consolidated control of state legislatures throughout the region, effectively marking the end of Reconstruction.

Southern Black people saw the promise of equality under the law embodied by the 13th Amendment, 14th Amendment and 15th Amendment to the Constitution receding quickly, and a return to disenfranchisement and other disadvantages as white supremacy reasserted itself across the South.

As historian C. Vann Woodward pointed out in a 1964 article about Plessy v. Ferguson, white and Black Southerners mixed relatively freely until the 1880s, when state legislatures passed the first laws requiring railroads to provide separate cars for "Negro" or "colored" passengers.

Florida became the first state to mandate segregated railroad cars in 1887, followed in quick succession by Mississippi, Texas, Louisiana and other states by the end of the century.

Black Resistance to Segregation

As Southern Black people witnessed with horror the dawn of the Jim Crow era, members of the Black community in New Orleans decided to mount a resistance.

At the heart of the case that became Plessy v. Ferguson was a law passed in Louisiana in 1890 "providing for separate railway carriages for the white and colored races." It stipulated that all passenger railways had to provide these separate cars, which should be equal in facilities.

Homer Adolph Plessy, who agreed to be the plaintiff in the case aimed at testing the law's constitutionality, was of mixed race; he described himself as "seven-eighths Caucasian and one-eighth African blood."

On June 7, 1892, Plessy bought a ticket on a train from New Orleans bound for Covington, Louisiana, and took a vacant seat in a whites-only car. After refusing to leave the car at the conductor's insistence, he was arrested and jailed.

Convicted by a New Orleans court of violating the 1890 law, Plessy filed a petition against the presiding judge, Hon. John H. Ferguson, claiming that the law violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

Supreme Court Ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson

Over the next few years, segregation and Black disenfranchisement picked up pace in the South, and was more than tolerated by the North. Congress defeated a bill that would have given federal protection to elections in 1892, and nullified a number of Reconstruction laws on the books.

Then, on May 18, 1896, the Supreme Court delivered its verdict in Plessy v. Ferguson. In declaring separate-but-equal facilities constitutional on intrastate railroads, the Court ruled that the protections of 14th Amendment applied only to political and civil rights (like voting and jury service), not "social rights" (sitting in the railroad car of your choice).

In its ruling, the Court denied that segregated railroad cars for Black people were necessarily inferior. "We consider the underlying fallacy of [Plessy's] argument," Justice Henry Brown wrote, "to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it."

John Marshall Harlan's Dissent

Alone in the minority was Justice John Marshall Harlan, a former slaveholder from Kentucky. Harlan had opposed emancipation and civil rights for freed slaves during the Reconstruction era-but changed his position due to his outrage over the actions of white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan.

Harlan argued in his dissent that segregation ran counter to the constitutional principle of equality under the law: "The arbitrary separation of citizens on the basis of race while they are on a public highway is a badge of servitude wholly inconsistent with the civil freedom and the equality before the law established by the Constitution," he wrote. "It cannot be justified upon any legal grounds."

Plessy v. Ferguson Significance

The Plessy v. Ferguson verdict enshrined the doctrine of "separate but equal" as a constitutional justification for segregation, ensuring the survival of the Jim Crow South for the next half-century.

Intrastate railroads were among many segregated public facilities the verdict sanctioned; others included buses, hotels, theaters, swimming pools and schools. By the time of the 1899 case Cummings v. Board of Education, even Harlan appeared to agree that segregated public schools did not violate the Constitution.

It would not be until the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, at the dawn of the civil rights movement, that the majority of the Supreme Court would essentially concur with Harlan's opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson..

Writing the majority opinion in that 1954 case, Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that "the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place" in public education, calling segregated schools "inherently unequal," and declaring that the plaintiffs in the Brown case were being "deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment."

Sources

C. Vann Woodward, " Plessy v. Ferguson: The Birth of Jim Crow," American Heritage (Volume 15, Issue 3: April 1964).
Landmark Cases: Plessy v. Ferguson, PBS: The Supreme Court - The First Hundred Years.
Louis Menand, "Brown v. Board of Education and the Limits of Law," The New Yorker (February 12, 2001).
Today in History - May 18: Plessy v. Ferguson, Library of Congress.

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Plessy v. Ferguson: Separate But Equal Doctrine | HISTORY

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Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

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A solution to the Great Depression; came up with all of these different ideas that would get people back to work. It was authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939.

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New Deal - Programs, Social Security & FDR

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The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. A Second New Deal was put in place shortly thereafter as a way to continue the country’s economic recovery.

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The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. The United States couldn't deny a U.S. citizen the right to vote based off their sex/gender.

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He was a civil rights activist during the civil rights movement. He was a Baptist minister and spoke up for Rosa Parks when she experienced racism.

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Andrew Jackson signed this. This act meant that land west of the Mississippi would be granted to Natives if they gave up their land that was within the state borders.

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The movement in the 1800s to end slavery

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Charles Babbage was the first mechanical computer. This computer was able to solve math problems and store data.

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Radical Abolitionist, led a raid on Harper's Ferry and was hanged for it. The South's worst fear: a white man willing to die to end slavery.

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This is a movement to end violence and try to achieve world peace.

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Abolitionist, wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, which down cried slavery and was a very controversial book in its time.

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Major Characteristics of the 13 Colonies

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Major Characteristics of the 13 Colonies

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Some major characteristics of the 13 Colonies were people made their own clothes and shoes, they grew much of their own food, and Boston was the major New England port.

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This movement was to gain equality between men and women. This was seen as the second wave of feminism during the 70s.

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Abolitionist, led slaves on the Underground Railroad

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Wrote The Liberator - a book discrediting slavery

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The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution.

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This was the movement that abolished slavery and for African Americans to gain equal rights. This was during the 1650-60s. Though this ended slavery, African Americans still had the effect of discrimination.

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In the 1830s, the U.S. government forcefully displaced southeastern Native American communities from their homelands, compelling their resettlement in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma), an event tragically referred to as the Trail of Tears.

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Those who inhabited regions of the western hemisphere before the 15th-century arrival of European settlers.

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The Arctic

The Arctic culture area, a cold, flat, treeless region (actually a frozen desert) near the Arctic Circle in present-day Alaska, Canada and Greenland, was home to the Inuit and the Aleut. Both groups spoke, and continue to speak, dialects descended from what scholars call the Eskimo-Aleut language family.

Because it is such an inhospitable landscape, the Arctic's population was comparatively small and scattered. Some of its peoples, especially the Inuit in the northern part of the region, were nomads, following seals, polar bears and other game as they migrated across the tundra. In the southern part of the region, the Aleut were a bit more settled, living in small fishing villages along the shore.

Did you know? According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there are about 4.5 million Native Americans and Alaska Natives in the United States today. That's about 1.5 percent of the population.

The Inuit and Aleut had a great deal in common. Many lived in dome-shaped houses made of sod or timber (or, in the North, ice blocks). They used seal and otter skins to make warm, weatherproof clothing, aerodynamic dogsleds and long, open fishing boats (kayaks in Inuit; baidarkas in Aleut).

By the time the United States purchased Alaska in 1867, decades of oppression and exposure to European diseases had taken their toll: The native population had dropped to just 2,500; the descendants of these survivors still make their homes in the area today.

The Subarctic

The Subarctic culture area, mostly composed of swampy, piney forests (taiga) and waterlogged tundra, stretched across much of inland Alaska and Canada. Scholars have divided the region's people into two language groups: the Athabaskan speakers at its western end, among them the Tsattine (Beaver), Gwich'in (or Kuchin) and the Deg Xinag (formerly-and pejoratively-known as the Ingalik), and the Algonquian speakers at its eastern end, including the Cree, the Ojibwa and the Naskapi.

In the Subarctic, travel was difficult-toboggans, snowshoes and lightweight canoes were the primary means of transportation-and population was sparse. In general, the peoples of the Subarctic did not form large permanent settlements; instead, small family groups stuck together as they traipsed after herds of caribou. They lived in small, easy-to-move tents and lean-tos, and when it grew too cold to hunt they hunkered into underground dugouts.

The growth of the fur trade in the 17th and 18th centuries disrupted the Subarctic way of life-now, instead of hunting and gathering for subsistence, the Indians focused on supplying pelts to the European traders-and eventually led to the displacement and extermination of many of the region's native communities.

The Northeast

The Northeast culture area, one of the first to have sustained contact with Europeans, stretched from present-day Canada's Atlantic coast to North Carolina and inland to the Mississippi River valley. Its inhabitants were members of two main groups: Iroquoian speakers (these included the Cayuga, Oneida, Erie, Onondaga, Seneca and Tuscarora), most of whom lived along inland rivers and lakes in fortified, politically stable villages, and the more numerous Algonquian speakers (these included the Pequot, Fox, Shawnee, Wampanoag, Delaware and Menominee) who lived in small farming and fishing villages along the ocean. There, they grew crops like corn, beans and vegetables.

Life in the Northeast culture area was already fraught with conflict-the Iroquoian groups tended to be rather aggressive and warlike, and bands and villages outside of their allied confederacies were never safe from their raids-and it grew more complicated when European colonizers arrived. Colonial wars repeatedly forced the region's Indigenous people to take sides, pitting the Iroquois groups against their Algonquian neighbors. Meanwhile, as white settlement pressed westward, it eventually displaced both sets of Indigenous people from their lands.

The Southeast

The Southeast culture area, north of the Gulf of Mexico and south of the Northeast, was a humid, fertile agricultural region. Many of its natives were expert farmers-they grew staple crops like maize, beans, squash, tobacco and sunflower-who organized their lives around small ceremonial and market villages known as hamlets. Perhaps the most familiar of the Southeastern Indigenous peoples are the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole, sometimes called the Five Civilized Tribes, some of whom spoke a variant of the Muskogean language.

By the time the U.S. had won its independence from Britain, the Southeast culture area had already lost many of its native people to disease and displacement. In 1830, the federal Indian Removal Act compelled the relocation of what remained of the Five Civilized Tribes so that white settlers could have their land. Between 1830 and 1838, federal officials forced nearly 100,000 Indigenous people out of the southern states and into "Indian Territory" (later Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi. The Cherokee called this frequently deadly trek the Trail of Tears.

The Plains

The Plains culture area comprises the vast prairie region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, from present-day Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Before the arrival of European traders and explorers, its inhabitants-speakers of Siouan, Algonquian, Caddoan, Uto-Aztecan and Athabaskan languages-were relatively settled hunters and farmers. After European contact, and especially after Spanish colonists brought horses to the region in the 18th century, the peoples of the Great Plains became much more nomadic.

Groups like the Crow, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Comanche and Arapaho used horses to pursue great herds of buffalo across the prairie. The most common dwelling for these hunters was the cone-shaped teepee, a bison-skin tent that could be folded up and carried anywhere. Plains Indians are also known for their elaborately feathered war bonnets.

As white traders and settlers moved west across the Plains region, they brought many damaging things with them: commercial goods, like knives and kettles, which Indigenous people came to depend on; guns; and disease. By the end of the 19th century, white sport hunters had nearly exterminated the area's buffalo herds. With settlers encroaching on their lands and no way to make money, the Plains natives were forced onto government reservations.

The Southwest

The peoples of the Southwest culture area, a huge desert region in present-day Arizona and New Mexico (along with parts of Colorado, Utah, Texas and Mexico) developed two distinct ways of life.

Sedentary farmers such as the Hopi, the Zuni, the Yaqui and the Yuma grew crops like corn, beans and squash. Many lived in permanent settlements, known as pueblos, built of stone and adobe. These pueblos featured great multistory dwellings that resembled apartment houses. At their centers, many of these villages also had large ceremonial pit houses, or kivas.

Other Southwestern peoples, such as the Navajo and the Apache, were more nomadic. They survived by hunting, gathering and raiding their more established neighbors for their crops. Because these groups were always on the move, their homes were much less permanent than the pueblos. For instance, the Navajo fashioned their iconic eastward-facing round houses, known as hogans, out of materials like mud and bark.

By the time the southwestern territories became a part of the United States after the Mexican War, many of the region's native people had already been killed. (Spanish colonists and missionaries had enslaved many of the Pueblo Indians, for example, working them to death on vast Spanish ranches known as encomiendas.) During the second half of the 19th century, the federal government resettled most of the region's remaining natives onto reservations.

The Great Basin

The Great Basin culture area, an expansive bowl formed by the Rocky Mountains to the east, the Sierra Nevadas to the west, the Columbia Plateau to the north, and the Colorado Plateau to the south, was a barren wasteland of deserts, salt flats and brackish lakes. Its people, most of whom spoke Shoshonean or Uto-Aztecan dialects (the Bannock, Paiute and Ute, for example), foraged for roots, seeds and nuts and hunted snakes, lizards and small mammals. Because they were always on the move, they lived in compact, easy-to-build wikiups made of willow poles or saplings, leaves and brush. Their settlements and social groups were impermanent, and communal leadership (what little there was) was informal.

After European contact, some Great Basin groups got horses and formed equestrian hunting and raiding bands that were similar to the ones we associate with the Great Plains natives. After white prospectors discovered gold and silver in the region in the mid-19th century, most of the Great Basin's people lost their land and, frequently, their lives.

California

Before European contact, the temperate California area had more people than any other North American landscape at the time, with approximately 300,000 people in the mid-16th century. It's estimated that 100 different tribes and groups spoke more than 200 dialects. These languages were derived from the Penutian (the Maidu, Miwok and Yokuts), the Hokan (the Chumash, Pomo, Salinas and Shasta), the Uto-Aztecan (the Tubabulabal, Serrano and Kinatemuk) and the Athapaskan (the Hupa, among others). Many of the "Mission Indians" who were driven out of the Southwest by Spanish colonization also spoke Uto-Aztecan dialects.

Despite this great diversity, many native Californians lived very similar lives. They did not practice much agriculture. Instead, they organized themselves into small, family-based bands of hunter-gatherers known as tribelets. Inter-tribelet relationships, based on well-established systems of trade and common rights, were generally peaceful.

Spanish explorers infiltrated the California region in the middle of the 16th century. In 1769, the cleric Junipero Serra established a mission at San Diego, inaugurating a particularly brutal period in which forced labor, disease and assimilation nearly exterminated the culture area's native population.

The Northwest Coast

The Northwest Coast culture area, along the Pacific coast from British Columbia to the top of Northern California, has a mild climate and an abundance of natural resources. In particular, the ocean and the region's rivers provided almost everything its people needed-salmon, especially, but also whales, sea otters, seals and fish and shellfish of all kinds. As a result, unlike many other hunter-gatherers who struggled to eke out a living and were forced to follow animal herds from place to place, the Indians of the Pacific Northwest were secure enough to build permanent villages that housed hundreds of people apiece.

Those villages operated according to a rigidly stratified social structure, more sophisticated than any outside of Mexico and Central America. A person's status was determined by his closeness to the village's chief and reinforced by the number of possessions-blankets, shells and skins, canoes and even slaves-he had at his disposal. (Goods like these played an important role in the potlatch, an elaborate gift-giving ceremony designed to affirm these class divisions.)

Prominent groups in the region included the Athapaskan Haida and Tlingit; the Penutian Chinook, Tsimshian and Coos; the Wakashan Kwakiutl and Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka); and the Salishan Coast Salish.

The Plateau

The Plateau culture area sat in the Columbia and Fraser River basins at the intersection of the Subarctic, the Plains, the Great Basin, California and the Northwest Coast (present-day Idaho, Montana and eastern Oregon and Washington). Most of its people lived in small, peaceful villages along streams and riverbanks and survived by fishing for salmon and trout, hunting and gathering wild berries, roots and nuts.

In the southern Plateau region, the great majority spoke languages derived from the Penutian (the Klamath, Klikitat, Modoc, Nez Perce, Walla Walla and Yakima or Yakama). North of the Columbia River, most (the Skitswish (Coeur d'Alene), Salish (Flathead), Spokane and Columbia) spoke Salishan dialects.

In the 18th century, other native groups brought horses to the Plateau. The region's inhabitants quickly integrated the animals into their economy, expanding the radius of their hunts and acting as traders and emissaries between the Northwest and the Plains.

In 1805, the explorers Lewis and Clark passed through the area, followed by increasing numbers of white settlers. By the end of the 19th century, most of the remaining members of Plateau tribes had been cleared from their lands and resettled in government reservations.

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Native American Cultures - Facts, Regions & Tribes

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Native Americans, also known as American Indians and Indigenous Americans, are the indigenous peoples of the United States. By the time European adventurers arrived in the 15th century A.D., scholars estimate that more than 50 million Native Americans were already living in the Americas - 10 million in the area that would become the United States.

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The president of the Confederacy during the Civil War

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The Constitution of America is part of the fundamental law of the U.S. federal law of government and a landmark document of the Western world. It includes guarantees of basic rights for citizens.

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People from all over came to the US for the rich abundance of opportunity it held.

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A western civilization that built roads and aqueducts, which stretched from Great Britain to India, before being split into two different empires.

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Some consequences for the US because of the war was increase in taxes, and the International trade was effected negatively.

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Major Ideas of the Articles of Confederation

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Major Ideas of the Articles of Confederation

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The main idea of the Articles was to create a confederation of states where each state still had sovereignty, freedom, and independence.

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A country in southeastern Europe which came before Rome, the hub of trade.

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Major Ideas of the Declaration of Independence

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Major Ideas of the Declaration of Independence

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The Declaration of Independence contains three main ideas; all men are made equal and have the right to life, the main role of government is to protect these rights, and if a government tries to withhold these rights, the people are free to revolt and set up a new government.

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The Industrial Revolution involved the transition of the US from an agrarian economy to a machine and industry economy. This took place between 1760-1630.

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This country is known for its ancient architecture, while having the oldest culture in the world, it is an orginal valley civilizations.

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A trustworthy and confident advisor with reliable sources that are true.

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Benjamin Franklin had many talents. He was a printer, publisher, author, inventor, scientist, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Other than many lives being lost during the war, there were also several major cities that got destroyed. Some examples were Berlin and Tokyo.

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Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States. He drafted the Declaration of Independence and served as the first secretary of state.

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Geoge Washington was a military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States (1789 to 1797).

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Second-hand accounts of document recordings that discusses information that was presented elsewhere.

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In 1803, under the rule of Thomas Jefferson, The US purchased a large amount of the western US from France, including South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowas, and parts of Texas, Louisiana, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Minnesota, and North Dakota.

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American helped their allies during the war and provided military supplies. They entered the war in 1941.

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John Adams was the first vice president and second president of the United States. He was an advocate of American independence.

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First-hand account made by people or things in that time or event.

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A series of events put in order by the date they occurred.

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The American Revolution was caused by a series of events through colonial opposition to British attempts to gain control over the colonies.

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WW2 began on September 1, 1939 and ended on September 2, 1945. It began when the Germans invaded Poland.