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The three social determinants I have chosen from the World Health Organisation regarding migrants/refugees in Australia are housing, unemployment and job insecurity, and education. (World Health Organisation, 2023).

Housing:
Migrants and refugees find it very hard to find a secure house. Their only source of income is provided from Centrelink and they would have no previous rental history in Australia. This makes it hard to be able to afford a house in Australia. Language barriers also have a massive impact on renting a house.

Unemployment and job insecurity:
Migrants and refugees find it hard to find a job in Australia due to the lack of time. As they would want a job as soon as they come over, most jobs in Australia take time to process which delays the wait time for the migrant/refugee. As they would be living off Centrelink, this can make it really hard to support a family or an individual.
Education:
Migrants and refugees find it hard to get into schools, there are several reasons for this including, language barrier, and low or no income. These impact the migrants and refugees due to English not being their first language, some schools don't offer a program to teach international students the English language.

World Health Organisation. (2023). Social determinants of health. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

‌Help great families find a place to call home. (2022). Australian Red Cross . https://www.redcross.org.au/migration/help-great-families-find-a-place-to-call-home/#:~:text=Stable%20housing%20is%20the%20key
Intentions alone not enough to succeed in refugee employment. (n.d.). The University of Sydney. Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2023/05/01/intentions-alone-not-enough-to-succeed-in-refugee-employment.html#:~:text=All%20of%20the%2035%20interviewed

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Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS. (2019).

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For me, the most relevant aspect of competency standard 12.1  was to be culturally aware. As a nurse, you have to respect everyone's beliefs, values, and their culture. I have improved my understanding of standard 12.1 by understanding other cultures and beliefs to know what is right and wrong in their culture. After learning about this I now know how important it is to widen your understanding as a nurse of all the different cultures your patients might have. I now feel that I am more capable of caring for my patients who have different cultures and beliefs.

Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS. (2019). https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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A Xanthorrhoea, otherwise known as a Grass tree is a native Australian pant. The Xanthorrhoea is known as a Balga in the Aboriginal culture, this means Black Boy. The Aboriginal's named it Balga after a bush fire that ravaged the land.

Florist Sydney - Flowers Sydney - Florists Sydney. (n.d.). Florist with Flowers. https://www.floristwithflowers.com.au/blog/xanthorrhoea-the-story-of-the-black-boy-plant/

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Health means to me to be physically and mentally active. Thinking about what makes you happy and physically moving by doing what you love. I feel healthy when my body is moving and my mind is clear from any negative thoughts.

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Britannica. (2019). Great Barrier Reef | Geography, Ecology, Threats, & Facts. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Barrier-Reef

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The Great Barrier Reef is a well-known Australian destination to go sightseeing. The Great Barrier Reef is located in the northeastern coast of Australia and is the longest and largest reef complex in the world. It was discovered in 1770 when Captain James Cook sailed his ship aground on it. This reef consists of around 2,100 individual reefs and 800 fringing reefs. It has more than 1,500 species of fish and other vertebrates inhabiting the reef.

Britannica. (2019). Great Barrier Reef | Geography, Ecology, Threats, & Facts. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Barrier-Reef

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Lamington's are an Australia cake made into squares. Lamington's were originated in Toowoomba, Brisbane between 1896 and 1901.

Recipe below

Ingredients:

125g butter, softened

1 cup caster sugar

1/2 tsp vanilla extract

3 eggs

1 3/4 cups self-raising flour, sifted

1/2 cup milk

2 cups desiccated coconut

icing

3 1/2 cup soft icing mixture

1/4 cup cocoa powder

1 tbsp butter, softened

1/2 cup boiling water

method
Preheat oven to 180°C/160°C fan-forced. Grease a 3cm-deep, 20cm x 30cm (base) lamington pan. Line with baking paper, leaving a 2cm overhang on all sides. Using an electric mixer, beat butter, sugar, and vanilla until light and fluffy. Add eggs, 1 at a time, beating well after each addition (mixture may curdle).

Sift half the flour over butter mixture. Stir to combine. Add half the milk. Stir to combine. Repeat with remaining flour and milk. Spoon into prepared pan. Smooth top. Bake for 30 minutes or until a skewer inserted in centre comes out clean. Stand in pan for 10 minutes. Turn out onto a wire rack. Cover with a clean tea towel. Set aside overnight.

Make icing: Sift icing sugar and cocoa into a bowl. Add butter and boiling water. Stir until smooth.

Cut cake into 15 pieces. Place coconut in a dish. Using a fork, dip 1 piece of cake in icing. Shake off excess. Toss in coconut. Place on a wire rack over a baking tray. Repeat with remaining cake, icing and coconut. Stand for 2 hours or until set. Serve.

Nutrition per serving
Makes 15, 393 calories per serve

Lamingtons. (2010, August 25). Www.taste.com.au. https://www.taste.com.au/recipes/lamingtons-2/1e80f6e8-a459-4b79-814b-cfeda0cf3116

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A history of the Lamington. (n.d.). Ferguson Plarre’s Bakehouse. https://www.fergusonplarre.com.au/blog/history-of-lamington#:~:text=So%2C%20where%20is%20the%20lamington

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AFL is a well-known sport in the Australian community. It was founded in 1896. There are 18 teams within this game and over 800 players.

Australian Football League. (2023, October 4). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League#:~:text=The%20AFL%20competition%20currently%20consists

‌Australian Football League. (2020, July 13). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League

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Block, A. J. (2015, October 28). What is a didgeridoo (the droning Aboriginal Australian wind instrument)? Didge Project. https://www.didgeproject.com/free-didg

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A didgeridoo is an instrument made from hollow wood. The first didgeridoo was played by the Aboriginal people in northern Australia about 40,000 years ago.

Block, A. J. (2015, October 28). What is a didgeridoo (the droning Aboriginal Australian wind instrument)? Didge Project. https://www.didgeproject.com/free-didgeridoo-lessons/what-is-a-didgeridoo/

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Ballarat is a historic building located in Victoria. It started off as a sheep station which then changed to a gold mine when the first piece of gold was discovered in 1851. Over 20,000 people moved to Ballarat to make a fortune in gold mining.

Ballarat. (2023). Australianlandmarks.com.au. https://www.australianlandmarks.com.au/victoria/ballarat-landmarks-of-victoria

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Improving Healthcare in Burundi. (2020, June 19). The Borgen Project. https://borgenproject.org/healthcare-in-burundi/‌

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Principle health issues that refugees face

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Principle health issues that refugees face

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Burundi is one of the poorest countries in East Africa located in the Great Lakes region. Three common health concerns listed on the Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide that are likely to present in people arriving from Burundi are malaria, hepatitis B, and tuberculosis.

Malaria:
Malaria is a fatal disease that is caused by a parasite that infects a certain type of mosquito that feeds on humans. One treatment that is available to refugees from Burundi who have tested positive is artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). This is a combination of one or more drugs that work against the malaria parasite.

Hepatitis B:
Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection. One treatment that is available to refugees from Burundi who has tested positive is an antiviral drug to clear all the symptoms. They can also avoid alcohol as this won't help the healing of your liver.

Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis is a serious infection that affects your lungs. One treatment that is available to refugees from Burundi who have tested positive is an isoniazid INH in combination with three other drugs, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.

Improving Healthcare in Burundi. (2020, June 19). The Borgen Project. https://borgenproject.org/healthcare-in-burundi/

Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/

The World Bank. (2021, October 7). Overview. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/burundi/overview#1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, March 13). CDC - Malaria - FAQs. Www.cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html#:~:text=Malaria%20is%20a%20serious%20and
Mayo clinic. (2018). Malaria - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. Mayoclinic.org; MAYO CLINIC. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351190

‌Mayo Clinic. (2017). Hepatitis B - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. Mayoclinic.org. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366821
Mayo Clinic. (2021, April 3). Tuberculosis - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

‌American Lung Association. (2022, November 17). Diagnosing and Treating Tuberculosis. Www.lung.org. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/tuberculosis/treating-and-managing#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20treatment%20for

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