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The three processes of memory are:
1. Encoding - getting information into the memory system (Encoding can be divided into effortful encoding and automatic encoding)
2. Storage - retaining information in memory over time
3. Retrieval - getting information out of memory storage

The three different types of memory are:
1. Sensory memory - brief, initial encoding of sensory information (ex: what you see or hear) in the memory system
2. Short-term memory - part of your memory system that contains information you are consciously aware of before it is more permanently forgotten
3. Long-term memory - the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

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A short-term memory I have is of having cereal for breakfast today. Since I have breakfast every morning and it’s not that significant, I probably won’t remember my cereal long-term. The only reason I remember it now is because it happened so recently.

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A long-term memory I have is of my cross country team winning state. That was a super happy, huge moment in my life because we did something so amazing as a team. This memory sticks out to me because I was so happy that day, and it shows how hard me and my teammates have worked to achieve our goals. The memory has given me more confidence and pride in my training since.

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Another long-term memory I have is of visiting Mexico with my family last summer. It was an amazing trip with the most beautiful beaches and nature I’ve ever seen. I was able to practice speaking Spanish there, experience life in another country, and explore new places and cultures. This memory sticks out to me not only because of how fun it was, but because it was my first time out of the United States. It has made me want to continue visiting other countries and explore the world.

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I make a song out of information related to each other, or to remember lists of information. Sometimes it will be to the tune of an existing song, but most of the time I just make up a random tune.

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I like using mnemonic devices to remember sequences, lists, or facts. For example, to remember that the Platt Amendment came after the Teller Amendment (in APUSH), I remember TP, or toilet paper. It helps to remember them if they are silly or weird.

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One problem-solving strategy is an algorithm. An algorithm is a fixed set of rules or procedures that will guarantee a solution. I’ve used this strategy many times in math by using steps given to us in class to solve homework problems. This is an effective strategy especially when first learning a concept because it’s easy to follow the same steps over and over. However, later on once you know a concept better, it might be more beneficial to develop a faster strategy that doesn’t use as many steps.

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Trial and error is a different problem-solving strategy. It is randomly trying to solve a problem with no procedure or short cut. I have used this before to try and solve a Rubik’s cube, for example. I don’t have any specific strategy or plan; I just randomly switch the blocks around to see what works. Trial and error is useful when someone has no knowledge of a subject, or when there’s not a lot of time to think about how to figure something out. In some situations, it could be faster to think about it and use reasoning to get a procedure before just jumping in, especially if it’s a complex problem.

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One problem-solving obstacle is a person’s mental set. That is the tendency only to see solutions that have worked in the past. This is similar to interference, in which old or new memories hinder recall of other information. This could obstruct someone from solving a scheduling problem: a mom could have an appointment during her son’s soccer practice, so she can’t drive her son home. She always drives her son home, so she thinks she must have to cancel the appointment instead of ask someone else to drive him. In order to reduce the power of this obstacle, people can try to use divergent thinking to think of many new solutions.

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Confirmation bias is another obstacle to problem-solving. This is favoriting information that conforms to your existing beliefs and discounting evidence that does not conform. This happens a lot with people’s political opinions and fake news. For example, a generally conservative voter might have an easy time believing a story they read that says Biden (a democrat) was rude to a child. They would be very resistant to believe that Trump did something like that because he aligns with their conservative beliefs.

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My research question: is iconic (visual information) or echoic (audio information) memory more accurate, or are they the same accuracy?
To investigate this question, I would set up an experiment using a large number of and a variety of people. All of them would be given a lengthy reading, and they would be quizzed on how well they could recall the information they read or saw in pictures. (It would be long so they can’t easily remember all the information.) Then, they would have to listen to someone presenting different information (only audio, no visuals) and be quizzed on that. Whichever quiz the majority of people did better on would show that type of memory is stronger. If there is no clear pattern or majority, the conclusion would be neither memory is more accurate.

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Humans would be nowhere without memory and cognition. They are incredibly important to move forward in life, to develop skills, and to learn. We need problem-solving and thinking to help us daily, from math problems to how to make lunch to saving the world from hunger or pollution. Solving problems improves the brain’s neuroplasticity and increases the release of dopamine, which means it is beneficial in the development of the brain and stress reduction. We need memory to do the simplest of tasks, like eat or walk (which use procedural memory). Memories greatly influence people’s behaviors as well; people are more likely to do something again that had a positive outcome (a type of positive reinforcement where a behavior is followed by a desirable state). Also, using social observational learning, a person remembers behaviors they see other people do and are able to reproduce them.