# data[].attributes.body
Catalina experiences some despair over choosing not to have children, but is otherwise content with her life choices and achievements. She retires to a loving, companionate relationship with her husband, and maintains her small social network. She walks every morning with friends, goes to Mass every week, reads, and gardens.

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Catalina retires at age 65, but she seeks bridge employment and moves into a related, but less demanding job. She teaches nursing classes and tutors nursing students at a local college

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Hispanic Americans perceive family ties to be more important than young adults of other ethnicities. Non-Hispanic Americans leave their family of origin in early adulthood, but Hispanic Americans tend to incorporate their family into their daily lives. Catalina’s extensive kin networks are a major source of social support, and the frequent interaction with her family develops special mentoring relationships.

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Catalina personalizes the Catholic religion she was raised with and takes on the responsibility of its practice. Her family places value on caring and academic achievement, and combined with her type A personality, influenced her to go into nursing. Catalina’s husband has a secure attachment, and she is able to earn a secure attachment through this relationship.

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Adolescents in immigrant families often feel caught between the culture of their parents and that of their new homes. Immigrant teens may feel as though their parents are excessively preventing them from fitting in with their peers.

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Minority teenagers develop the typical sense of individual identity that sets them apart from others, but also an ethnic identity. Ethnic identity includes self-identification as a member of their specific group, commitment to that group and its values and attitudes, and attitudes about the group to which they belong. The unexamined ethnic identity stage includes recognizing negative images and common stereotypes from the wider culture. With the cognitive ability to reflect and interpret, the adolescent becomes keenly aware of how his own group is perceived by the majority. The ethnic identity search is typically instigated by an ethnically significant experience, in some cases prejudice. The adolescent begins to compare his ethnic group to others and arrives at his own judgments. The ethnic identity achievement stage is marked by having developed strategies for solving conflicts between the competing demands of the dominant culture and those of their ethnic group, such as developing one identity for the dormant group and a second for their ethnic group. The bicultural orientation of the last stage is correlated with higher self-esteem, better relations with both groups.

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Sudden deaths correlate with more intense grief responses, and adolescents are already prone to prolonged grief, specifically regarding the death of a sibling. In response, Catalina’s insomnia worsened and she experienced intrusive, emotionally intense thoughts about her brother. Her acquired skill of abstract thinking allowed her to question if she could’ve prevented his death and she felt excessive guilt. She became very jealous when Carlos was born and sometimes wished he wasn’t born. For a while, she became obsessed with negative thoughts about people and felt compelled to think at least three positive thoughts to compensate, so they would not die.

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Although Catalina has much love for her brother, this event amplifies her type A personality and perfectionistic tendencies. You would not be able to detect her distress due to her avoidant attachment style and proclivity to retreat inward.

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Mom’s postpartum depression resulted in insecure attachment. Catalina’s mother did her best, but was unable to attune to Catalina’s attachment needs in the way that Catalina needed. Catalina exhibits an avoidant attachment style, however she pursues social acceptance through achievement and perfectionism rather than aggression.

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Catalina Maria Garcia was born in 2023 on August 14th in Mexico City at hospital Medica Sur at 4:28 a.m. She is described by her peers as an intelligent and witty woman with a heart of gold. Catalina spent her career as a nurse at the Medica Sur hospital, the same one at which she was born. She was dedicated to her job, her husband, and her family. At the age of 82, she passed away due to being struck by lightning. She died a painless death. Catalina is survived by her husband Antonio Ramirez. Her dying wishes were to be cremated and have a celebration of life instead of a funeral.

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Catalina being an older child means that she is more likely to experience sadness following the death of Carlos. Most children of deceased siblings understand their deaths and attend their funerals. He passed away while choking on a carrot, his favorite food.

(Brooten, & Youngblut, 2017; Gutiérrez et al., 2020)

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85 to Death

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The adult must accept their life and imminent death. Love in older marriages is more companionate than romantic or consummate. Siblings provide emotional support, sharing history and past experiences. Older adults remain sexually active and may be more sexually adventurous. Only 20% of elder abuse cases are reported, 2%-10% are abused by family members or workers in elder-care facilities. Relationships with adult children are not necessary to life satisfaction and are subject to role prescriptions. Contact decreases between grandparents as grandchildren become adults. Reminiscence therapy groups prepare elders for death, improving quality of life in depression and cognitive functioning in dementia.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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In Vaillant’s career consolidation stage, individuals need to be happy with the career choices. In the keeper of meaning stage, the focus is preserving cultural institutions and values that appear useful to the next generation. Personality tends to mellow out, building resiliency. Relationship stability is maintained through “skilled diplomacy,” a partner directly confronting their spouse about an issue and then repairing the rupture. Parents are typically relieved when adult children leave home, they are planning retirement and their own parents are requiring more assistance. Grandparenting relationships are satisfying and range in contact from remote (infrequent), companionate (frequent), to involved

(Boyd & Bee,2014)

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In late adulthood, disability rates increase dramatically as elders get older. The brain's processing abilities begin to slow drastically as vision becomes even more impaired at night and the pupil has has more difficulty responding to rapid changes in brightness. Older men experience greater loss of odor sensitivity than women. Hearing loss is higher among men as well. Tinnitus (persistent ringing) could be caused by the difference in exposure to noise. Current theorists believe that the explanation of aging lies in basic cellular processes, which appear to change with age in specific ways that reduce the efficiency of cellular functioning.

(Boyd & Bee,2014)

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Women in middle adulthood experience menopause or climacteric. In men, although rates vary, the onset of climacteric is extremely gradual. Despite these changes, middle age adults continue to be sexually active. Loss of calcium from the bones results in reduced bone mass and more brittle and porous bones. Conditions known as presbyopia and prebycusis define vision and hearing loss . Risk of disease increases, particularly for women, although they  live longer.

(Boyd & Bee,2014)

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Forgetfulness becomes frequent with age. Researchers see a significant change in short-term and working memory capacity This type of memory describes the limitation on the number of items a person can retain in their memory at once. The four main changes in the brain during the adult years include a reduction of brain weight, a loss of gray matter, a decline in the density of dendrites, and slower synaptic speed. During this age, Alzheimer's disease (dementia) starts to appear very slowly. It begins with subtle memory difficulties, repetitive conversation, and disorientation in unfamiliar settings.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Middle-aged adults brains have a difficult time finding just the right neurological tool to carry out a particular function and so it activates more tools than necessary. Memory function is difficult because it declines steadily. Some functions improve, such as verbal abilities,  while others start declining, such as schematic and encoding processes.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Erikson's Generativity-vs-Stagnation Stage says that the conflict of this stage is to acquire a sense of Generativity. Adults in the stage try to resolve this conflict through their careers or by providing for children or grandchildren. Those who have a good sense of Generativity feel the least burdened by caring for their own parents as they age.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Catalina gets a pay raise at her job as a Nurse. Since job satisfaction is at an all time high during Middle Adulthood, Catalina happily works at her job until age 65. Because of her pay raise, she is able to retire with little financial worries.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Middle adulthood ages: 40-65
Late adulthood: 65-75
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Middle adults focus on leaving a legacy via the younger generation. The Big Five traits, openness, extraversion, and neuroticism decline, while agreeableness and conscientiousness increase. As the “sandwich generation,” multigenerational caregivers assist and maintain family relationships of generations above and below them. Women unhappily married feel free to divorce once their children are out of the house. Work satisfaction is at its peak, performance remains high, but career transitions can cause negative emotions.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Young adults must achieve intimacy without losing their sense of self. People with similar personality traits and values tend to be drawn to one another. Early adults are more reliant on their spouse or partner than their parents. The Gottmans categorized types conflict management that identify whether or not a marriage will be successful. Adults usually pick jobs at the same social class or education level as their parents, aligned with their family’s values.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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IQ in Middle Adulthood stays relatively the same. The processing of mental images is just as efficient as an Early Adult brain. During Middle Adulthood, job satisfaction is at its peak. Most people are comfortably settled into their careers at this stage. Creative thinking peaks at around age 40, and then begins to slowly decline during the 50's.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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In middle adulthood-  Vision changes occur from 40 to 65. These changes include the lens of the eye thickening resulting in poorer or near sighted vision and more sensitivity to glare (Schachar, 2010). Hearing changes occur that include the loss of ability to hear high and low tones. Muscle changes consist of loss of muscle tissue , particularly in “fast twitch” fibers used for bursts of strength or speed. Skin shows and increase in wrinkles and height is affected as well because of compression of disks in the spine.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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IQ stays relatively stable during this stage. Postformal Thought applies to the way information is processed in Early Adulthood. Adults start to learn where they fit into place in their careers at this stage. As adults age, spirituality can start to become more prevalent in their lives.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Erickson's has a stage called, "Generativity vs. Stagnation," which is relevant to this life stage. Individuals experience a conflict between generativity and stagnation. Generativity involves interest in establishing and guiding the next generation. Stagnation represents a sense of unfulfillment and lack of purpose.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Catalina meets the love of her life, Antonio Ramirez, and gets married. Taking his last name, she becomes Catalina Ramirez. This causes her social circle to become shared with her partner. She's also in a better place financially because the household now has two streams of income. The wedding is stressful for Catalina, but she is able to manage the stress with the support of her family and friends.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Sports related injuries trend upward in the 20s and 30s because most people reach their physical peak in their late teens or very early 20s and begin declining almost immediately. Gray hairs, wrinkles, and changes in changes in visual acuity begin. Health habits could change and the risk for disease could increase.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Early & Middle Adulthood Stages and Ages

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Early & Middle Adulthood Stages and Ages

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Early Adulthood ages: 18-30
Middle Adulthood ages: 40-65
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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The first brain growth spurt occurs between 13 and 15 prefrontal cortex. The second brain growth spurt is in the cerebral cortex (logic and planning), and begins at 17 and continues into early adulthood.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Naive idealism is mentally constructing an ideal world and comparing the real world to it. Adolescent egocentrism is the thinking that their thoughts, beliefs, and feelings are unique. The personal fable is that one can control their life outcomes. The imaginary audience is an internalized set of standards driving certain behaviors and attitudes (Piaget & Inhelder, 1969).

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Catalina began to question if she was a good child and became a perfectionist because of her mom’s insomnia.
(Boyd & Bee,2014)

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In middle and late childhood, 6 to 12-year-olds begin to build stronger social relationships with their peers, siblings, and parents. Children at this age also begin to become more independent. The result that stems from independence is friendships. Children at this age who have best friends are more likely to build positive relationships with other peers as well as a better understanding of how others behave (Damon, 1977, 1983; Selman, 1980).
(Boyd & Bee,2014)

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Cognitive Domain IQ-Language-Development of Mind

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Cognitive Domain IQ-Language-Development of Mind

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Parental attunement and involvement and a formal preschool education correlate with higher IQ, and IQ scores strongly correlate to school performance. Reaction range is the IQ range determined by one’s genes, and the environment determines exactly where in that range (within 20 points) the IQ will fall. Children begin to focus on categorical words. During this period, children learn approximately 10 words a day.Children have a developed theory of mind and understand that other people’s actions are based on their own representation of reality, which may or may not be accurate.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Piaget’s formal operational stage emphasizes the ability to apply cognitive operations to abstract ideas. Systematically problem solving involves finding a solution by testing one variable at a time. Hypothetico-deductive reasoning is deriving conclusions from hypothetical propositions.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Relationships: The parent-child relationship in Adolescence is based upon the want for autonomy, but also the want for a sense of relatedness
Work: Many Adolescents start working part-time during this period.
Drugs: Drug use is more common during the Adolescence stage than any stage prior. Drugs taken during this stage have can profound effects on the developing brain.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Female:
1. No change except for some elevation of the nipple.
2. Breast bud stage: elevation of the breast and the nipple as a small mound.
3. Breast and areola are both enlarged and elevated more than in stage 2.
4. The areola and nipple form from a secondary mound projecting above the contour of the breast.
5. Mature stage. Only the nipple projects, with the areola, recessed to the general contour of the breast.
(Marshall & Tanner, 1986).

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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An adolescent may grow 3 to 6 inches a year for several years. Girls attain most of their height by 16, and boys by 18-20. Female puberty consists of the development of breasts, public hair, menarche, and sexual behavior. Male puberty consists of development of the testes, scrotum, and penis, in addition to spermarche, pubic hair, and sexual behavior before reaching the peak of the growth spurt (Tanner, 1990).

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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During the Adolescence stage of life, the further development of fine motor skills are from playing musical instruments, sports, and learning to drive a car.
Because of the development in Gross Motor skills during this stage, Adolescents will see increased physical strength,better endurance, and hand-eye coordination (Tanner, 1990).
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Catalina's baby brother was born!!! Her parents named him Carlos.
Catalina was very excited and nervous to meet her baby brother. Although she loves him very much, she is not used to having a sibling so she does become jealous. (Boyd & Bee,2014)

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Between childhood and adulthood: Advancements in
Puberty,  Sexuality, and Sensation seeking.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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After Puberty starts, the height of adolescents increase by 8 centimeters per year on average. Between ages 13 to 18, the average weight of an adolescent doubles (Tanner, 1990).
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Physical Domain: Middle and Late Childhood

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Physical Domain: Middle and Late Childhood

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Two major growth spurts occur in the brain during this stage. The spurts consist of new synapses forming and an increase in the thickness of the cerebral cortex. The spurt occurring at age 6-8 is in the sensory and motor regions of the brain. The spurt occurring at age 10-12 is in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, responsible for attention (Spreen, Risser, & Edgell, 1995).  (Boyd & Bee,2014)

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Children become better able to move their bodies with greater skill and precision, also known as fine motor function (Tanner, 1990).
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Cognitive Domain: Middle Childhood And Late Childhood 

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Cognitive Domain: Middle Childhood And Late Childhood 

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By age 5 or 6 virtually all children have mastered basic grammar and pronunciation of their first language, but they still have a fair distance to go before reaching adult levels of fluency. In the industrialized world, literacy, the ability to read and write is the focus of education in the 6 to 12 year old period (Prat-Sala, Shillcock, & Sorace, 2000; Ragnarsdottir, Simonen, & Plunkett, 1999).
(Boyd & Bee, 2014).

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Middle & Late childhood Age, Height, and Weight

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Middle & Late childhood Age, Height, and Weight

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Middle childhood and late childhood ages from 6 to 12 years old. A child should grow 2 to 3 inches and gain 6 pounds.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Children middle-childhood will develop increased coordination and motor ability together with greater physical strength and prolonged endurance (Gabbard, 2012). (Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Insomnia disorder comes from the mom's post-partum depression. Which causes her to have trouble falling or staying asleep.
This made Catalina’s mom more irritable and she didn’t play or interact with Catalina like she should.
(Boyd & Bee,2014)

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2-3 years old- A child can pick up small objects and can throw objects while standing.
3-4 years old- A child can catch a large ball between outstretched arms, cuts paper with scissors and: holds a pencil between thumb and fingers.
4-5 years old- A child can strike a ball with a bat; kicks and catches ball: threads beads on a string; grasps pencil properly
5-6 years old-A child can play a ball game well; threads needle and sews large stitches.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Erikson's stage of development called Initiative vs. Guilt applies to Early Childhood because it talks about the struggle of being "good" or "bad". This is because in Early Childhood, children start to explore and play with their peers as well as start to describe others as "nice" or "not nice". (p. 180-183)

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Positive- Better health, better immunization rates, and better school adjustments than their peers
Negatives- Children who attend enrichment programs typically do not show lasting gains in IQ (Brody, 1992; Kobold & Canivez, 2010).
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Children in Early Childhood can accurately define themselves as a boy or a girl. Children who are securely attached to their parents are predicted to have less behavior problems in the preschool years. In Early Childhood the skill of Group Entry is important in developing social skills and being accept my their peers. The rejection by their peers that some children face leads them to become more aggressive to gain acceptance.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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A child normally will have up to 6 or 7 cold a year with one or two gastrointestinal illnesses. To provide better sleep for a child, structure a predictable daytime routine and stick to it as close as possible, set a regular bedtime that is 8-10 hours before the desired bedtime.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Changes in height and weight happen far more slowly in the preschool years than in infancy. Each year, the child adds about 2 to 3 inches in height and 6 pounds in weight.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Ages 2 to 6 years old
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Toddlers may become more interested in learning, music and the words to songs, and be able to put puzzles together (Bayley, 1969, revised 1993 and 2006).

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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The objective self is discovered around 9-21 months, when the toddler realizes she is also an object. The toddler can now categorize herself . Toddlers begin to claim valuable objects as “mine,” and the emotions embarrassment, pride, and shame come up.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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The child understands the concept of subjective self and the social smile is observed around 2-3 months. Babies begin to identify expressed emotions and can read a stranger’s expression by 5-7 months.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Attachment Theory describes how an infant develops an internal working model from their caregiver. The first 2 years of life are a critical period for forming a close relationship with a caregiver, and the internal model becomes resistant to change by age 5.  The attachment becomes the child’s foundation and guide for all future social relationships (Bowlby, 1969).

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Infants start to develop and be creative. They start to play, explore, problem solve, and understand surroundings.

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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As an infant grows, they will experience motor skills, hearing, vision, and communication (Rose & Ruff, 1987).

(Boyd & Bee,2014)

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Toddlers can walk and start to develop muscles and senses of smell, taste, touch, sight, and hearing

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological theory describes how the interrelations of individuals and their environment comprise one's development. This theory is like a Russian nesting doll, with the individual's biology and genetics being at the center. It goes from culture, socioeconomic status, immediate community, and its broader reverberations, to the individual's own biology

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Ages: Years 1 to 3

(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Appearance- 2
Pulse- 2
Grimace- 2
Active- 2
Respiration- 1
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Appearence  2
Pulse              1
Grimmace     2
Active            1
Resperation  1
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Catalina Garcia born on August 14, 2023 at 4:28 am at Medica Sur Hospital, Mexico City. She weighed 6 lbs and 15 oz and 20 inches long.
(Boyd & Bee, 2014)

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Boyd, D., & Bee, H. (2014). Lifespan development (7th ed.) Pearson.

Brooten, D., & Youngblut, J. M. (2017). School Aged Children’s Experiences 7 and 13 Months Following a Sibling’s Death Journal of Child and Family Studies (pp. 1112-1123) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0647-7

Gutiérrez, I. T., Menendez, D., Jiang, M. J., Hernandez, I. G., Miller, P., & Rosengren, K. S. (2020). Embracing death: Mexican parent and child perspectives on death. Child development, 91(2), e491–e511.  https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13263

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It's a girl.

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It’s a girl!!!