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Regulations for the Calanques according to different seasons

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Regulations for the Calanques according to different seasons

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In April 2012, the Calanques between Marseille and La Ciotat were declared a National Park. To protect it, rules were installed such as a restricted access depending on the season and the weather conditions. For example, the regulations for the Sormiou Calanque are :

=> between 20/04/2024 and 05/05/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every day.

=> between 06/05/2023 and 31/05/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every weekend and bank holidays (8&9&10/5, 20/5).

=> between 01/06/2024 and 01/09/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every day.

=> between 02/09/2023 and 29/09/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every Wednesdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays).

The rest of time access authorized.

This is essential to limit the wildfires caused in the Calanques and protect this national park.

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In the Calanques you'll find preserved nature and you'll be impressed by the variety of its coastal and marine landscape.

In April 2012, the Calanques between Marseille and La Ciotat were declared a National Park. Calanques are a fragile natural space that must be protected.
Because of high fire risk in summer,the access is restricted by law between 1 June and 30 september.

Depends on the weather conditions :

There are four risk levels during this period: green and yellow access is authorised, and red access banned when wind and risq of fire are very strong.

The risk level varies according to weather conditions and is declared daily at 6 pm for the following day.
The information is available on the official helpline, tel (+33) 8 11 20 13 13, in English as well as in French and published on the Bouches du Rhône regional website (in French only): www.bpatp.paca-ate.fr

From april to september access to the roads of Sormiou and Morgiou are reglemented:

Reglementation Sormiou Calanque:

=> between 20/04/2024 and 05/05/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every days.
=> between 06/05/2023 and 31/05/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every week-ends and bank holidays (8&9&10/5, 20/5).
=> between 01/06/2024 and 01/09/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every days.
=> between 02/09/2023 and 29/09/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every wednesdays, fridays, saturdays and sundays).

The rest of time access autorized.

Reglementation Morgiou Calanque:

=> between 20/04/2024 and 05/05/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every days.
=> between 06/05/2023 and 31/05/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every week-ends and bank holidays (8&9&10/5, 20/5).
=> between 01/06/2024 and 01/09/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every days.
=> between 02/09/2023 and 29/09/2024: Access forbidden for all motor vehicles between 7h and 19h00 every wednesdays, fridays, saturdays and sundays).

The rest of time access autorized.

It is always possible to access these two calanques by walking during the regulated period.
The best time for climbing in the Calanques is from September to June.
Reglementation on the road between Cassis and Ciotat:

The Route des Crêtes which gives access to the cliffs between Cassis and La Ciotat is likely to be closed to all motorized vehicles in the event of high winds all year round.
Between April 28 and September 29, 2024 it will also be systematically closed every Sunday regardless of weather conditions and will be accessible only to cyclists and pedestrians. A bus system is set up from the Gorguettes car park in Cassis.

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In the Calanques you'll find preserved nature and you'll be impressed by the variety of its coastal and marine landscape. There are four risk levels during this period: green and yellow access is authorised, and red access banned when wind and risq of fire are very strong.

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Wildfire2024 is a biannual conference held in the UK, focusing on wildfires. This event brings together delegates, sponsors, industry experts, scientists, and thought leaders from around the world.

It objective is to fight against forest fires and find long-term solutions; the conferences have a theme that changes every year in order to explore the different problems linked to wild fires

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Regulations in the Calanques due to the weather

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Regulations in the Calanques due to the weather

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In case of a bad weather day, called a “red day”,  there are a few rules installed to protect the national parks around Marseille :

The access to the Calanques National Park is forbidden by land.

The "route des Crêtes" is closed.

The visit by boat remains possible but going on land is strictly forbidden.

The visit of the Frioul archipelago remains possible.

These rules are installed to ensure that no fires are created in the calanques because, with the bad weather, the fire could spread quickly and ravage the park.

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Every year, from June 1st to September 30th, access to the Bouches-du-Rhône forest areas is regulated by prefectural decree in order to protect visitors and nature from the fire risk. Every day, between 5:00 pm and 6:00 pm, the prefectural services evaluate and communicate the state of the fire risk for each forest for the next day. In case of red risk, the access to the massifs is forbidden.

Concerning the Calanques National Park, in case of a "red day" (journée rouge):

The access to the Calanques National Park is forbidden by land.

The "route des Crêtes" is closed.

The visit by boat remains possible but any landing is strictly forbidden.

The visit of the Frioul archipelago remains possible.

To know the conditions of access in real time:

download the application "My Calanques"

or go to the dedicated page of the website of the Prefecture (the Calanques are concerned by the massifs Calanques, Cap Canaille and Grand Caunet).

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Every year, from June 1st to September 30th, access to the Bouches-du-Rhône forest areas is regulated by prefectural decree in order to protect visitors and nature from the fire risk. Every day, between 5:00 pm and 6:00 pm, the prefectural services evaluate and communicate the state of the fire risk for each forest for the next day.

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This video explains the causes of the Australian fires and gives several key figures for these situations.

- 12.35 M acres of wood was burned => Twice the size of Belgium!!

- Flames have been recorded at more than 65M altitude => More than the size of the Sydney Opera House

- People died there and homes were devastated, the population was forced to move

- Millions of animals were injured but above all dead...

The fires have no particular location, they are ravaging everywhere, and the weather doesn't help that!

Climate change is increasing the risk of fire, “the worst is yet to come” as the video tells us...

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Bushfires in Australia: What ignited the deadly crisis

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Wild fires are extremely dangerous for the environment but it is not the only issue, it is also a risk for health. Indeed the web site world health organization explains that it has various risks ; property, human mortality, dangerous products and gaz due to the fires. It's causing important problems to populations living in the fragile zones.

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This website has 4 parts

-How do wildfires and bushfires start ?

-Natural causes of wildfires

-Human-induces wildfires

-How can we solve the « wildfire pandemic »

It explore the different causes of the wildfires and help us to find real solutions to solve the problems like to prevent human-induces fires that can be avoided with simple mesures. For example the calanques are closed when it's too dry or if there's too much wind .

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In recent years, stories of widespread wildfires are impossible to miss in climate change-related news. Unprecedented fires have destroyed millions of hectares of land, displaced hundreds of thousands of people, and eliminated entire habitats across the world. We take a look at -what causes wildfires and what we can do to prevent them. You might also like: Top 12 Largest Wildfires in History
Even if you don't closely follow the news, you would have heard of the unprecedented and record-breaking fires that have hit several regions across the globe in recent years. Between 2019 and 2021, immense wildfires burned down more than 1 million hectares of land , killed nearly 3 billion animals in southeastern Australia , and took hundreds of buildings down across the US state of California .

As we reflect on the consequences of these extreme events and study solutions to mitigate their impact and prevent them from happening on such a large scale, it is important that we understand what causes wildfires in the first place.

How Do Wildfires and Bushfires Start?

The risk of a fire developing is driven by three main factors:

1. Dry fuel such as leaves, grass, branches, and other organic materials

2. Oxygen in the air

3. Heat to ignite and burn

The latter can be a natural event, such as lightning strikes or spontaneous ignition, or it can be directly linked to human activities, such as vehicle fires, cigarette butts, or campfires. But what are the most common ignition sources of wildfires around the world?

Natural Causes of Wildfires

Lightning is the most common ignition source that causes the vast majority of wildfires. There are two types of lightning: cold and hot. Cold lightning is usually of short duration and thus rarely a cause of wildfires. The same cannot be said of hot lightning: currents in hot lightning have less voltage but occur for a longer period of time. Because of the intense heat it generates, hot lightning accounts for the majority of natural fires. While this natural phenomenon is completely unpredictable, adequate land management and landscape fire management planning can significantly diminish the intensity of wildfires and prevent unnecessary deaths and the displacement of people and animals.

Climate change is undoubtedly the biggest trigger of extreme lightning storms. Warmer and longer summers heat up the land surface. This, coupled with an increase in carbon emissions, causes stronger updrafts that are more likely to produce more powerful and frequent lightning. A estimates a 12% increase in the frequency of lightning strikes with every one degree Celsius increase in temperature.

In Canada's province of British Columbia , for example, hot lightning causes 60% of the region's wildfires in an average year. The devastating and record-breaking 2020 Bay Area fire that destroyed 5 million acres of land, over 10,000 structures and killed 33 people was also a consequence of lightning storms . These hit the state following two intense heat waves which saw record high temperatures all over the west coast occurring over multiple days.

As mentioned before, fuel is one of the three components needed for a wildfire to start. This often comes in the form of dry vegetation. Elevated temperatures and low winter-time precipitation often leave vegetation primed for wildfires. This was the case in California in 2021 , which experienced a 65% rise in dry vegetation in just a few months. Similarly, several parts of are characterised as a hot and dry climate and have recorded a steady decline in rainfall since 1970, making wildfires a regular occurrence. 2019 was the warmest year on record and it was accompanied by 43 extremely warm days. Not coincidentally, in the same year, the country experienced a bushfire crisis that resulted in the destruction of 11 million hectares of bush, forest, and parks in the states of New South Wales and Victoria.

Human-Induced Wildfires

Humans are also often responsible for initiating wildfires, either accidentally or intentionally. Human-related events that can ignite fires range from open burning such as campfires, equipment failure, and the malfunction of engines to debris burning, negligent discarding of cigarettes on dry grounds as well as other intentional acts of arson. The latter accounts for one of the most common causes of wildfires .

According to government sources , 40% of wildfires that affect British Columbia in an average year are human-induced. In the US, the amount is more than double, with nearly 85% of the nearly 100,000 wildland fires that affect North America every year caused by human activities, according to data from the National Park Service . Here, man-made fires have tripled the length of North America's fire seasons between 1992 and 2012, from 46 to 154 days. Over the 21-year study period, the major causes were debris burning and arson, while campfires and fireworks were responsible for 'only' 5% of fires. Furthermore, an of more recent California fires found that human-sparked wildfires are more extreme and destructive than nature-induced ones as they move more than twice as fast, spreading about 1.83 kilometres per day.

How Can We Solve the 'Wildfire Pandemic'?

While almost all human-made wildlife fires are preventable, predicting Mother Nature is more complicated. However, every action to mitigate climate change and slow down global warming can effectively reduce the risk of extreme weather events such as lightning strikes and thus decrease the chances of wildlife fires. Furthermore, steady temperatures and rainfall can drastically reduce the amount of dry vegetation.

Concretely, countries around the world are passing policies to regulate land management. In January 2022, the Biden administration announced a multibillion-dollar plan to make forests more resilient and reduce the risk of wildfires on up to 20 million hectares of land near vulnerable communities. The US government plans to do so by using thinning and intentional burning to restore forests and make them fire-adaptive . The move came after the Trump administration cut funding to research into the issue, undermining the risks of wildfires.

As the burning of vegetation related to deforestation practices is among the leading causes of wildfires, environmental laws and policies that can provide critical backstops for ecosystems at risk, including forests, are also necessary. The Deforestation Pledge of more than 100 countries at the 26th annual United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) is certainly a step in the right direction. However, promising to end deforestation is not enough. Now, countries need to step up their efforts by lining up funding and quickly strengthening forest protection laws.

Keeping fires under control is crucial if we want to preserve wildlife and vegetation and avoid undesirable health problems and diseases caused by air pollution from smoke and ash.

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Stories of wildfires are impossible to miss in climate change-related news. What causes wildfires and what can we do to prevent them?

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This site explains to future tourists the causes of the fires, what the government is putting in place, raises awareness about the biodiversity of the forests, but also reassures travelers about the security of the country and the help they could provide.

=>The government has invested millions of dollars to regain stability and save its country.

=>When the site reassures travelers, it explains that well-known places such as Melbourne, Sydney, Uluru or the Great Barrier Reef are not impacted.

=> A short paragraph also shows us the aid that the UK provides to Australia.

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Much needed rain has fallen in affected parts of the country, and along with the heroic efforts of firefighters, this has helped put the fires out. We are now well underway with recovery efforts.

Australia is susceptible to bushfires and each summer bushfires affect some parts of the country. This year's fires were more widespread and more damaging than other years, but only a part of the country was affected. Australia is resilient and is open for the unique and innovative business, travel, education and adventure only Australia has to offer.
Is it safe to visit Australia?
Yes. Australia was well-organised and well-resourced to respond to the recent bushfires and many parts of the country were unaffected. We continue to be a world-leading and safe tourism destination, whether in unaffected regions or those that will recover from these bushfires in the months and years ahead.

Many Australian destinations, including some of our most popular places-the Great Barrier Reef, Uluru, Sydney and Melbourne-were unaffected by the fires.

Travellers are encouraged to visit Australia.com for up to date advice on tourism destinations in Australia, and to speak with tourism operators and staff at local Visitor Information Centres on how best to enjoy their time in Australia.
What happened?
In total, more than 12.6 million hectares burned across Australia's south, east and west, with over 3,000 homes lost. To put this in perspective, Australia is over 760 million hectares (the same size as the continental US and 50 per cent larger than the European Union), with around 143 million hectares of forest, equivalent to 17 per cent of Australia's total land area. Visit https://www.australia.com/en/travel-alerts.html to see which destinations were impacted.

During the bushfire emergency, 33 people lost their lives, including volunteer firefighters.

The impact of the bushfires on Australia's biodiversity was significant. The Government has committed an initial $50 million to protect wildlife and support longer term protection and restoration efforts.

Each year there is a fire season during the Australian summer, with hot, dry weather making it easy for blazes to start and spread. This year's more severe fires were exacerbated by record-breaking temperatures combined with severe drought and strong winds, which made the fires and smoke spread more rapidly.

Natural causes were to blame in most instances, including from lightning strikes in drought-affected forests. Dry lightning was responsible for starting a number of fires in Victoria's East Gippsland region in late December, for example. Humans can also be to blame-with police reporting that people had been arrested and charged for deliberately starting bushfires.

How the Australian Government is responding

The Australian Government has established the National Bushfire Recovery Agency which is coordinating a national response to rebuild communities and livelihoods.

The agency's initial $2 billion recovery fund is ensuring the families, farmers and business owners hit by these unprecedented bushfires get the support they need as they recover.

Also, the broader Australian community is helping by taking holidays in affected areas and buying local produce.

We ask our friends overseas to do the same, to keep visiting our unique tourist attractions and support our communities who rely on visitors to bounce back.

While the bushfires have been severe Australia's fundamentals remain strong. Our political stability, strong legal and regulatory frameworks, highly skilled workforce and strong trade partnerships make it a safe and reliable place to invest.

We are rebuilding affected infrastructure using the most advanced technology and thinking.

Australian farmers are known for their ingenuity in the face of challenging conditions and they are already adapting to more regular, longer dry periods and fire seasons.

Trading partners can continue to have confidence in the quality and safety of Australian agriculture and food exports, which are underpinned by world class industry quality assurance and government certification arrangements.

On wine exports, the regions affected by the fires either do not have a strong export focus or make up a very minor contribution to Australia's total exports.
The Australian Government is committed to climate action
Australia is committed to taking action on climate change now.

We invest in and accept the science, including research to help us understand and prepare for these changes.

Australia is committed to the Paris Agreement and continues to take effective and practical action to address this global challenge.

Our Paris target to reduce emissions by 26 to 28 per cent on 2005 levels by 2030 is a responsible contribution to global climate action.

We will continue to evolve our climate policies to reduce emissions, increase resilience and adapt to climate impacts.

Australia's Wildlife and Biodiversity

The Australian bushfires had a devastating impact on the environment and our native plants and animals. A preliminary analysis by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment provides an indication of the extent to which Australia's listed threatened and migratory species, both animals and plants, may have been impacted by the recent bushfires in southern and eastern Australia.

This preliminary analysis indicates 49 nationally listed threatened species have had more than 80 per cent of their known or likely range affected by the bushfires this season. There are an additional 65 species that may have had more than half of their range affected.

This does not mean all these plants and animals have been impacted in the same way. Some species are more vulnerable to fire than others. Some areas were more badly burnt than others.

We have begun the process of assessing impacts on the ground and allocating assistance.

The Australian Government has announced an initial investment of $50 million to support immediate work to protect wildlife and longer-term protection and restoration efforts following the Australian bushfires.

$25 million is being used to establish an emergency intervention fund to assist the immediate survival of affected animals and plants.

The remaining $25 million is being made available to support wildlife rescue, zoos, and conservation groups with on the ground activities.

This includes:

Up to $7 million for Natural Resource Management groups in bushfire affected areas to carry out emergency interventions including control of feral predators, other pest animals and weeds, and habitat protection measures (such as fencing and nest boxes).

Up to $7.5 million to support on-ground wildlife rescue, protection and care services.

Up to $5 million for Greening Australia to increase supply of seed and native plants for revegetation.

$1 million each for Taronga Zoo, Zoos Victoria and Zoos South Australia for emergency wildlife support to establishment of insurance populations of at-risk native animal species. This is in addition to the $3 million supporting Queensland Koala Hospitals and the $3 million for Koala habitat restoration in northern NSW and south-east Queensland.

Up to $2.5 million for Conservation Volunteers Australia to mobilise volunteers through a national coordination point.

A panel of experts, led by Threatened Species Commissioner Dr Sally Box, is advising the Government on further critical interventions required and developing a strategy to build back up animal and plant populations, ensuring their resilience into the future.

How the UK has helped Australia

Australia is grateful for the support and solidarity the UK has shown us during ongoing bushfires.

In his Australia Day remarks, the High Commissioner for Australia to the United Kingdom paid tribute to the spirit in which the United Kingdom has stood with Australia; saying:

I offer my sincere thanks to everyone in the United Kingdom who has contacted me and my office offering messages of support, condolence and solidarity.

Across the United Kingdom, there have been outpourings of support - big and small -- to support Australia and Australians. The UK Government has supported Australia in our recovery, sending a UK team in January to look at how best to assist with our recovery and how we might cooperate on managing future fire seasons.

Such help, readily offered between close friends, epitomises the enduring partnership between our two nations.

How you can help

The Australian Government is thankful for the continued offers of assistance from individuals, groups and domestic and global communities and organisations. We are grateful for how much everyone wants to help with the bushfire recovery effort. We have received a large number of offers including financial aid, firefighting support, veterinary support, defence personnel, aircraft and other specialist equipment.

Australia is well organised and well-resourced to respond, but the scale and heart-breaking impact of these bushfires is unprecedented. We welcome support from international partners in helping to spread the message that Australia remains open for business, with international visitors welcome.

The National Bushfire Recovery Agency have provided a directory of a large number of charities covering the breadth of the bushfire response. You can access that directory, here.

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Much needed rain has fallen in affected parts of the country, and along with the heroic efforts of firefighters, this has helped put the fires out. We are now well underway with recovery efforts. Australia is susceptible to bushfires and each summer bushfires affect some parts of the country.

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Thanks to all the documents and the cartography of Marseille, we can conclude that if cigarette butts are thrown into the creeks and, if we continue to make campfires, and, if we are not vigilant, fires such as those of the Australia may take place.

We are all in danger, as well as our entire city and our homes.

=>From June 1 to September 30, access to the massif is regulated by Prefectural decree due to high fire risks.

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Bushfire season threatens the entirety of Australia. It is an overly destructive phenomenon that can be difficult to contain once the fire has begun.

Although it's devastating, bushfires are intrinsic parts of the country's environment. Historical and recent fires shaped and helped the natural ecosystems evolve.

Let us look further into this matter and identify some important Australian bushfire statistics.

Bushfire Seasons Throughout the Year

In southern Australia, bushfire season peaks during autumn and summer or between December to May.

For northern Australia, bushfires peak in winter and spring or during the dry season between May and October. Lastly, the central region's bushfire season runs from August to March.

Most Catastrophic Bushfires in Australia

Major Australian bushfires occurred between 1967 and 2013 , resulting in over 8000 injuries and 433 deaths. The fatality was about 50 per cent of all deaths from significant Australian natural disasters during that period.

Over 19 million hectares burned during one of Australia's most catastrophic "Black Summer" bushfire peak seasons from 2019 to 2020. The fire destroyed many forests and bushlands, killing more than 1.25 billion animals.

New South Wales was the most affected region , with many burned areas being forest and conservation land.

According to some sources , at least 80% of the Blue Mountains and 53% of the Gondwana world heritage spots were destroyed and burned. As a result, billions of animals lost their habitats and lives.

Bushfire in the country has worsened over the years with increasing drought areas pressure on forest recovery and resilience. A confirmed climate change-driven trend has been a tool in igniting more intense bushfires.

Forest experts and managers reevaluate traditional tree recovery approaches with probable threats of future wildfires like the 2019-20 "Black Summer". Some even wonder if restoring forests is viable.

Mitigating Bushfires in Australia

Research professionals actively assess various interventions and approaches to produce trees and plants with fire-resilient trees. However, such initiatives have a long way to go.

In the case of bushfires, suppression and containment activities are a must to protect life and property. Firefighting is an emergency action taken to stop or suppress bushfires.

On the other hand, preventive actions are essential in reducing the severity of bushfires before they even happen. Fire prevention includes tree management activities , tree trimming and removal .

Conclusion

Bushfires are devastating incidents that can result in loss of life, property damage, environmental destruction and economic losses.

Knowing some compelling bushfire statistics helps us understand which approach to take in order to lessen the potential impacts of fires.

Don't let your home or commercial property suffer from destructive bushfires. Make sure you do your part in preventing bushfires.

If you need professional assistance, you can get in touch with Trees Down Under at any time of day. We can help you deal with all tree-related concerns!

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Australian Bushfire Statistics 2022 - Trees Down Under

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Bushfire season threatens the entirety of Australia. It is an overly destructive phenomenon that can be difficult to contain once the fire has begun. Although it's devastating, bushfires are intrinsic parts of the country's environment. Historical and recent fires shaped and helped the natural ecosystems evolve.

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The Calanques website is very clear and gives us some “good gestures”:

=> I don’t do campfires, bivouacs, camping or caravanning, and I don’t use camper gas.

=> I do not burn my waste or my cut plants.

=> I comply with the Legal Obligations to Clear Brush to protect myself if I live in a risk area.

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Lutter contre le feu dans les Calanques

Situé en zone périurbaine et soumis à un climat aride et à une forte fréquentation, le Parc national est particulièrement exposé au risque d'incendie.

Les feux de forêt dans les Calanques

Les feux de forêt constituent un danger majeur pour les habitants et usagers du Parc national des Calanques et de ses alentours. S'agissant des écosystèmes, leur répétition est dévastatrice pour l'environnement, fragilisant considérablement la faune, la flore et les sols. Le site de Luminy - La Gineste a ainsi connu plusieurs incendies en 1979, 1990 et 2016. En 2016, près de 300 hectares du territoire du Parc national ont brûlé.

Lutter contre les incendies

Dans le but d'en réduire le risque et d'améliorer les dispositifs de lutte contre les incendies, différentes actions sont mises en œuvre sur le territoire du Parc national par diverses structures engagées : les services de l'État, le Bataillon des marins pompiers de Marseille (BMPM), le Service départemental d'incendie et de secours (SDIS 13), l' Office national des forêts (ONF), le département des Bouches-du-Rhône et les communes de Marseille, Cassis et La Ciotat, les Comités Communaux Feux de Forêt et Réserves Communales de Sécurité Civile. Ces partenaires gèrent la forêt, débroussaillent certains espaces, aménagent des pistes, posent des citernes, assurent une surveillance des sites ainsi que la lutte sur les feux.

Le Parc national quant à lui s'implique fortement dans la réduction du risque d'incendie. Il accompagne les partenaires pour que leurs projets soient mis en cohérence avec les enjeux de biodiversité, informant les usagers du niveau de danger, de la réglementation et des bons gestes à adopter, à l'aide de ses supports de communication, de sa signalétique et de ses agents de terrain. Ces derniers assurent des missions de surveillance et de police de l'environnement. Les contrevenants risquent des amendes allant de 135 à 1 500€.

Le plan massif : protéger les forêts contre l'incendie

La charte du Parc national des Calanques identifie la réduction du risque incendie comme l'un des cinq grands défis du territoire. Le plan massif formalise donc, avec la Métropole, les communes et les partenaires de la DFCI cités plus haut, une stratégie de protection facilitant la réalisation et l'entretien des aménagements structurants nécessaires, en mettant à disposition des moyens d'ingénierie pour conduire ces travaux avec l'ensemble des acteurs.

Bons gestes et réglementations

Je respecte les interdictions d'accès au Parc national du 1er juin au 30 septembre lors des jours classés " rouge ".

Je ne fume pas (cigarette ou chicha) et je ne jette aucun mégot dans la nature ni à pied ni depuis un véhicule.

Je ne fais ni feu de camp ni bivouac ni camping ni caravaning, et je n'utilise pas de camping-gaz.

Je ne brûle pas mes déchets ou mes végétaux coupés.

Je procède aux Obligations Légales de Débroussailler pour me protéger si je suis habitant d'une zone à risque (voir plus haut).

Si je suis témoin d'un incendie, j'appelle les pompiers au 112 ou au 18, je me mets en sécurité, dos au vent, je ne me dirige pas vers la source de fumée ou du feu.

La végétation méditerranéenne et le feu

Éliminant les espèces les moins résistantes, le feu a contribué à modeler les communautés végétales. Autrefois, il était utilisé par les bergers et les paysans pour débroussailler les terres et ouvrir des espaces pour leurs troupeaux et leurs champs. Aujourd'hui, il est bien plus souvent le fruit de la négligence et de l'imprudence humaine. En Méditerranée, 95% des incendies sont d'origine humaine. Deux feux sur trois sont accidentels. L'abandon des activités agro-pastorales et le réchauffement climatique augmentent ce risque d'incendie. La végétation méditerranéenne y est particulièrement sensible. Il faut plusieurs siècles à la forêt méditerranéenne pour évoluer naturellement vers la chênaie, stade où elle atteint son équilibre. Mais lorsqu'elle est touchée par les flammes, la forêt doit recommencer le processus à zéro.

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Lutter contre le feu dans les Calanques Situé en zone périurbaine et soumis à un climat aride et à une forte fréquentation, le Parc national est particulièrement exposé au risque d'incendie. Les feux de forêt constituent un danger majeur pour les habitants et usagers du Parc national des Calanques et de ses alentours.

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SYDNEY - Not long after Jack Egan's home burned down during Australia's "Black Summer" wildfires a year ago, he made a life-changing decision.

At 60, Egan quit his job so he could spend his days campaigning for stronger action on climate change, a national and global challenge he said was "akin to a war."

"I was working quite happily in aged care ... but the fires caused me to devote the rest of my life to volunteer on climate action. I took an early retirement and that's what I do full time now," he said.

Egan, whose property in Rosedale on the country's south-east coast has still not been rebuilt, recalled how "the fires had a behavior that was new to Australia, or new to me at least ... and the length of the fires - months - was really shocking."

February marks one year since Australia's catastrophic wildfire season started to ease, after leaving 34 people dead and torching at least 18 million hectares of land (nearly 44.5 million acres). It was, in the words of one state premier, "the most devastating natural disaster in living memory."

For Egan, it has been a year not only of recovery, but also of action. He spreads the word on "climate solutions and the benefits therein" around small, regional communities and was part of a delegation of survivors that took the remnants of their charred homes to Australia's Parliament House, urging politicians to do more.

"It [the Australian government] is doing as little as possible, as little as they can get away with," Egan said. "I feel ashamed of our country as it's allowed some sort of short-term cynical politics to prevent proper climate action."

Despite a chorus of scientists saying climate change is contributing to longer and more intense wildfire seasons, Prime Minister Scott Morrison refused to introduce any major climate measures after the disaster. Mass protests were held across the country calling for tougher climate action, but Morrison remained unmoved.

Morrison leads a conservative coalition government, which has been in power since 2013. His government's track record on climate includes repealing the country's carbon tax and Morrison famously bringing a lump of coal into Parliament, saying, "Don't be scared, it won't hurt you."

The prime minister's office did not respond to requests for comment.

Morrison has acknowledged the threat of climate change and routinely defends a "sensible" response. As part of the Paris climate agreement, his government committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions by at least 26 percent by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.

But climate advocacy groups say much stronger commitments are needed, especially as Australia has one of the world's highest per capita levels of emissions and is among the biggest fossil fuel exporters.

"We know very clearly the Black Summer fires were fueled by climate change and that Australia has to play a much bigger part in addressing its contribution to that problem," Simon Bradshaw of the Climate Council, an advocacy group, said. "But we haven't seen the federal government do anything further to actually tackle the root cause of the climate crisis."

"We've seen the government refuse to strengthen its 2030 emissions reduction targets," Bradshaw added, " ... and also refuse to commit to achieving net zero emissions by 2050 or earlier. At this point, we're pretty much alone among developed countries having refused to do either of those things."

More than 100 countries have set net zero targets. This week, Morrison went as far as saying that net zero emissions by 2050 would be "preferable." But when pressed for specifics, he said, "When I can tell you how we get there, that's when I'll tell you when we're going to get there."

In the meantime, the research group Climate Action Tracker rates the government's response as "insufficient."

As a political battle around climate change is being fought in Australia, the country is also counting the cost of the wildfires on its flora and fauna.

Basha Stasak, the nature program manager at the Australian Conservation Foundation, said the disaster "really hit all swaths of the animal world."

"It's estimated that 3 billion animals were killed or displaced by the bushfires last summer," Stasak said. "This includes really iconic species that are known around the world, like the koala, which lost an estimated 30 percent of its habitat in New South Wales."

A report by WWF-Australia found that more than 60,000 koalas were affected by the infernos, which it called "a deeply disturbing number for a species already in trouble."

There is slightly better news when it comes to Australia's flora.

Patrick Norman, an ecologist at Griffith University and a researcher with the Bushfire Recovery Project, said most Australian forests have adaptations in order to survive fire.

"[Many forests] are recovering how they should, and are responding particularly well after a La Niña year, which has been excellent. Most of the areas impacted had a good, high amount of rainfall in 2020."

But he said some subalpine areas in New South Wales and Victoria, along with wetter forests in northern New South Wales were not recovering as well due to the especially brutal fire conditions.

"They [the fires] were just an enormous event," Norman said. "It's definitely scary looking into the future, at a further warming climate. We're only just starting to see the impacts now."

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One year since Australia's devastating wildfires, anger grows at climate change 'inaction'

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SYDNEY - Not long after Jack Egan's home burned down during Australia's "Black Summer" wildfires a year ago, he made a life-changing decision. At 60, Egan quit his job so he could spend his days campaigning for stronger action on climate change, a national and global challenge he said was "akin to a war."

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L’incendie près de Marseille, parmi les plus dévastateurs de ces dernières années

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L’incendie qui touche le nord de Marseille a détruit plus de 3.000 hectares de garrigue, faisant de ce feu l’un des plus importants de ces dernières années en France métropolitaine.

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Those pictures prove the fact that there are wild fires in every continent and that it affects the whole world .

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The 14th of September 2018, two hectares of the Mouine calanque were burnt because of a bivouac fire. There were no deaths recorded but the biodiversity got severely damaged. La Mounine is home to exceedingly rare and internationally protected plants, such as the Marseille astragalus. These fragile plants, which grow closer to the coast, grow slowly and are less likely to grow back after the fire has passed.

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Le 14 septembre 2018, deux hectares de la calanque de la Mounine étaient victimes d'un incendie causé par un feu de bivouac. Par chance, aucune perte humaine et matérielle n'a été déplorée cette fois... les conséquences sur la biodiversité sont en revanche importantes. Les agents du Parc national se sont rendus sur place pour dresser un premier bilan de l'impact écologique. Celui-ci sera affiné dans les prochaines semaines pour étudier certaines conséquences qui ne s'observent que sur le plus long terme, tel l'impact sur les plantes de l'eau salée utilisée pour éteindre le feu.

Vous avez dit "feu de broussaille" ?

Les incendies dans les Calanques sont souvent qualifiés de " feu de broussaille ". Cette appellation relève d'une grande méconnaissance de la flore locale et sa richesse... Le secteur de la Mounine était principalement recouvert de pins d'alep " anémomorphosés ", c'est-à-dire sculptés par le vent. Ses pins étaient d'une grande beauté et participaient au caractère pittoresque des paysages de la calanque de la Mounine.

La Mounine abrite également des plantes très rares et protégées au niveau international. C'est notamment le cas de l'astragale de Marseille, du plantain à feuilles en alène, de la thymélée tartonraire et du faux statice nain. Ces plantes fragiles qui poussent au plus près du littoral, ont une croissance lente et ont moins de chance de repousser après le passage du feu.

Le feu fait-il parti du cycle naturel des Calanques ?

Oui et non... Si les feux de forêt permettent, après leur passage, à la nature de se régénérer et se diversifier, leur multiplication est en revanche très néfaste. Or, les Calanques sont marquées par des incendies fréquents dus à des comportements humains inappropriés. Si la fréquence des feux devient trop importante, les milieux naturels perdent leur capacité à se régénérer. D'autre part, le feu détruit l'humus et ses composantes (insectes, vers de terre, champignons) et met le sol à nu entraînant une forte érosion lors des pluies.

Quel suivi pour le site de la Mounine ?

Aucun arbre ne sera planté en remplacement afin que la nature puisse reprendre ses droits à son rythme et sous des formes les plus diversifiées possibles. Les pins seront sans doute les premiers à reconquérir le site. Un suivi scientifique particulier sera réalisé par le Parc national pour voir si les plantes les plus rares et fragiles arrivent à repousser ou se maintenir. Des actions pour favoriser leur développement seront adoptées si nécessaires.

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Retour sur l'incendie de la Mounine : premier bilan écologique

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Le 14 septembre 2018, deux hectares de la calanque de la Mounine étaient victimes d'un incendie causé par un feu de bivouac. Par chance, aucune perte humaine et matérielle n'a été déplorée cette fois... les conséquences sur la biodiversité sont en revanche importantes.