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Blue: Emergence

Green: Consolidation and Maintenance

Red: Aims and Results of Policies

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-          The unification of most of the peninsula under the House of Savoy into the Kingdom of Italy.

-          Process precipitated by the Revolutions of 1848

-          Reached completion in 1871.

-          Mussolini encouraged extreme nationalism and militarism organizing Italy.

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1870: Papal States taken over by new nation of Italy

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1870: Papal States taken over by new nation of Italy

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-          September 1870

-          In early October, Italians entered the states through a plebiscite (a vote by the people of a country or a region on an issue that is very important).

-          They established a parliamentary democracy

-          Catholics fought to defend the Papal States

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1896: Failure of First Italo-Ethiopian War with the Battle of Adowa (Adwa)

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1896: Failure of First Italo-Ethiopian War with the Battle of Adowa (Adwa)

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-          1896

-          The Italians lost the battle as well as 7,000 troops.

-          The Ethiopian army outnumbered the Italian soldiers.

-          Ended with the Treaty of Addis Ababa

-          Italians won the second war in 1936.

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1911-1912: Italy invades and takes over Libya

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1911-1912: Italy invades and takes over Libya

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-          October 4, 1911 – March 11, 1912

-          Libya wasn’t claimed by another European Power, so Italy took over their territory.

-          Italy thought that putting poor people in Libya would solve their high unemployment and emigration issues.

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1914: Mussolini kicked out of Socialist Party for pro-nationalistic sentiments regarding WW I

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1914: Mussolini kicked out of Socialist Party for pro-nationalistic sentiments regarding WW I

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-          October 1914

-          Mussolini wanted Italy to join the war

-          He was expelled due to his pro-war advocacy.

-          He formed a political movement to encourage war(Fasces of Revolutionary Action)

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1914: Mussolini begins work as editor for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti

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1914: Mussolini begins work as editor for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti

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-          November 15, 1914

-          Mussolini criticized the Italian Socialist Party for not recognizing the national problems that led to the war.

-          This led to Mussolini being expelled from Austria

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-          April 26, 1915

-          Treaty between Italy and the allied forces of France, Britain, and Russia.

-          The treaty was to bring Italy into World War I

-          Italy was brought into the war.

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-          1919 – 1920

-          “Two Red Years”

-          Caused by the economic crisis after World War I (High unemployment and political instability)

-          Mas Strikes

-          Riots

-          Lootings

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-1of 4 economic battles

-propaganda campaign

-Mussolini wanted self sufficient wheat production in Italy

-Wanted Italy to be seen as a great power

-wanted to free Italy from wheat trading for cereal

-successful in increasing wheat outputs

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1926: Battle for Land and Battle for the Lira 

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1926: Battle for Land and Battle for the Lira 

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-raise claims of Italy becoming a great power

-restore Italian nationalism

-economic policies

-wanted to restore the value of a Lira

-wanted to increase the amount of land available for cereal production

-reclaimed 80,000 hectares of land from 1928-1938

The aims of these economic policies were to make the rest of the world see Italy as a great power.

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-campaign towards woman to increase the Italian population

-Italian nationalism

-1 of 4 economic battles

-seen as a failure in the long run

-peasant woman were encouraged with propaganda like posters to have more babies

Mussolini created this policy to be able to spread his agenda and create more Italian nationalism.

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-Agreement to outlaw war

-signed August 27, 1928

-Aristide Briand French statesmen

-Frank B. Kellogg American lawyer and politician

-legacy remains a chance of idealism

Policies are a chance at peace to allow Mussolini to rule. A chance to oppose opposition by trying to create peace and limit aggression between nations.

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-Feb. 11, 1929

-declared Vatican city it's own country

-signed by Mussolini and the Cardinal

Mussolini wanted to consolidate power by minimizing opposition from the Pope. Giving Vatican city to the Pope and the catholics Mussolini could keep them on his side.

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-Agreement made in Stresa Italy

-April 14, 1935

-Made with French prime minister Pierre-Étienne Flandin and British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini

-Oppose Hitler's intention to rearm Germany

-Failed due to Mussolini's shift in alliances

-Caused Hitler to become more aggressive

Mussolini created policies with alliances that best helped his powers at that time but alliances shifted due to power struggles.

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A fort in Walwal, the town at the center of the crisis

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Connection: Impact of Foreign Policy on Maintenance of Power

Dispute over the town of Walwal, caused a conflict between Italy and Ethiopian Empire. The League of Nations tried to impose economic sanctions, which resulted in Italy leaving the league.

Dates

December 6th, 1934: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia protested the Italian aggression at Walwal

September 29th, 1934: Italy and Abyssinia released a joint statement renouncing any aggression against each other

January 7th, 1935: meeting between Laval and Mussolini resulted in Franco-Italian Agreement, which helped Italy in the conflict with Ethiopia. In exchange, France hoped for Italian support against Germany

October 7th, 1935: "Riddell Incident", the League of Nations declared Italy to be the aggressor and started the imposing economic sanctions on Italy. Not all agreed to the sanctions, and they were ineffective

After 2 wars and economic sanction, Italy forcefully annexed and occupied Abyssinia.

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A postcard extolling the Rome–Berlin Axis treaty

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Connection: Aims and Impact of political policies

Coalition formed between Italy and Germany, in which they pledged to pursue common foreign policy. Mussolini gave a speech that called the agreement the "Rome-Berlin Axis".

Dates:

October 25th, 1936: Italy’s foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano informally linked the two fascist countries

1939: Formalized by Pact of Steel

Axis powers later came to include Japan as well.

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Spanish Republicans viewed Italian intervention as an invasion

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1936: Italian involvement with Spanish Civil War 

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1936: Italian involvement with Spanish Civil War 

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Connection: Impact of Foreign Policy on Maintenance of Power

Italy got involved in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Spanish Nationalists against the Second Spanish Republic. Mussolini joined the war with a desire to expand Fascist influence in the Mediterranean.

Dates:

October 24th, 1936: Italian Air Force involvement

November 2nd, 1964: Soviets Attacked Italian and German troops in Spain

Ended in 1939 with Italian Volunteers leaving after Nationalist Victory

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Connection: Impact of Foreign Policy on Maintenance of Power

The Munich Agreement concluded on September 30th, 1938, and included Nazi Germany, Great Britain, France, and Fascist Italy. Allowed Nazi Germany to invade and annex part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland. Also known as the Munich Betrayal, as France betrayed a 1925 military pact with Czechoslovakia.

Dates:

September 18th, 1938: Mussolini gave speech declaring he sides with Germany in the conflict

September 28th, 1938: Agreement was started, Hitler made sure Mussolini was involved (connects to Rome-Berlin Axis treaty)

September 30th, 1938: Agreement concluded

After this, Italy started to make demands of France, and France retaliated with threatening Naval maneuvers.

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Connection: Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

On April 7th, 1939, Italian troops invaded Albania, five months before the start of WWII. Previously, Italy occupied Albania during WWI, but was forced to pull out in 1920. Italy long deemed Albania a key strategic point to hold.

Dates:

April 7th, 1939: Invasion started

April 12th, 1939: Albanian parliament voted to depose Zog and unite the nation with Italy

April 15th, 1939: Albania withdrew from League of Nations

June 3rd. 1939: Albanian foreign ministry merged into Italian foreign ministry

Upon capturing Albania, Mussolini declared the official creation of the Italian Empire and the figurehead King Victor Emmanuel III was crowned King of the Albanians in addition to the title of Emperor of Ethiopia, which had been occupied by Italy three years before.

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A U.S. newspaper declaring the entrance of Italy on the side of Nazi Germany

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1940: Italy enters WWII on side of Germany

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1940: Italy enters WWII on side of Germany

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Connection: Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved. (Also: Impact of Foreign Policy on Maintenance of Power)

Mussolini announced this on June 10th, 1940, against the will of his foreign minister. The war really began for Italy in October 1940, when Mussolini decided to invade Greece from Albania.

Dates:

June 10th, 1940: Mussolini announces Italy is joining the war on the side of Germany

October 1942: Battle of El Alamein resulted in Italy loosing a large portion of North Africa

July 1943: San Lorenzo air raid (carried out by US) devastated the Italian Economy

After mass devastation all throughout Italy and its colonies, many started to loose faith in Mussolini and the fascist party.

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1943: Mussolini brought down by coup during WWII

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1943: Mussolini brought down by coup during WWII

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On July 25, 1943, Mussolini was voted out of power by his own Grand Council and arrested upon leaving a meeting with the king, who tells Il Duce that the war is lost. After many failures during WWII, the Grand Council decided to remove Mussolini in place for General Pietro Badogli.

Dates

July 24th, 1943: Council meets to discuss fate of Italy

July 25th, 1943: Mussolini voted out by council.

After final meeting with the King, Mussolini was arrested by police waiting for him

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Walter Audisio, the Italian partisan believed to have executed Mussolini

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Connection: Nature, extent, and treatment of opposition

Mussolini was executed on April 28th, 1945. As a result of repeated failure throughout WWII, many lost faith in his ability to lead their nation, and he was eventually forced out of power by a coup of his own Grand Council. Mussolini's body was then taken to a public square where it was put on display and physically abused.

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Italian socialist murdered by the fascist on June 1, 1924

Confrontation between liberals and fascist

spoke against fascist using violence

news of ji kidnapping spread fear and rage throughout Italy

-Mussolini suffered lose of public support

Mussolini tried to consolidate power by eliminating opposition

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-diplomatic and military conflict between Greece and Italy

-Started with Italian general Enrico Tellini

-Tellini was supposed to solve a dispute about the boarder between Albania and Greece

-Tellini was murdered in Greek territory when Italian forces occupied the Greek island Corfu

-Mussolini then sent Naval ships to Greek to retaliate

-Greeks then appealed to the league of nations

-August 27, 1923