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Normal Teenage Behavior or a Mental Health Issue? Know When to Seek Help

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During adolescence, teens can start to see symptoms of anxiety and depression, and serious mental health issues can emerge. Family members should know when to seek help.

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When teens feel anxious or depressed, or have other problems, they may be more comfortable talking with a peer rather than adults. Some schools select teens to be peer support leaders, and train them in how to be good listeners, encourage teens to seek help, and alert an adult if signs of suicide or other serious problems are identified. The C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health asked a national sample of parents of teens 13-18 about their views on programs like peer support leaders.

Most parents (72%) think having peer support leaders at school would encourage more teens to talk with someone about their mental health problems. Three-quarters of parents (76%) think peer support leaders would better understand the challenges facing teens, compared to teachers or counselors in the school.

If their own teen was struggling with a mental health problem, 38% of parents say it's likely that their teen would talk with a peer support leader if this option were available; 41% of parents say it's possible their teen would talk with a peer support leader, and 21% say it is unlikely. Parents express concerns about whether the peer leader would keep their teen's information confidential (62%), if the peer leader would know when and how to inform adults about a problem (57%), if the peer leader would be able to tell if their teen needs immediate crisis help (53%), and if teens can be trained to provide this kind of support (47%).

One-third of parents (33%) definitely favor having a peer support leaders program through their teen's school, while 46% say they probably would support such a program, and 14% are unsure. Only 7% do not favor having a peer leaders program at their teen's school. One-quarter of parents (28%) say their teen's school already has some type of peer support program; these parents are twice as likely to favor having a peer leaders program.

Most parents (64%) would allow their teen to be trained as a peer support leader, and say the benefits include understanding the challenges of others (66%), developing leadership skills (65%), and helping the school community (63%). Parents express concerns that their teen may feel responsible if something bad happened (57%), whether there would be sufficient training (45%), and whether their teen is mature enough to serve as a peer support leader (31%).

Highlights

1 in 3 parents definitely support having a mental health program like peer support leaders at their teen's school.

2 in 3 parents would allow their teen to be trained as a peer support leader.

Parent concerns about peer support leaders include confidentiality, training, and identifying crisis situations.

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Teens talking with teens about mental health

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1 in 3 parents definitely support having a mental health program like peer support leaders at their teen's school. 2 in 3 parents would allow their teen to be trained as a peer support leader. Parent concerns about peer support leaders include confidentiality, training, and identifying crisis situations.

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universityacademy.org

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Request to see your counselor.

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If you would like to meet with one of the counselors please click on one of the buttons below and fill out our google form. Your counselor will contact your as soon as possible to schedule a meeting.

If you are needing to request one of the following, please click on the link below to fill out the google document. Your response will be dealt with in the order in which received.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you would like to meet with one of the counselors please click on one of the buttons below and fill out our google form. Your counselor will contact your as soon as possible to schedule a meeting. If you are needing to request one of the following, please click on the link below to fill out the google document.

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From a hedgehog too anxious to go ice skating to a puppy who can't make his letters come out right, children's books address many emotional, behavioral and learning challenges kids face. These books help kids name and understand feelings and experiences they may be struggling with. At the Child Mind Institute we've contacted publishers all over to call in popular children's books about mental health and learning disorders and other common challenges, like dealing with painful experiences and coping with strong emotions. We included books for kids up to 12, from picture books to be read with preschoolers to chapter books for independent reading by older children. Our clinicians read them all and picked the best in each category, based on how helpful they found them. Here you will see descriptions of 77 books we like, and we hope you will find useful.

Popular children's books about abuse and establishing boundaries.

Written by Zach and Kimberly King, illustrated by Sue Rama
Popular children's books about ADHD with emphasis on why it shouldn't define them.

Written by Jeanne Kraus, illustrated by Whitney Martin
Cory tells readers about himself in this picture book with black-and-white illustrations. Cory says that sometimes kids make fun of him and he isn't sure why. "Sometimes my whole body falls off the chair!" But readers also learn that Cory has persevered, concentrating in karate class, making friends at bowling club, and helping other kids with math. The important parting message: "Nobody needs to be good at everything. But I found out that I am good at a lot of things." Ages 6-11. Published by Magination Press.

Written by Mari Schuh, illustrated by Isabel
In a warm and friendly way, Annabelle, a real girl from Long Island, New York, explains how ADHD affects her. She talks about symptoms, medication, and helpful strategies. She reassures readers that "ADHD doesn't stop me from doing most things." For instance, Annabelle is a Girl Scout and loves to swim and run. "The book has good visuals too," adds an expert from the Child Mind Institute. A Spanish language version is also available. Ages 6-9. Published by Amicus.

Popular children's books on anxiety and how they can take charge of their fears.

Written by Alex Boniello and April Lavalle, illustrated by James Kwan
A story of a kid robot who sometimes gets "the zaps" provides a clever way to introduce the concept of anxiety to kids, as well as ways to manage it. "This playful story is perfect for families looking to start open conversations about anxiety with their children while also normalizing the sensation of other emotions that come along with it," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by Harry N. Abrams.

Written by Imogen Harrison
Through mazes, craft projects, and dozens of other fun exercises, kids learn how to let go of worries and remain calm. "The book will help children develop emotional awareness and recognize their feelings and how they experience them," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "From here, a wide range of practical coping strategies can be tried out, practiced, and mastered." The Calming Sparkle Jar project is especially fun. Ages 8-12. Published by Sky Pony Press.

Written by Elly Swartz
Autumn has been struggling since her best friend moved away and her dad went to Ecuador with the Peace Corps. Trying not to let her social anxiety stop her from doing something new, she applies to be the secret voice of the school newspaper's advice column - and she gets the job! When her friends write in for advice, Autumn is pushed outside her comfort zone. The book provides good examples of social anxiety-related thoughts, feeling embarrassed, words-getting-stuck syndrome, and a good theme of being brave," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 10-14. Published by Delacorte Press.

Written and illustrated by Andi Green
In this whimsical rhyming book, Wince, the monster of worries, learns that the more he worries, the more the pesky WorryBug grows. Eventually the WorryBug grows so big that it can't be ignored, and Wince knows he needs to do something. The book does a good job of illustrating how anxiety can become overwhelming and teaches kids how they can take charge of their anxiety. Ages 3-8. Published by Monsters in My Head.

Written by Danielle Marie Price, illustrated by Nana Gonzales
One day, Ellie was feeling too grumpy to eat pancakes. Her mom says, "That happens sometimes" and gets a yoga mat out of the closet. Ellie and her mom do various yoga poses and breathing exercises. Then it's pancake time! "A good introduction to mindfulness and yoga, this book highlights how trying something new can improve feelings," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by Warren Publishing

Written by Nicole C. Kear, illustrated by Tracy Dockray
Seven-year-old Veronica wants to help her classmate Maya conquer her fear of bugs, which is preventing her from playing at recess. Veronica comes up with a step-by-step plan that starts with drawing a spider. "Showing gradual exposure to anxieties is a great approach," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Ages 7-10. Published by Imprint.

Written by Marcus Stroman with Samantha Thornhill
Stroman, a pitcher for the Chicago Cubs, drew on some of his childhood experiences to write this fast-paced novel. Marcus wants to be the greatest pitcher of all time, and his dad pushes him hard to achieve his goals. But Marcus doesn't believe in himself as much as his family does. Constant teasing about being short for his age begins to affect his game. Marcus's mom takes him to see a mental health coach. "Marcus shares how he copes with the aftermath of divorce, very different parenting styles, bullying, and pressure from his dad and himself to excel as a young baseball pitcher," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "Realistic and practical strategies to challenge and change negative thoughts and to practice mindfulness are woven into the narrative." The verdict: It will grip the reader from start to finish! Ages 8-14. Published by Aladdin.

In this helpful story to read before the first day of school, a cat detective gives her classmates smart advice about how to overcome their anxieties. For instance, when a fellow student tells Hattie that he's nervous about standing up in front of the class, she pulls a squishy ball out of her Worry Detective Tool Belt. Hattie uses her toolkit to playfully demonstrate useful strategies like "movement activities, tensing and releasing muscles, coping self-talk, and mindful breathing," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by Viking Books for Young Readers.

Written and illustrated by Jo Rooks
A cute hedgehog turns down ice-skating and playing in the snow with his animal friends because of his worries. "What if he had forgotten how to skate? He could fall and hurt himself." When Hector receives a fun invitation to the Winter Forest Party, he hesitates for a while, and then realizes that he has to be brave. "It's an adorable story," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. "I like that Hector does a little more, and then a little more, and so on." Ages 4-8. Published by Magination Press.

By Jayneen Sanders, illustrated by Stephanie Fizer Coleman
Anxious about school, soccer practice, and monsters under his bed, baby bear worried day and night, despite his family telling him to stop worrying. But when his mom began encouraging him to talk about and even draw out his worries, the feelings began to subside. "I like that the book emphasizes the importance of sharing your thoughts and feelings," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Another plus: The book suggests questions that you can ask your child as you're reading together. Ages 6-10. Published by Educate2Empower Publishing.

Written by Victoria M. Sanchez, illustrated by Jess Golden
In this new picture book, Pilar lives and breathes ballet - she even does pliés while brushing her teeth. But auditioning for the winter ballet performance makes her feel scared, and she almost doesn't go. By using smart coping techniques, like positive thinking and talking with her friends, she's able to overcome her fears. Bravo! Ages 4-8. Published by Albert Whitman & Company.

Written and illustrated by Tom Percival
This brilliantly illustrated story stands out for helping kids visualize anxiety and see how it grows. While playing at the park, Ruby discovers a worry - it's depicted as a yellow blob with googly eyes that starts out small but gets bigger and bigger. Eventually, it stops her from doing the things she loves and she can't stop thinking about it. But when she sees a boy sitting on a park bench next to a worry of his own, she starts to talk to him. Then both of their worries begin to fade. "Kids can easily identify with the images and simple storyline," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Another notes that the story helps kids realize that everyone worries sometimes and encourages them to talk about their feelings. Ages 4-8. Published by Bloomsbury Children's Books.

Written by Alberto Soler and Concepción Roger, illustrated by Nuria Albes a

Published exclusively in Spanish, this book focuses on a girl who begins to feel anxious. "It contains a great metaphor for anxiety - a knot in the stomach - and provides ways to talk back to the anxiety bully in all of us," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by B De Blok.
Written by Dawn Huebner, illustrated by Bonnie Matthews

Popular children's books about autism and related disorders.
Written by Nancy Carlson and Armond Isaak, illustrated by Nancy Carlson

Co-written by a boy with Asperger's, this picture book "gives a simple understanding of why children with Asperger's struggle to attend parties, and talks about the importance of learning flexibility," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. (For more about the term Asperger's and its relationship to autism, see our guide to autism terminology.) Readers may relate to Armond's fear of balloons popping and not being able to think of anything to say. In the end, Armond admits to his mom that the party was hard, but he's glad he went. Ages 4-8. Published by Free Spirit Publishing.
Written by Alison Green Myers

For Axel, who has autism, the sudden changes that a tornado brings are extra hard to handle. The storm damages Axel's house and his beloved eagle's nest. His dad comes back home to help with the damage. "The book provides a great depiction of complicated and changing family dynamics," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "It features multiple autistic characters and discusses needs related to sensory and information processing." Readers who are especially interested in birds, animals, or nature will enjoy this story. Ages 9-12. Published by Dutton Children's Books.
Written by Elana K. Arnold, illustrated by Charles Santoso

On the surface, it's a sweet boy-wants-pet story. Bixby's (aka Bat's) mom is a veterinarian, and she brings home a baby skunk that he desperately wants to keep. But readers with autism may relate to chatter about itchy and uncomfortable clothes, sticking with routines, and only having friends who are grown-ups. "It does a wonderful job of describing the day-to-day experience of high-functioning children with ASD," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Ages 6-10. Published by Walden Pond Press.
Written by Meg Eden Kuyatt

Inspired by the author's own childhood experiences on the autism spectrum, this novel in verse (poetry) explores what it's like for a 12-year-old who has to keep her feelings locked inside. She usually follows the rules for "being normal," until one day she can't hold it together anymore. Although tough at first, it's the turning point that puts her on a path to celebrate her differences rather than hiding them. "I loved this book," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "It's a beautiful story about family relationships, support, and how to communicate with people you love but can't completely relate to. It emphasizes compassion and has a great discussion about the ways that social norms help and hurt." Ages 8-12. Published by Scholastic Press.

Henry, a boy on the autism spectrum, forgets to raise his hand in school and offends his classmate Daisy by using her Latin plant name, Leucanthemum vulgare. While his fellow students sometimes find him odd or annoying, a field trip to the local botanical garden allows Henry's knowledge to shine and his classmates are wowed. "This beautifully illustrated book normalizes the common challenges of neurodiverse children," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "It also highlights that a special interest can be a source of peer connection." Ages 4-8. Published by Orca Book Publishers.
Written by Phil Bildner, illustrated by Tim Probert

Popular children's books on body image, eating disorders, and the importance of body positivity.
Written by Nabela Noor, illustrated by Nabi H. Ali

Diversity advocate and mom Nabela Noor writes a moving story about a young Bangladeshi girl who wonders if there is something wrong with the way she looks. Her worries begin after she hears her mom, dad, and sister being critical of their own weight. At dinner, the girl tells her family that she wants to go on a diet, too. Surprised by her comment, the family discusses what beauty means. "The story has a wonderful message about looking internally for beauty, watching the things we say in front of others, and sharing kindness with the world," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers.
Written and illustrated by Maggie Edkins Willis

With realistic-sounding dialogue and brilliant illustrations, this graphic novel deftly conveys the impact of eating disorders on two sisters and their family. At first, the older sister is diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Eventually the younger sister struggles with body image too. "The book presents digestible conversations about eating disorder development, treatment, and its relevance in middle and high school settings," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. It also presents healthy strategies to avoid disordered eating, such as surrounding yourself with positive friends rather than those who criticize your body. Ages 10-14. Published by Roaring Brook Press.
Written by Lisa Fipps

In this critically acclaimed novel in verse (poetry), Ellie has been bullied about her weight since she was five years old. She made "Fat Girl Rules" that she follows, including not eating in public. With a strong support network - a friend, her father, and a therapist - will she be able to put the Fat Girl Rules behind her and show the world her fabulous self? "Highlighting the importance of body positivity, this book shows the impact that therapy can have on helping someone handle difficult emotions and developing skills to voice their needs and opinions to others," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 10-14. Published by Nancy Paulsen Books.
Written by Alyson Gerber

In seventh grade, Sarah starts to feel slower on the basketball court. Her body is changing - and she doesn't like it one bit. She begins skipping meals and her discomfort with her body grows. "The book presents a nuanced take on disordered eating behaviors, including a mother's role in a child's eating and relationship with food," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 8-12. Published by Scholastic Inc.
Written by Jen Petro-Roy

The author sprinkles her personal experiences with an eating disorder into this well-organized self-help book. "It offers guidance and practical tools for those struggling with disordered eating and negative body image," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. The chapters on perfectionism, selfie culture, and clothing sizes are especially interesting. Action items include creating a self-soothing tool kit and creating a list of people you admire. Ages 9-14. Published by Feiwel & Friends.

Popular children's books that cover bullying and show ways to respond to it.
Written by Hope Gilchrist, illustrated by Zoe Jordon

Toby makes his friends laugh when he teases a classmate over his weird clothes. He's just trying to be funny and he isn't beating anyone up, so he can't be a bully - can he? This independently published paperback helps children recognize when teasing crosses the line into bullying. Ages 6-9. Published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Written and illustrated by Kevin Henkes

This sweet story prepares kids for how short-lived teasing can be. On the first day of school, Victoria picks on Chrysanthemum because she has the same name as a flower, and Chrysanthemum wilts under the ridicule. Then the students learn that a teacher has a similar name, and all of a sudden Chrysanthemum is cool. Ages 4-8. Published by Mulberry Books.
Written by Julia Cook, illustrated by Anita DuFalla

Particularly good for an anxious or literal child, this rhyming book helps distinguish between teasing and bullying. "There are two types of teasing: the nice and the mean," Cook writes. "You think that everyone's against you, but it's not like it seems." Readers will learn strategies for responding to both good-natured teasing and bullying. Ages 5-10. Published by Boys Town Press.
Written by Lisa Yee

In a fast-paced chapter book that will appeal to reluctant readers, Marley thinks seventh grade will be boring until he draws attention from the school bully. Digger pushes Marley down in the hallway, and the drama unfolds. "It's a very relatable story for kids who feel like outsiders," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Bonus: If your child is a fan of Star Wars, there are loads of references. Ages 8-12. Published by Arthur A. Levine Books.
Written by R.J. Palacio

Popular children's books about depression and handling complex emotions.

Kids and parents alike will find helpful messages in this story about a boy who feels too sad to get out of bed. The boy's parents and younger sibling try to cheer him up with jokes, silly faces, and toys. But, ultimately, it takes a lot of waiting and love. "Young children will find it helpful to see images of someone who is sad being supported and not rushed to come out of sadness," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "Plus, for parents, the story models how to validate and sit with discomfort instead of trying to fix the situation for their children." An author's note from Tomlinson, a psychologist, is directed to parents. Ages 4-8. Published by Kokila.
Written by Anna Lazowski, illustrated by Penny Neville-Lee

Sadness and other big emotions take the form of a dark cloud, a ball of worries, and a swirl of fog in this lyrical book about childhood depression. The cloud usually follows as Abigail goes about her activities, but sometimes she's able to leave it behind. At the beach, for instance, she traps it in a sandcastle and goes for ice cream. "The illustrations really help the story come to life and provide an easier way for young kids who may not have the vocabulary to describe their emotions," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "The images of the character embracing her cloud and finding enough distance from it to see light and joy are heartwarming and provide hope." Ages 4-8. Published by Kids Can Press.
Written by Diane Guerrero with Erica Moroz

An actress on TV shows such as Orange Is the New Black, Guerrero shares the heartbreaking story of her Colombian parents being deported when she was 14. She also reveals how she battled depression, and had suicidal thoughts in her early 20s. "I wanted so badly to prove that I could take care of myself. That I didn't need anyone. That I was grown-up," she writes. "By the time I admitted to myself that I did still need others, I had pushed away the people I loved." Ages 12+. Published by Henry Holt and Co.
Written and illustrated by Eva Eland

Portraying sadness as a visitor that you shouldn't be afraid of, this book makes it easier for kids to imagine the emotion as something outside themselves. When sadness arrives, the main character still reads, plays, and decides sadness doesn't want to stay indoors. "The idea of continuing to do things with sadness is important," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "It's something that's with the child, but doesn't define them." Ages 3-8. Published by Random House Books for Young Readers.

Popular children's books about dyslexia, self-esteem, and positive messages about hard work.
Aaron Slater, Illustrator

In this best-selling rhyming book, Aaron wants to be a storyteller, but he's having trouble putting a single word down on a piece of paper. Then he realizes his strength is his imagination. "The book shows that reading struggles are not rooted in lack of interest, motivation, or intelligence," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "You can feel the character's pain and joy as he finds a way to express himself." This book is printed in a dyslexia-friendly font. Ages 4-8. Published by Harry N. Abrams.
Written and illustrated by Claire Alexander

This sweet picture book follows Stan, a puppy, and his animal classmates. Stan's letters come out "back to front and upside down, and some didn't look like letters at all," but he's afraid to ask his teacher for help because he thinks the other kids will laugh at him. When he finally does, he learns that with help - and lots of practice - he can succeed. "The book sends the positive message that things will get better with a bit of hard work," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by Eerdmans Books for Young Readers.
Written by Gavin Newsom with Ruby Shamir, illustrated by Alexandra Thompson

Ben, a star baseball player, is frustrated that he's not learning to read as easily as his classmates, especially Emma, who carries around big books. But everything isn't as it seems. "A sweet and simple story that provides encouragement and normalization to struggling readers, with an emphasis on reinforcing effort, practice, and hard work," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. One of the best parts: the letter at the end from California governor and the book's author, Gavin Newsom, who calls his dyslexia a gift. Ages 5-9. Published by Philomel Books.
Written by Lynda Mullaly Hunt

Popular children's books on feelings and managing complex emotions.

Especially useful for kids who have trouble verbalizing their emotions, this story demonstrates that feelings aren't always visible to others. During various stressful situations, ranging from playing goalie for the first time to starting at a new school, the book illustrates the wild swings of emotions a boy experiences. One minute there's a roller coaster screaming through his ribs, the next he's in a cave full of bats. "It also provides great examples of when those emotions may surface and models calming strategies," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by Free Spirit Publishing.
Written and illustrated by Barney Saltzberg

This short rhyming book with expressive cartoon-like illustrations will help validate the big feelings of toddlers and preschoolers. A young cat, who doesn't want to be cheered up, questions "Why do I have to be happy?" before insisting that he wants to be mad for a while and throwing himself on the floor. "The book includes great analogies, such as describing anger as 'feeling like a crocodile,'" says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "I also appreciated that it's not about getting rid of the emotion, but managing it with strategies like alone time and talking to someone." Ages 3-5. Published by Orchard Books.
Written by Jo Witek, illustrated by Christine Roussey

In this sturdy book with beautiful heart-shaped cutouts, a girl explains that her heart is full of feelings. Each spread focuses on a different emotion, such as happiness, bravery, and fear. The descriptions of the feelings are particularly engaging: "Some days my heart feels as heavy as an elephant. There's a dark cloud over my head and tears fall like rain. This is when my heart is sad." Ages 3-6. Published by Harry N. Abrams.
Written by Dr. Seuss, illustrated by Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher

This little-known Dr. Seuss story gives young kids a groundwork for describing their feelings, normalizing the experience of having multiple emotions. Bonus: It will also help toddlers and preschoolers learn colors. Ages 3-5. Published by Knopf Books for Young Readers.
Written by Poppy O'Neill

Packed with 45 self-help activities that most kids as young as age eight or nine can complete on their own, this workbook could serve as a great addition to therapy or a stand-alone resource. Activities include breathing exercises, a gratitude journal, and a positivity scavenger hunt. "The book contains practical and accessible interventions that many children could benefit from," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "The information is presented in an easy-to-understand and fun format. Overall, it's a self-help book that kids will enjoy." Ages 8-12. Published by Sky Pony Press.
Written by Gibson Frazier, illustrated by Micah Player

This must-read for children who have trouble with impulse control highlights a clever technique to help manage behavior. Dash says he knows right from wrong, but that doesn't stop him from blowing out the candles on his friend's birthday cake and breaking his grandma's cookie platter. "In the story, Dash learns a grounding exercise that helps him stop and relax before he takes action," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. When Dash is tempted to fly a paper airplane in class, "the reader is able to see the difference that the grounding exercise makes with his choice." Bonus: Dash's dad takes him to fly paper airplanes after school, highlighting that there's an appropriate place for the behavior. Ages 4-8. Published by G.P. Putnam's Sons Books for Young Readers.
Written and illustrated by Keith Negley

The witty illustrations in this book may be even more powerful than the text. Kids will see various "tough guys" showing emotion. An astronaut in space holds a picture of his family. A wrestler cries in the locker room. A tattooed biker regrets running over a squirrel. The final image of a father and son is particularly heartwarming. Ages 3-6. Published by Flying Eye Books.
Written and illustrated by Molly Bang

Popular children's books about grief, loss, and learning to heal.
Written by Steffanie Lorig and Rosalie Frankel

This 40-plus-page activity book uses writing and drawing to help kids work through their emotions. Activities include creating a "Circle of Strength" and using a calendar to express feelings on different days. "I use this book in therapy for grieving children and find it to be extremely effective," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Ages 6-10. Published by Art With Heart.
Written by Pat Thomas, illustrated by Lesley Harker

This book explains, in realistic but reassuring language, why people die and how hard it can be to say goodbye. The real genius: "What About You?" boxes scattered throughout the book that contain questions you can ask children. "I particularly like that it normalizes the sad feelings around death," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by B.E.S. Publishing.
Written by Patrice Karst, illustrated by Joanne Lew-Vriethoff

This companion book to The Invisible String focuses on the death of a pet. When Zach's beloved dog dies, he's sad and angry. Zach's friend Emily tells him, "When pets aren't here anymore, an invisible leash connects our hearts to each other forever." Although skeptical at first, Zach begins to feel his dog's presence. The concept of an invisible string "is a mental and visual way to recall positive memories," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-9. Published by Little, Brown Books for Young Readers.
Written by Patrice Karst, illustrated by Joanne Lew-Vriethoff

This bestselling picture book introduces little ones to the concept of an invisible link between people, even when they're separated. In the story, a mom explains to her children that there is a "very special string made of love" that connects them to everyone they love. "When you're at school and you miss me, your love travels all the way along the string until I feel a tug on my heart," Karst writes. The story continues with explaining how far the string reaches - to a submarine captain in the ocean, a dancer in France, and even to a beloved relative in heaven. Ages 3-8. Published by Little, Brown Books for Young Readers.
Written by Holly Thompson, illustrated by Ashley Crowley

After Kai's dad died, the boy's grief manifests itself in many ways, from crying to throwing a fit to feeling flat and robotic. "The story line shows the change from struggling to recovering, and emphasizes using support networks," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by Albert Whitman & Company.

In this tender tale about the loss of a pet, a black cloud forms over the head of a girl whose beloved dog, Pumpkin, has recently died. She cries so hard that she feels like there's soap in her eyes and an octopus has wrapped itself around her heart. Then she dreams that Pumpkin licks the soap from her eyes and barks at the octopus. That's when she realizes that Pumpkin will always be with her. "This book ties physical symptoms to grief and discusses always having the memories," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. This book is available in both English and Spanish language versions. Ages 4-8. Published by NuboOcho.

Following a fire at their castle home, a girl in a red cape and her fox navigate an arduous and frightening journey before reaching a bright future. Stunning illustrations and short, rhyming text convey a powerful lesson. "For children at different stages of grief, this book includes a message of hope that after the pain, things will get better," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 3-7. Published by Candlewick Press.
Written and illustrated by Laurie Krasny Brown and Marc Brown

Popular children's books on finding identity and appreciating differences.
Written and illustrated by Michael Hall

Popular children's books on neglect and how caregivers should act.

Written by Lauren H. Kerstain, illustrated by Natalia Moore A licensed social worker crafts a compelling and authentic story about what it feels like for a child who has lived in a lot of foster homes. When Calvin moves in with Maggie, he doesn't want to unpack his suitcase or get a goodnight hug. He accidentally breaks things multiple times, testing Maggie's patience. But she always responds with kindness and wise advice. The ending is heartwarming. "This book provides an example of building a warm relationship with a caregiver while honoring a relationship with a biological parent," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-9. Published by Magination Press.
Written by Susan Farber Straus, PhD, illustrated by Claire Keay

Written and illustrated by Beth Richey and Paula Wood

In a calm, reassuring tone, two trauma therapists explain the things that children should be able to count on from the grown-ups they belong to -basic needs, such as food, a home, schooling, safety, and love. Sometimes the adults can't provide these things, the book notes, and the kids need to be cared from by someone else. Soothing illustrations of animal characters help put children at ease, and they are assured that they deserve to have everything they need to be healthy and happy. "Using direct, child-friendly language, the book is particularly helpful for kids who see Children Protective Service workers or lawyers," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8.Published by Warren Publishing.

Popular children's books on OCD and related disorders.
Written by Elly Swartz

In this moving chapter book, 12-year-old Molly Nathan struggles with undiagnosed obsessive-compulsive disorder as she navigates middle school friendships and life without her mom, who has temporarily relocated for a job. Early on, many of Molly's OCD tendencies - like organizing takeout menus alphabetically and looking for the patterns in phone numbers - are casually woven into a story line that focuses on her desire to win the poetry slam so her mom will come home for the banquet. But, as time passes, her OCD worsens: "I used to just wash my hands, and then I started washing my hands a lot, and now I scrub them raw," Swartz writes. When Molly becomes fixated on counting, her dad takes her to a doctor who provides her diagnosis. Ages 9-14. Published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Written and illustrated by Veronica Agarwal and Lee Durfey-Lavoie

Maggie, a sixth grader, tries to live up to her older sister's achievements in this graphic novel that spotlights anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. When she comes home from school, Maggie goes through a ritual of switching the lights on and off. She also rolls a 20-sided die to help her make decisions. Although she resists therapy at first, she eventually goes. "Maggie comes to terms with her behavior, puts a name to it, and copes with it," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. References to Dungeons and Dragons as well as anime help engage reluctant readers. Ages 8-12. Published by Random House Graphic.
Written by Holly L. Niner, illustrated by Greg Swearingen

Before he goes to sleep, Kevin asks his mom the same questions over and over and lines things up neatly so "his mind doesn't get sweaty." By the end of the story, Kevin's OCD has improved thanks to therapy and medication. Ages 7-12. Published by Albert Whitman & Comp a ny.
Written by Wesley King

This YA book combines a coming-of-age tale with a mystery novel. The protagonist is 13-year-old Daniel, who hides his "zaps" - rearranging cups into geometric patterns, tying his shoes a lot, and counting things - from other kids at school and at football practice. Written in the first person, "this book does an excellent job of describing the stigma and has a very accurate description of how obsessions and compulsions take hold," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Eventually, Daniel discovers that he has OCD, moves toward self-acceptance, and helps a friend solve a mystery. Ages 12+. Published by Simon & Schuster/Paula Wiseman Books.
Written by Aureen Pinto Wagner, PhD, illustrated by Paul A. Jutton

Popular children's books on self-esteem and celebrating our differences.
Written by Allia Zobel Nolan, illustrated by Miki Sakamoto

This collection of six stories, published exclusively in Spanish, is designed to increase a child's self-esteem. "The book has great visuals and provides suggestions for parents and teachers," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Ages 7-9. Published by Beascoa.

Popular children's books on selective mutism and learning to speak in public.
Written by Dr. Melissa Giglio and Daisy Geddes Illustrated by Ira Baykovsk

This sweet, rhymed story is about a little girl who is lively and boisterous at home but freezes up and can't speak when she's at the playground or at school. Her parents encourage her to try "brave talking" and she practices until her confidence swells and her words flow. "It introduces facing fears by taking small steps and illustrates how it takes practice to build brave muscles," says a selective mutism expert from the Child Mind Institute. Ages 4-8. Published by Brave Mighty Minds.
Written and illustrated by Elaheh Bos

Written by Julie Mensh Graham

This tells the story of a turtle with selective mutism whose friends are patient and take the time to interact with her without putting pressure on her to speak. "This gives her a chance to relax and get comfortable enough to use her brave voice," notes a Child Mind Institute expert. "Helpful strategies for kids with SM, as well as for their family and friends, are woven into the narrative."Ages 3 and up. Published by Nightingale Books

Popular children's books on sensory processing and finding courage.
Written by Sally J. Pla, illustrated by Steve Wolfhard

Popular children's books on tourette's syndrome and related disorders.
Written by Ellie Terry

Toggling between verse and prose, this book is written from the points of view of two students: Calli, who has Tourette's Syndrome, and her classmate Jinsong. Most students tease and reject Calli because of her tics. "I walk into the boys' locker room, and all I hear is: 'The new girl wears old clothes. The new girl rolls her eyes. The new girl makes creepy sounds with her throat," says Jinsong. "It's all true. But somehow it feels wrong to hear them say it." Readers will be satisfied by the end of the story when Calli begins to stand up for herself and find confidence, says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. Ages 8-12. Published by Square Fish.
Written by Dusti Bowling

Popular children's books covering trauma and helping children understand traumatic experiences.
Written by Margaret M. Holmes, illustrated by Cary Pillo

When Sherman, a raccoon, saw something that upset him, he became nervous, didn't sleep well, and felt sad. "Through Sherman, the book explains the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in simple terms that young children can understand," says an expert at the Child Mind Institute. "The book also covers the importance of talking about traumatic things to help feel better." Another plus: The story doesn't specify exactly what happened to Sherman, so the book could be useful in many situations. Ages 5-9. Published by Magination Press.
By Kimberly Brubaker Bradley

During World War II, 10-year-old Ava escapes her traumatic life with her mom and goes to the countryside, where she learns to ride a pony and read. But in the country she is still struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder; for instance, going into a bomb shelter reminds her of being locked in a kitchen cabinet in her mom's apartment. Because of some mature language and themes, it's better read with your child. Ages 9-12. Published by Puffin Books.
Written and illustrated by Beth Richey and Paula Wood

Two social workers team up on this book for children who have experienced physical abuse. Using cute illustrations of animals, the book explains that it's not okay for a grown-up to hurt a child, no matter what the child has done. It also acknowledges that children may have conflicting feelings about the person who hurt them. "The book uses direct and child-friendly language," says an expert from the Child Mind Institute. "It also does a good job explaining what abuse means." Ages 4-8. Published by Warren Publishing.

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77 Children's Books About Mental Health - Child Mind Institute

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Explore our favorite children's books on everything from ADHD to trauma. Help your kids understand the emotional and learning challenges they may be experiencing.

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9 Effective Teaching Strategies for Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

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Children are the beacon of hope for our future. Their mental health and emotional well-being are the very foundation upon which future success and happiness are built.

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Third grade teacher Ms. Kim is really struggling with her student Aiden. Every day, he argues over simple things, seemingly just for the sake of causing trouble. He refuses to take responsibility for his behavior, even when caught in the act. And today, Aiden tore up a fellow student's art project after that student wouldn't let him use their red marker. His parents say he's the same at home. A school counselor finally suggests that many of these behaviors line up with the symptoms of ODD in kids-oppositional defiant disorder.

What is ODD?

Image: TES Resources

Oppositional defiant disorder, commonly known as ODD, is a behavioral disorder in which children are-as the name suggests-defiant to the degree that it interferes with their daily lives. The DSM-5, published by the American Psychiatric Association, defines it as a pattern of angry, vindictive, argumentative, and defiant behavior that lasts at least six months.

In an article on Headteacher Update, Dr. Nicola Davies sums it up this way: "The goal of a student with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is to gain and maintain control by testing authority to the limit, breaking rules, and provoking and prolonging arguments. In the classroom, this can be distracting for both the teacher and other students."

Between 2% and 16% of the population may have ODD, and we're not entirely sure of the causes. Scientists believe it could be genetic, environmental, biological, or a mix of all three. It's diagnosed more often in younger boys than girls, though by their teen years, both seem to be equally affected. It co-occurs in many kids with ADHD, with some studies indicating up to 50% of students with ADHD also have ODD.

What does ODD in kids look like?

Image: ACOAS

We all know that kids of a certain age, especially toddlers and teenagers, are pretty much always arguing and defying. In fact, those can be appropriate behaviors at those ages, as kids test the world around them and learn how it works.

However, ODD is a whole lot more than that, to the point where students with ODD disrupt their own lives and often the lives of everyone around them. Kids with ODD push the limits of defiance far beyond reason. Their problem behavior is much more extreme than that of their peers, and it happens much more often.

Defiance and arguing

Most kids go through a phase where "no" is their favorite word, but for students with ODD, that phase never ends. They question everything, all the time, and consistently refuse to comply with rules and requests. Their need for argument may lead them to deliberately annoy others in an attempt to create conflict. However, they usually refuse to take responsibility for their mistakes or behaviors, blaming others for everything.

Anger and irritability

These are the kids who seem angry all the time and fly off the handle at the slightest provocation. Their overreactions may devolve into temper tantrums, not just occasionally but frequently. Therefore, every conversation you have with them seems to be a struggle.

Vindictiveness

The ongoing anger of kids with ODD can lead to vindictiveness and a need for revenge. They are spiteful and retaliatory, holding grudges and demanding punishment for others.

Not surprisingly, these behaviors cause students with ODD to struggle both at home and in school. It's hard for them to make friends, and their schoolwork often suffers too. They may become depressed or anxious, or develop conduct or substance abuse disorders as they grow older. Early identification and treatment are vital to helping these kids.

How can teachers help kids with ODD?

It's vital that teachers and parents work together to help students with ODD. The experienced teachers in the WeAreTeachers Helpline group on Facebook suggest trying these methods at school and at home. Find more ideas at Pathway 2 Success.

Be consistent

"Instead of arguing, repeat your words and consequences," says Brandy T. "I use trigger words that I often repeat so the student knows I mean business. If a student tries to argue, I simply say either 'not now,' 'later,' or 'fix the issue!' The student then knows they can go to their chill-out space if they need to calm down."

Give them space to reset

Kids with ODD can learn to recognize when they're feeling overwhelmed and getting ready to challenge or defy. Giving them a safe space to calm down and rethink their choices can be beneficial. Calm-down corners have become popular in classrooms for this very reason. "Put out books, coloring, LEGO bricks, etc., in a place where they can go on their own when they feel like they need a break," says Tobey G. "Often immediately after activities with a lot of stimulation, these kids need a safe space to calm down. Let them decide if and when they need to excuse themselves."

Give them choices

Kids with ODD are looking for control. Rather than letting them drive the situation, you can give them a feeling of control while maintaining control yourself. "Always give choices," advises Holli A. "State your choices-then walk away. Give the student time to process and decide which choice to make. If they don't like the choices, don't engage. When they try to argue, repeat the choices, and walk away again. If the student still will not choose, they do not get to participate in their preferred activity."

As in other situations, it pays to stay consistent in your classroom rules and discipline. "After I give choices, I always reinforce the classroom rules and procedures and follow up with an appropriate consequence," says Kristel R. "You cannot falter; stick to your rules and follow through."

Offer positive reinforcement and appropriate rewards

Kids with ODD often respond to positive behavior reinforcement. It's helpful to offer them a chance to earn certain privileges, rather than taking those privileges away as punishment. For instance, give them the ability to earn screen time when they promptly do as they're asked, instead of threatening to take away screens when they defy.

When using a reward system, make sure that it is appropriate and isn't perceived as manipulation. Leslie L. uses a behavior tracking system and a reward system where students can turn in points for an incentive (iPad time, lunch with a teacher, etc.). "I also build breaks right into their schedule," adds Leslie. "And I try to be as patient and understanding as I possibly can."

Teacher Erica M. also uses a point system checklist with options A and B. If they do each one, they earn "points" for an incentive, which often is iPad time during the last 15 minutes of class. "Find an interest and use that to your advantage!" Erica says.

Avoid power struggles

Most teachers agreed: Stay out of those winless power struggles. As Kris W. said, "Pick your battles. A student of mine corrects me all the time, whether I am wrong or not. I answer back, 'OK, let's double-check that.' If I made a mistake, I correct it, and we move on; if he's wrong, I silently let him figure it out."

Make personal connections

Often kids with ODD are looking for a relationship with a teacher who can help them deal with problems on their own instead of making them stand out in a negative way. Building a connection with them will help get to the root of the behavior.

"Almost all of my students have ODD, and I have a great relationship with most of them," says Kendra J. "Find out what they are interested in and have conversations on their level during breaks." Allow them to set goals and decide together what the consequences will be if they don't meet the goal.

Carol H. says, "Find something at the student's interest level. I once had a middle school girl who hated all of her teachers and was out of control. She would curse at adults and peers, scratch, bite, and refuse to complete work. I found out she played soccer for a travel team. So did my son. A few weeks into the school year, she had a game adjacent to my son's, and I was able to watch her play. It changed everything. She is a freshman in college now, and we still keep in touch."

Find ODD Resources

This is just an overview of what students with ODD are facing. Educate yourself about the condition to find more ways to understand and help these kids in your classroom.

Online

Books

(Just a heads up, WeAreTeachers may collect a share of sales from the book links on this page. We only recommend items our team loves!)

Have more questions about kids with ODD? Come share your thoughts and ask for advice in the WeAreTeachers Helpline Facebook group.

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What Teachers Need To Know About Students With ODD

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What is ODD in kids, and how can teachers help their students with ODD? Learn what oppositional defiant disorder looks like in the classroom.

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healthychildren.org

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School Counseling Interventions for Anxiety

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School Counseling Interventions for Anxiety

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Information from the American Psychiatric Association

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Social Media Affecting Teen Depression

Social media has become a daily method of communication even though the research consistently points to the fact that the more time we spend on social media, the more depressed we are. The level of social media-linked depression increases at an exponential rate for teens because of a lack of support structure in place, and also because the human brain still in the process of development until the age of 25, and therefore, increasingly subject to influence during these crucial formative years. In the spectrum of mental health disorders, social media as a trigger and a cause is relatively new and this phenomenon is still being studied. The United States National Institute of Health has conducted some of the most rigorous data-driven research protocols examining this very subject.

Psychological Effects of Social Media on Youth

The National Institute of Health (NIH) has officially linked teen depression linked to social media use. Teens affected with social media-linked depression often describe feelings of anxiety, envy, narcissism, poor body image, loneliness and decreased social skills. These affects are cross-cultural and not linked to socio-economic status.

Social-media linked teen depression has become so prevalent that the NIH is currently conducting yet another research study "to understand the causes of depression, the teen brain, and evaluate new treatments. Studies enroll participants, ages 11-17, for research assessments, brain scans, talk therapy or other standard treatments."

How Does Social Media Affect Self Esteem?

Social media's effect on self-esteem results from:

1. comparison of self with others (usually to highly curated images not depicting "life as it is."

2. The perception that one is being left out, also known colloquially as FOMO (fear of missing out), a term coined specifically to describe "anxiety that an exciting or interesting event may currently be happening elsewhere, often aroused by posts seen on a social media website."

Dr. Jennifer Rhodes terms this a paradox affect, wherein we are connected to every one of our friends on social media, and yet our reality is that we are more disconnected than ever before and less likely to venture outside of our screen for human interaction. Our online friends' lives are depicted in such glorious and bright terms that we perceive that their lives are filled with so many options, none of which are currently available to us.

Social media also causes unrealistic expectations, negative body image, and addiction. Teens catch themselves comparing their physical features or daily life to people who they're envious of, a cycle fueled by Influencers and You Tubers and which has no end in sight.

Donna Wick, EdD, founder of Mind-to Mind Parenting, says "that for teenager's the combined weight of vulnerability, the need for validation, and a desire to compare themselves with peers forms a perfect storm of self-doubt. She's so thin, her grades are perfect. What a happy couple, I'll never be that cool, that skinny, that lucky, that successful." These thoughts often plague the mind of children who suffer from depression or anxiety.

What can YOU do as a concerned parent or educator?

Signs of Depression
It's important to recognize these classic signs of depression and anxiety in teens, according to the The NIH:

1. Does my child seem irritable or sad for days? Not interested in activities that he/she usually finds fun?

2. Have my child's eating habits changed?

3. Does my child spend less time with friends?

4. Has school suddenly become a struggle?

5. Despite my child's low energy, does he/she become riled up and angry easily?

Social-media affective depression might be classified as typical depression - there is a cause and effect, and the factors involved in each can be manipulated.

We also wish to share these three signs of atypical depression from Psychology Today:

Teenage Counseling Services

Teenage counseling services can be an excellent tool in developing skills for current and future problems. The effects will be life-long by gaining insight in self-regulation, setting boundaries, coping strategies, social skills, and self-esteem.

Teen Therapist

If your teen is suffering from depression, reaching out to a licensed professional can help your child navigate their emotions and regain his/her sense of self, learn to manage time online and rebound back into a healthy dialogue with self, friends and the world around them. Teens not only need someone to hear them, they also need practical tools to help them manage their ever-shifting world.

Teen Therapy

Specialized Therapy Services partner with Charter Schools in order to provide Special Education services to students. Our ERMHS (Educationally Related Mental Health Service) therapists work with students on their social-emotional goals in schools to help improve mood, learn helpful coping strategies, and increase academic success.

Frequently Asked Questions:

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Social Media, Anxiety and Depression in Teens - Specialized Therapy Services

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Social Media Affecting Teen Depression Social media has become a daily method of communication even though the research consistently points to the fact that the more time we spend on social media, the more depressed we are. The level of social media-linked depression increases at an exponential rate for teens because of a lack of [...]

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@BTcounseling

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Managing traumatic stress can be incredibly challenging, especially when symptoms are unpredictable and make it difficult to function.

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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatments

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School violence happens time and time again.

In the aftermath of a deadly event like the recent school shooting in Italy, Texas, many people focus on the immediate victims.

And rightfully so: they are the ones most in need of immediate help and care.

However, many people tend to forget about the dozens if not hundreds of students left facing PTSD from school violence.

If left untreated, PTSD in teens can manifest into a variety of other symptoms - even years down the road. That's why it's important to take a proactive approach to PTSD help and mental health in general.

PTSD From a Mass Shooting is Unfortunately All Too Common

In many cases, schools don't have the resources or expertise to deal with teen mental health symptoms, so they often go unchecked until an act of violence occurs.

Speaking to the Associated Press Cassie Shook, a 17-year-old junior in Italy, Texas, expressed her anger and frustration. Shook said she reported the suspect's troubling behavior on several occasions to school staff.

Nonetheless, the suspect entered the school cafeteria on January 22 nd and opened fire on students. The violence ended with one 15-year-old girl in the hospital and the 16-year-old suspect taken into police custody. The high school students were reportedly moved "under guard" to a secure location at a nearby elementary school as police arrived.

Although this 15-year-old girl certainly deserves the utmost love and care, she is far from the only victim.

PTSD from school violence or PTSD from a mass shooting are both very real and require comprehensive care to recover. Studies show that support from parents and other sources are vital to a teen's recovery from PTSD.

PTSD in Teens

According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), between 15% to 43% of girls and 14% to 43% of boys will experience at least one trauma before they turn 18.

Why is that statistic so varied?

Many cases of trauma go unreported. Children and teens may be reluctant to speak up if they don't think parents or loved ones will believe them or offer adequate support.

PTSD in teens doesn't just come from mass shootings and school violence. In fact, teens may get PTSD from a variety of traumas.

Neglect

Exposure to natural disasters

Emotional or psychological abuse from family members

Emotional or psychological abuse from other kids at school

Physical abuse

Physical threats

Sexual abuse or harassment

Living in a violent household or neighborhood

Children and teens are still learning how to live in their own skin. Adults may write-off certain cases of trauma as typical school teasing, but this can be extremely detrimental to a child or teen's mental health.

Identifying PTSD Symptoms

According to a detailed report from the VA, teens who carry out school violence often have a history of PTSD and other mental health conditions such as depression.

Mental health and PTSD in teens are community health issues - they truly affect everyone.

It's important for parents and loved ones to understand PTSD symptoms in teens and children so they can offer support and intervention before an act of violence occurs.

In the event a child or teen is exposed to a trauma, it's crucial to provide a safe and supportive environment.

PTSD Symptoms in Teens Parents Need to Know

PTSD symptoms look very different in children versus adults.

Teens are halfway between adults and children. As a result, PTSD symptoms in teens may look like a mix of both adult and child symptoms.

This could include:

1. Risky, dangerous, or impulsive behavior

2. Feelings of low self-worth and guilt

3. Feeling lonely and apart from others

4. Self-harm

5. Substance use disorders

6. Inappropriate sexual behavior

7. Dreams or flashbacks to the traumatic event

8. Problems remembering the details of the traumatic event

How to Respond to PTSD in Teens

How parents respond to trauma and PTSD in teens makes all the difference. It's important for a teen to feel like they can trust a parent before divulging information about a specific trauma.

If they don't think a parent will believe them or respond with support, they may bottle up their thoughts. This can manifest down the road as substance use disorder, depression, anxiety, aggressive behavior, and other mental health conditions.

If you're concerned your teen isn't talking about a traumatic event, reach out to others for help: find an adult they can trust.

Building trust takes time - it doesn't happen overnight.

Having a support system of family members and friends is extremely important, but so is comprehensive professional mental health treatment.

Children, teens, and adults experiencing PTSD symptoms require personalized and attentive care that addresses their individual situation.

Some treatment options may include

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: for addressing the thought process and developing healthy coping skills.

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy: for learning how to manage painful feelings and unhealthy personality traits.

Group Therapy: for discussing trauma with other survivors.

Medication: for a variety of conditions including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and psychosis.

Family Involvement: to develop a functional support system.

Everyone is unique. A treatment plan for PTSD should focus on the person's individual symptoms and experience with trauma.

For PTSD from School Violence and General PTSD Help, Dallas Behavioral Healthcare Hospital is Here

Dallas Behavioral Healthcare Hospital understands that teens need comprehensive mental health treatment and individualized patient-centric care.

Our PTSD help for teens includes supervised inpatient treatmen t with a variety of evidence-based services including cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and solution-focused therapy.

We also develop thorough aftercare before discharge based on each teen's specific needs. If you or a loved one are experiencing PTSD from school violence or other mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder, severe anxiety, or depression, don't hesitate to contact Dallas Behavioral Healthcare Hospital to take the next step today. You can also call us at 877-510-1909.

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PTSD in Teens: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment Parents Need to Know

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School violence happens time and time again. In the aftermath of a deadly event like the recent school shooting in Italy, Texas, many people focus on the immediate victims. And rightfully so: they are the ones most in need of immediate help and care.

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confidentcounselor.com

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The teen who lines up all their shoes and folds their T-shirts just so. Or the one who double-locks (then triple, then quadruple, and on and on) to ensure the door is secure when they leave.

Maybe these teens are just organized and careful. This might sound like a dream to those of us with messy or flighty teens.

But if a teen's behaviors are compulsive and repetitive, and they interfere with normal functioning, they might be a sign of something more. That's when parents should consider whether the behaviors could be a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder, commonly known as OCD.

How do parents know whether their teenager just has a few quirks, or there's actually a larger issue?

Ginger Lavender Wilkerson, a licensed marriage and family therapist in Long Beach, California, works with teens experiencing anxiety and OCD. She explains that the American Psychiatric Association defines obsessions as intrusive thoughts or images that cause distress or anxiety. Additionally, compulsions as behaviors that a person feels compelled to do in order to ease their anxiety or suppress the thoughts.

How to Help a Teenager with OCD

1. Look for signs.

Since parents can't read their teenager's thoughts, Wilkerson suggests parents look for these three outward signs that could indicate OCD:

1. Significant changes in routines, especially if a teen is spending a lot of time on simple tasks such as leaving the house

2. Obsessing over certain topics, trends, or ideas

3. Compulsions or obsessions that are impairing functioning in school, at home, or around the community. "They might be late, or missing activities, or be overly afraid of making mistakes and not doing things correctly," Wilkerson says.

2. Have an open conversation with your teen.

Many parents are reluctant to bring up OCD, fearful it will plant an idea that's not yet there. But that's rarely the case, says Misti Nicholson, director and clinical psychologist with Austin (Texas) Anxiety & OCD Specialists, who says teens typically experience tremendous relief once the topic of OCD is introduced.

"They are usually already aware that they are doing things that other teens are not," says Nicholson. "And it can be normalizing to learn both that there is an explanation for their experience. And that they are not alone."

To start the conversation, she encourages parents to share their observations and ask open-ended questions. For example, you might say, "You've seemed preoccupied lately. What's been on your mind?"

Then ask your teen if they have noticed these behaviors, and if they see them as a problem or something that they cannot control by themselves, suggests Amanda Petrik, LCPC, who often works with teens who have OCD.

3. Recognize the impact.

Once the problem is identified, you can gently explain how OCD is impacting the family's functioning. Be careful to emphasize that the teen is not the problem, rather the condition of OCD is the problem. "I often compare mental health issues to physical issues, such as asthma or diabetes. Then I explain that this is not something the child has chosen to have, but that there are treatments that can help," Petrik says.

Some OCD might be channeled positively in the form of increased attention to grades or sports by certain high-achievers. The downsides, however, indicate that parents should seek out a professional.

Treatment is important because, in addition to living with the uncomfortable symptoms of OCD, a teen may also struggle with related problems, says Wilkerson. These may include:

Anxiety

Depression, including diminished self-worth due to shame about inability to control impulses

Difficulty managing friendships or family relationships because of OCD symptoms-for example, when a fear of getting germs leads to avoidance of others

Other forms of extreme obsession like trichotillomania, the irresistible urge to pull out body hair

4. Seek treatment.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the therapy most often recommended for patients with OCD.

CBT can help teens significantly lessen OCD behaviors and substitute supplemental coping skills. "For example, if a teen is worried about germs and constantly washes their hands before moving to the next activity, you could try to go from eight times per day to just four," Wilkerson suggests.

The good news, experts agree, is that OCD is highly treatable. With help, teens who have OCD are likely to get relief from the weight of their obsessions and compulsions and free up energy and time for the things that really matter to them.

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Neat, Orderly, or Something More? Recognizing OCD in Your Teen

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The teen who lines up all their shoes and folds their T-shirts just so. Or the one who double-locks (then triple, then quadruple, and on and on) to ensure the door is secure when they leave. Maybe these teens are just organized and careful.

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Psycom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1986

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What Is Depression?

Being depressed often feels like carrying a very heavy burden, but you are not alone in this struggle. Millions of Americans suffer from some form of depression every year, making it one of the most common mental disorders in the country.

Gaining a deeper understanding of depression can help begin the journey to recovery. Taking some time to learn more about the causes and symptoms of depression will assist you greatly when it comes time to consider methods of treatment.

Depression is more than just feeling sad. Everyone feels upset or unmotivated from time to time, but depression is more serious. It is a mood disorder characterized by prolonged feelings of sadness and loss of interest in daily activities. If these symptoms persist for a period of at least two weeks, it is considered a depressive episode.

Patient Statistics

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), major depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. ¹

Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) shows that in 2017, an estimated 17.3 million adults in the United States reported having at least one major depressive episode in the previous 12 months. That's 7.1% of all US adults ages 18 and older. Adult females have a higher prevalence of experiencing a major depressive episode than their male counterparts-8.7% compared to 5.3% in adult males. Depression in the adolescent population (ages 12 to 17) has also increased. An estimated 3.2 million adolescents had at least one major depressive episode-a number that represents 13.3% of the adolescent population.

Not only is depression prevalent, but it also creates the heaviest burden of disability among mental and behavior disorders. According to a 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) report, depression accounted for 3.7% of all U.S. disability-adjusted life years and 8.3% of all U.S. years lived with disability.

Causes of Depression

There is no one cause for depression, as it depends on a unique combination of an individual's genetic makeup and environmental conditions. There are many factors to take into account:

The brain's physical structure or chemistry

History of depression in the family

History of other disorders (anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder)

Stressful, traumatic events (abuse, financial issues, death of a loved one)

Hormone changes (menstrual cycles, pregnancy)

Certain medications (sleeping aids, blood pressure medication)

Types of Depression

Just as there is no one cause for depression, there isn't only one type of depression. It can take many forms. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders lists nine distinct types:

1. Major depression, as we discussed, is the most common type of depression. Often, people with major depression experience recurrent episodes throughout their lives.

2. Dysthymia is a persistent low mood over a long period of time, even a year or more. It could be described as feeling like you're living on autopilot.

3. Some people are more sensitive to the lower amount of light in the wintertime. Seasonal Affective Disorder is a type of depression brought on from a lack of natural sunlight.

4. Those with Atypical Depression often report feeling a heaviness in their limbs. They may suffer from irritability and relationship problems, as well as be prone to overeating and oversleeping.

5. Bipolar Disorder is also called Manic Depressive Disorder because it involves alternating between mania and depressive episodes.

6. Sometimes depressive episodes can get so severe that hallucinations or delusions are present, the person becomes catatonic, or they feel stuck in bed. This is known as Psychotic Depression.

7. Postpartum Depression occurs after giving birth. Mothers may feel disconnected from their new baby or fear that they will hurt their child.

8. Severe depression that shows up during the second half of the menstrual cycle is called Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. It affects the individual's ability to function normally.

9. Situational Depression is triggered by a life-changing event. It could be anything, from losing your job to the death of an immediate family member.

Signs and Symptoms of Depression

Though there are multiple types of depression, many of them have similar recognizable symptoms. This list scratches the surface, but it provides a general idea of what comprises depression:

Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, worthlessness, or emptiness

Irritability, frustration, or restlessness

Loss of interest in activities or hobbies that used to be enjoyable

Difficulty sleeping, sleep disturbances or sleeping too much

Fatigue and lack of energy

Difficulty thinking clearly, remembering, concentrating, or making decisions

Appetite or weight changes

Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, or back pain

Experiencing some combination of these symptoms for a period of at least two weeks likely signifies that you are in the midst of a depressive episode. See 7 Surprising Symptoms of Depression.

Treatment

Any treatment for depression should coincide with a healthy diet and a regular sleep schedule. It may sound simplistic, but the importance of taking care of your body cannot be overstated.

There are various methods you could use to sooth the symptoms of depression. All of us could stand to exercise more often, but exercise is especially helpful for the depressed mind. It enables you to better handle stress, and the endorphins released during exercise give you a mental boost. Aside from the mental health benefits, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that physical activity helps you sleep better at night.

Yoga is a more accessible form of exercise, because it doesn't require equipment and because many of the moves and poses do not require much effort. Meditation is a highly effective way of clearing your head and calming your body. It's also easy to do, with guided meditations available through phone apps, online in text and videos, and in books.

If you enjoy keeping a journal, you may find that it helps to express your thoughts on paper instead of bottling them inside. It's helpful to have close friends and family who you can confide in, but they're not always available or may be dealing with stress of their own. This makes keeping a journal a good idea to have an alternate way to vent.

Therapy with anyone from a guidance counselor to a certified therapist can work wonders, and many may prefer therapy over the medication route. Situational depression especially can be relieved by having a way to get everything off your chest and receive practical advice.

For a more hands-on approach, try experts like psychiatrists or psychologists. They offer many types of therapy, from light therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder to cognitive behavioral therapy that works to change your thought processes.

Other alternatives include drinking special teas or taking supplements. The properties of green tea and chamomile tea give them a calming effect, and some have found success drinking St. John's Wort tea to treat depression. It can also be taken as a supplement. While there is no proof that St. John's Wort improves depression symptoms, fish oil, and SAM-e are supplements with a proven impact.

There is no shame in taking medication to manage your depression. People routinely take medication for physical ailments, and having a mental illness isn't any different. If you're worried about the possible side effects, call your doctor to discuss them. Any medication can be tapered down or ceased, and there are different types available to suit your individual needs and chemistry.

Remember that recovery is a journey, not a destination. Bad days will still come, but with well-targeted treatment, you should be able to overcome extreme lows. While science has yet to find a cure for mental disorders such as depression, it is entirely possible to live a happy and fulfilling life in spite of it.
If you are experiencing a mental health crisis, or someone you love is in danger, we strongly suggest that you reach out to to a qualified mental health professional. To aid in your search please consider our directory of emergency mental health resources.

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Depression Types, Causes, Symptoms, Statistics, & Treatment

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Being depressed often feels like carrying a very heavy burden, but you are not alone in this struggle. Millions of Americans suffer from some form of depression every year, making it one of the most common mental disorders in the country. Gaining a deeper understanding of depression can help begin the journey to recovery.

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You indicate the behaviors that are making you concerned about your child by answering a series of questions. The Symptom Checker analyzes your answers to give you a list of psychiatric or learning disorders that are associated with those symptoms.

Since individual symptoms can reflect more than one disorder, this tool will give you a range of possibilities and guide you toward next steps. This tool cannot diagnose your child, but it can help you inform yourself about possible diagnoses and will offer information and articles to help you learn about them, to facilitate a conversation with a professional.

Remember, this tool is not a substitute for a diagnostic evaluation by a medical or mental health professional. If you believe your child has a psychiatric or learning disorder, please consult a professional.

We do not collect any personally identifiable information.

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Are you worried about your child? Our Symptom Checker can help you inform yourself about possible diagnoses and will offer you helpful information and articles.

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Links to child mind and mental health

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Being healthy means dealing with the changes in your body - and your mind. Relationships, body image, families, emotions ... sort it all out in this section.

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Philadelphia FIGHT

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Links with support information on various disorders.

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Mental health conditions - Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

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Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders "I started to hear voices and messages on the radio and television, and also through the newspaper. The delusion was completely real to me." A psychotic disorder involves a disconnection from reality. Psychosis is a group of related symptoms that seriously affect how you think, feel, and behave.

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Find out about the different forms of treatment for psychotic disorders, including medication, psychological therapies and self-help strategies.

What is schizophrenia?

'Schizophrenia' is a term used to describe a mental health condition that can impact on a person's perception of reality and their behaviour. It affects about 1 in every 100 people in Australia. Schizophrenia is most often diagnosed by a psychiatrist (a doctor who specialises in understanding mental distress), who uses the diagnosis in deciding on the most effective treatment.

Signs and symptoms of schizophrenia

Like psychosis, people with schizophrenia can report the following symptoms:

unusual ideas or beliefs about yourself or the world, some of which may be frightening

hearing sounds or voices that other people can't hear, or seeing images that others can't see (known as 'hallucinations')

the feeling that others might be in control of your body or thoughts

trouble with thoughts getting jumbled, so that it may be hard to make sense of what people are saying or to express yourself clearly to other people

behaviour that seems odd or that other people might find strange.

In schizophrenia, these experiences last for more than a month - even for six months or longer. Other common symptoms of schizophrenia are problems with low mood and motivation, isolation from family and friends, and feeling cold or emotionless. People with schizophrenia may also have trouble with thoughts, concentration, speaking and memory. In more severe cases, they may have problems with movement.

What causes schizophrenia?

A lot of research has attempted to uncover the causes of schizophrenia. It's not easy to determine the causes, because the symptoms can vary from one person to another. While genetic factors seem to play a role (i.e. you're more likely to get schizophrenia if you have a close family member with the disorder), other factors such as trauma (frightening or life-threatening things happening to you), stress, problems at birth and significant drug use are also associated with schizophrenia.

What are the treatments for schizophrenia?

Medication: Schizophrenia is most commonly treated with anti-psychotic medications. These work by influencing the way the brain responds to certain chemicals such as dopamine. They can be very useful for reducing frightening experiences such as hearing or seeing things that others don't hear or see, or having thoughts or ideas that lead to unusual behaviour.

Anti-psychotic medications can have side effects. If any of these are troubling you, it's important to discuss this with your doctor so that an alternative medication can be offered or the dosage reduced. Medications may also be prescribed to assist with other problems, such as low mood or anxiety, or to help with sleep.

Psychological therapies: Psychotherapy for schizophrenia can assist with teaching skills and techniques for coping with stress and improving quality of life. Some therapies have been shown to be effective in helping people who hear voices. Psychological therapies for schizophrenia include cognitive behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and family therapy. Open Dialogue, a recently developed therapy that involves including family and social networks in treatment, has shown promising results in several countries.

Lifestyle changes: For many people, improving general health and reducing stress through activities such as art, music and exercise can support recovery. Avoiding drugs and alcohol and getting good sleep can also help.

Practical support: Assistance with goals to do with study or work can also reduce stress and improve quality of life for people with schizophrenia.

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Find out about the different forms of treatment for psychotic disorders, including medication, psychological therapies and self-help strategies. 'Schizophrenia' is a term used to describe a mental health condition that can impact on a person's perception of reality and their behaviour. It affects about 1 in every 100 people in Australia.

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Information on issues

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content_area

Not all children grow from infancy through their adolescent years without experiencing some bumps along the way. While every child is unique and special, sometimes they encounter emotions, feelings or behavior that cause problems in their lives and the lives of those around them. Families often worry when their child or teenager has difficulty coping with things, feels sad, can't sleep, gets involved with drugs, or can't get along with family or friends.

AACAP's Facts for Families provide concise and up-to-date information on issues that affect children, teenagers, and their families. AACAP provides this important information as a public service and the Facts for Families may be duplicated and distributed free of charge as long as the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry is properly credited and no profit is gained from their use.

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content_area Not all children grow from infancy through their adolescent years without experiencing some bumps along the way. While every child is unique and special, sometimes they encounter emotions, feelings or behavior that cause problems in their lives and the lives of those around them.

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Overview of Disorders

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Overview of childhood psychiatric disorders including children and depression, ADHD, anxiety, conduct disorder, and autism.
Contents
"If we paid no more attention to plants than we have to our children,
we would now be living in a jungle of weeds."
That sentiment, expressed by the late 19th-century naturalist and plant expert Luther Burbank, still bears some truth today. Concern about children's health has certainly increased since Burbank's day. But that concern has not translated into knowledge about children's mental health. Of 12 million American children suffering from mental illness, fewer than one in five receive treatment of any kind. That means that eight out of 10 children suffering from mental illness do not receive the care they need. By comparison, 74 percent or nearly three out of four children suffering from physical handicaps receive treatment.

For much of history, childhood was considered a happy, idyllic period of life. Children were not thought to suffer mental or emotional problems because they were spared the stresses adults must face. Research conducted since the 1960s, however, shows that children do suffer from depression and bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders, illnesses once thought to be reserved for adults. From 3 to 6 million children suffer from clinical depression and are at high risk for suicide, the third leading cause of death among young people. Every hour, 57 children and teenagers try to kill themselves; every day 18 succeed.

Between 200,000 and 300,000 children suffer from autism, a pervasive developmental disorder that appears in the first three years of life. Millions suffer from learning disorders--attention deficit disorder, attachment disorders, conduct disorders, and substance abuse.

Parents whose children suffer from these illnesses often ask themselves, "What did I do wrong?" Self-blaming is not appropriate since the causes are complex and never due to any single factor. Research indicates that many mental illnesses have a biological component which makes a child susceptible to the disorder. Feelings of guilt about a child's mental illness are often as inappropriate as feelings of guilt about other childhood illnesses or about inherited health problems.

The key is to recognize the problem and seek appropriate treatment. As with other types of illnesses, mental disorders have specific diagnostic criteria and treatments, and a complete evaluation by a child psychiatrist can determine whether a child needs help. Here's an overview of the illnesses, their symptoms, theories of causes and available treatments.

Children and Depression

Like adults, children can experience the normal mood many of us refer to as "depression." This happens when we're frustrated, disappointed or sad about a loss in our lives. Part of the normal ups and downs of life, this feeling fades relatively quickly. Studies of children aged six to 12, however, have shown that as many as one in 10 suffers from the illness of depression. These children cannot escape their feelings of sadness for long periods of time.

Like depression in adults, depression has the following symptoms in a child:

sadness

hopelessness

feelings of worthlessness

excessive guilt

change in appetite

loss of interest in activities

recurring thoughts of death or suicide

loss of energy

helplessness

fatigue

low self-esteem

inability to concentrate

change in sleep patterns

Unlike adults, children may not have the vocabulary to accurately describe how they feel. Up to a certain age, they simply do not understand such complex concepts as "self-esteem" or "guilt" or "concentration." If they don't understand the concepts, they can't express these feelings in ways an adult would quickly recognize. As a result, children may show their problems in behavior. Some key behaviors--in addition to changes in eating or sleeping patterns--that may signal depression are:

a sudden drop in school performance

inability to sit still, fidgeting, pacing, wringing hands

pulling or rubbing the hair, skin, clothing or other objects;

in contrast:

slowed body movements, monotonous speech or muteness

outbursts of shouting or complaining or unexplained irritability

crying

expression of fear or anxiety

aggression, refusal to cooperate, antisocial behavior

use of alcohol or other drugs

complaints of aching

arms, legs or stomach, when no cause can be found

Causes of Depression in Children

Researchers are making new discoveries about the causes of depression every day as they study the roles of biochemistry, heredity and environment in the development of the illness.

Studies show that people suffering from depression have imbalances of important biochemical's in their brains. These biochemical's, called neurotransmitters, allow the brain's cells to communicate with one another. Two neurotransmitters that tend to be out of balance in depressive people are serotonin and norepinephrine. An imbalance in serotonin may cause the sleep problems, irritability and anxiety characteristic of depression, while an imbalance of norepinephrine, which regulates alertness and arousal, may contribute to the fatigue and depressed mood of the illness.

Researchers have also found that depressed people have imbalances in cortisol, another natural biochemical the body produces in response to extreme cold, anger or fear. Scientists don't know if these biochemical imbalances cause depression or if depression causes the imbalances. They do know, however, that cortisol levels will increase in anyone who must live with long-term stress.

Family history is important. Studies indicate that depression is three times more common in children whose biological parents suffer from depression, even if the children have been adopted into a family whose members do not have the illness. Other research indicates that if one identical twin develops depression, the other twin has a 70 percent chance of also suffering from it. These studies suggest that some people inherit a susceptibility to the illness.

Family environment is also important. A drug-dependent or alcoholic parent cannot always provide the consistency a child needs. The loss of a loved one through divorce or death is stressful, as is enduring the long-term illness of a parent, a sibling or the child himself. A child living with a parent who is psychologically, physically or sexually abusive must cope with incredible stress. All of these can contribute to depression.

That's not to say that children coping with these situations are the only ones susceptible to depression. Many youngsters from stable and loving environments also develop the illness. For this reason, scientists suspect that genetics, biology and environment work together to contribute to depression.

Treatment of Childhood Depression

Therapy is essential for children struggling with depression so that they can be free to develop necessary academic and social skills. Young people respond well to treatment because they adapt readily and their symptoms are not yet entrenched.

Psychotherapy is a very effective treatment for children. During therapy, the child learns to express his feelings and to develop ways of coping with his illness and environmental stresses.

Researchers have also looked at the effectiveness of medications and have found that some children respond to antidepressant medications. However, the use of medications must be closely monitored by a physician with expertise in this area, usually a child psychiatrist. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry emphasizes that psychiatric medication should not be the only form of treatment but, rather, part of a comprehensive program that usually includes psychotherapy.

Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

You may hear attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder called by various names: hyperactivity, minimal brain dysfunction, minimal brain damage, and hyperkinetic syndrome. All of these terms describe a condition that affects a child's ability to concentrate, to learn and to maintain a normal level of activity. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects from three to 10 percent of all children in America. Thought to be 10 times more common in boys than in girls, this disorder often develops before the age of seven but is most often diagnosed when the child is between ages eight and 10.

The child with ADHD:

has difficulty finishing any activity that requires concentration at home, school or play; shifts from one activity to another.

doesn't seem to listen to anything said to him or her.

acts before thinking, is excessively active and runs or climbs nearly all the time; often is very restless even during sleep.

requires close and constant supervision, frequently calls out in class, and has serious difficulty waiting his of her turn in games or groups.

In addition, children may have specific learning disabilities that can lead to emotional problems as a result of falling behind in school or receiving constant reprimands from adults or ridicule from other children.

No single cause for ADHD is known. As with depression, scientists suspect that a combination of heredity, environment and biological problems contribute to the development of the disorder. For example, studies show that parents of some children suffering from ADHD also were diagnosed as having the illness. Investigators have suggested many other theories, but their validity has not been established.

A child should undergo a complete medical evaluation to ensure an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. Youngsters may develop inappropriate behaviors because they can't hear or see well enough to know what is going on around them. Or another physical or emotional illness may be contributing to the behavioral problem.

Treatment can include the use of medications, special educational programs that help the child keep up academically, and psychotherapy.

Between 70 and 80 percent of children with ADHD respond to medications when they are properly used. Medication allows the child a chance to improve his attention span, perform tasks better, and control his impulsive behavior. As a result, children get along better with their teachers, classmates and parents, which improves their self-esteem. Also, the effects of the medication help them gain the benefits of educational programs geared toward their needs.

Like virtually all medications, those used for ADHD have side effects. These include insomnia, loss of appetite and, in some cases, irritability, stomach aches or headaches. Such side effects can be controlled by adjusting the dosage or timing of the medication.

Psychotherapy is commonly used in combination with medications, as are school and family consultation. By working with the therapist, a child can learn to cope with his or her disorder and the reaction of others to it, and develop techniques to better control his or her behavior.

Anxiety and Children

Children have fears that adults often don't understand. At certain ages, children seem to have more fears than at others. Nearly all children develop fears of the dark, monsters, witches, or other fantasy images. Over time, these normal fears fade. But when they persist or when they begin to interfere with a child's normal daily routine, he or she may need the attention of a mental health professional.

Simple Phobias

As in adults, simple phobias in children are overwhelming fears of specific objects such as an animal, or situations such as being in the dark, for which there is no logical explanation. These are very common among young children. One study reported that as many as 43 percent of children aged six to 12 in the general population have seven or more fears, but these are not phobias.

Often, these fears go away without treatment. In fact, few children who suffer from fears or even mild phobias get treatment. However, a child deserves professional attention if he or she is so afraid of dogs, for example, that he or she is terror-stricken when going outside regardless of whether a dog is nearby.

Treatment for childhood phobias is generally similar to that for adult phobias. Combined treatment programs are helpful, including one or more of such treatments as desensitization, medication, individual and group psychotherapy, and school and family consultation. Over time, the phobia either disappears or substantially decreases so that it no longer restricts daily activities.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

As its name implies, separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed when children develop intense anxiety, even to the point of panic, as a result of being separated from a parent or other loved one. It often appears suddenly in a child who has shown no previous signs of a problem.

This anxiety is so intense that it interferes with children's normal activities. They refuse to leave the house alone, visit or sleep at a friend's house, go to camp or go on errands. At home, they may cling to their parents or "shadow" them by following closely on their heels. Often, they complain of stomachaches, headaches, nausea, and vomiting. They may have heart palpitations and feel dizzy and faint. Many children with this disorder have trouble falling asleep and may try to sleep in their parents' bed. If barred, they may sleep on the floor outside the parents' bedroom. When they are separated from a parent, they become preoccupied with morbid fears that harm will come to them, or that they will never be reunited.

Separation anxiety may give rise to what is known as school phobia. Children refuse to attend school because they fear separation from a parent, not because they fear the academic environment. Sometimes they have mixed fears--fear of leaving the parents as well as fear of the school environment.

Children should receive a thorough evaluation before treatment is started. For some, medications can significantly reduce anxiety and allow them to return to the classroom. These medications may also reduce the physical symptoms many of these children feel, such as nausea, stomachaches, dizziness or other vague pains.

Generally, psychiatrists use medications as an addition to psychotherapy. Both psychodynamic play therapy and behavioral therapy have been found helpful in reducing anxiety disorders. In psychodynamic play therapy, the therapist helps the child work out the anxiety by expressing it through play. In behavior therapy, the child learns to overcome fear through gradual exposure to separation from the parents.

Conduct Disorder

Studies indicate that conduct disorders are the largest single group of psychiatric illnesses in adolescents. Often beginning before the teen years, conduct disorders afflict approximately nine percent of boys and two percent of girls under the age of 18.

Because the symptoms are closely tied to socially unacceptable, violent or criminal behavior, many people confuse the illnesses in this diagnostic category with either juvenile delinquency or the turmoil of the teen years.

However, recent research suggests that young people suffering from conduct disorders often have underlying problems that have been missed or ignored--epilepsy or a history of head and facial injuries, for example. According to one study, these children are most often diagnosed as schizophrenic when discharged from the hospital.

Children who have demonstrated at least three of the following behaviors over six months should be evaluated for possible conduct disorder:

Steals--without confrontation as in forgery, and/or by using physical force as in muggings, armed robbery, purse-snatching or extortion.

Consistently lies other than to avoid physical or sexual abuse.

Deliberately sets fires.

Is often truant from school or, for older patients, is absent from work.

Has broken into someone's home, office or car.

Deliberately destroys the property of others.

Has been physically cruel to animals and/or to humans.

Has forced someone into sexual activity with him or her.

Has used a weapon in more than one fight.

Often starts fights.

Researchers have not yet discovered what causes conduct disorders, but they continue to investigate several psychological, sociological and biological theories. Psychological and psychoanalytical theories suggest that aggressive, antisocial behavior is a defense against anxiety, an attempt to recapture the mother-infant relationship, the result of maternal deprivation, or a failure to internalize controls.

Sociological theories suggest that conduct disorders result from a child's attempt to cope with a hostile environment, to get material goods that come with living in an affluent society, or to gain social status among friends. Other sociologists say inconsistent parenting contributes to the development of the disorders.

Finally, biological theories point to a number of studies that indicate youngsters could inherit a vulnerability to the disorders. Children of criminal or antisocial parents tend to develop the same problems. Moreover, because so many more boys than girls develop the disorder, some think male hormones may play a role. Still other biological researchers think a problem in the central nervous system could contribute to the erratic and antisocial behavior.

None of these theories can fully explain why conduct disorders develop. Most likely, an inherited predisposition and environmental and parenting influences all play a part in the illness.

Because conduct disorders do not go away without intervention, appropriate treatment is essential. Aimed at helping young people realize and understand the effect their behavior has on others, these treatments include behavior therapy and psychotherapy, in either individual or group sessions. Some youngsters suffer from depression or attention-deficit disorder as well as conduct disorder. For these children, use of medications as well as psychotherapy has helped lessen the symptoms of conduct disorder.

Pervasive Developmental Disorder

Thought to be the most severe of psychiatric disorders afflicting children, pervasive developmental disorders strike 10 to 15 in every 10,000 children. The disorders affect intellectual skills; responses to sights, sounds, smells and other senses; and the ability to understand language or to talk. Youngsters may assume strange postures or perform unusual movements. They may have bizarre patterns of eating, drinking or sleeping.

Within this diagnosis is autism, which afflicts as many as four out of every 10,000 children. The most debilitating of the pervasive developmental disorders, autism is generally apparent by the time the child is 30 months old. It is three times more common in boys than in girls.

As infants, autistic children don't cuddle and may even stiffen and resist affection. Many don't look at their caregivers and may react to all adults with the same indifference. On the other hand, some autistic children cling tenaciously to a specific individual. In either case, children with autism fail to develop normal relationships with anyone, not even their parents. They may not seek comfort even if they are hurt or ill, or they may seek comfort in a strange way, such as saying "cheese, cheese, cheese," when they are hurt. As they grow, these children also fail to develop friendships and generally, they prefer to play alone. Even those who do want to make friends have trouble understanding normal social interaction. For example, they may read a phone book to an uninterested child.

Autistic children cannot communicate well because they never learn to talk, they don't understand what is said to them or they speak a language all their own. For example, they may say "you" when they mean "I," such as "You want cookie," when they mean "I want a cookie." They may not be able to name common objects. Or they may use words in a bizarre way, such as saying, "Go on green riding," when they mean "I want to go on the swing." Sometimes they may repeatedly say phrases or words they have heard in conversation or on television. Or they make irrelevant remarks, such as suddenly talking about train schedules when the topic was football. Their voices may be in a high-pitch monotone.

Autistic children also go through repetitive body movements such as twisting or flicking their hands, flapping their arms or banging their heads. Some children become preoccupied with parts of objects, or they may become extremely attached to an unusual object such as a piece of string or a rubber band.

They become distressed when any part of their environment is changed. They may throw extreme tantrums when their place at the dinner table changes or magazines are not placed on the table in a precise order. Likewise, these children insist on following rigid routines in precise detail.

Scientists have not identified any one cause for these disorders. Research has shown, however, that parents' personalities or methods of rearing their children have little if any effect on the development of pervasive developmental disorders.

On the other hand, scientists have learned that certain medical situations are associated with pervasive developmental disorders. Autism has been reported in cases where the mother suffered from rubella while she was pregnant. Other cases have been associated with inflammation of the brain during infancy or lack of oxygen at birth. Still others are associated with disorders that have genetic links. Among those disorders are phenylketonuria, an inherited problem with a metabolism that can cause mental retardation, epilepsy and other disorders.
For comprehensive information on parenting children with psychiatric disorders, visit the HealthyPlace.com Parenting Community.
(c) Copyright 1988 American Psychiatric Association
Revised June 1992.

Produced by the APA Joint Commission on Public Affairs and the Division of Public Affairs. This text of this document originated as a pamphlet developed for educational purposes and does not necessarily reflect opinion or policy of the American Psychiatric Association.

Additional Resources

Giffin, Mary, M.D. and Carol Felsenthal. A Cry for Help. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1983.

Looney, John G., M.D., editor. Chronic Mental Illness in Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1988.

Love, Harold D. Behavior Disorders in Children: A Book for Parents. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1987.

Wender, Paul H. The Hyperactive Child, Adolescent, and Adult: Attention Deficit Disorder Through the Lifespan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Wing, Lorna. Autistic Children: A Guide for Parents and Professionals. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1985.

Other Resources

American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine
(804) 355-0147

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
(202) 966-7300

American Academy of Pediatrics
(312) 228-5005

American Association of Psychiatric Services for Children
(716) 436-4442

American Pediatrics Society
(718) 270-1692

American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry
(215) 566-1054

Association for the Care of Children's Health
(202) 244-1801

Child Welfare League of America, Inc.
(202) 638-2952

National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
(703) 524-7600

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs
(202) 347-0308

National Institute of Mental Health
(301) 443-2403

National Mental Health Association
(703) 684-7722

National Society for Children and Adults with Autism
(202) 783-0125

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children and pervasive developmental disorder

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children do suffer from depression and manic-depressive and anxiety disorders

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children and teenagers try to kill themselves

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Overview of childhood psychiatric disorders including children and depression, ADHD, anxiety, conduct disorder, and autism. Contents "If we paid no more attention to plants than we have to our children, we would now be living in a jungle of weeds." That sentiment, expressed by the late 19th-century naturalist and plant expert Luther Burbank, still bears some truth today.

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Urgent Services

For mental health or substance use emergencies where your safety or the safety of others is at immediate risk, dial 9-1-1.

If you feel you are experiencing a mental health or substance use emergency but your safety or the safety of others is not at immediate risk, please contact:

Non-Urgent Services

The first step when seeking help for non-emergency mental health or substance use challenges is to find services in your area. You may call the referral line in your area for confidential help 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Stigma and Mental Health

The stigma surrounding mental health is often a deterrent for people looking to get help. Christina, John, Zachary, and Shannon tell us why it's important to "shake the stigma" and talk to someone.

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HHS offers mental health and substance use services for families and people of all ages.

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

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If you or someone you know has a mental illness, there are ways to get help. Use these resources to find help for yourself, a friend, or a family member.

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A Personalized Eating Disorder Treatment Center in Dallas, TX

Eating disorders are extremely serious and complex psychological diseases. When left untreated, an eating disorder can cause social, emotional, and physical harm.

If you or a loved one have suffered from an eating disorder, there is hope for healing with the support and guidance from our eating disorder center. Eating Disorder Solutions offers personalized eating disorder treatments in Dallas, TX. We provide treatment with integrity, promoting holistic approaches that heal the mind, body, and soul. Our licensed eating disorder specialists are knowledgeable and experienced with helping individuals of all ages, genders, and stages of eating disorders. To help you achieve real, long-term recovery, we'll develop an individualized plan that addresses your needs with one of our four treatment programs.

Integrated Treatment

Our treatment programs address the underlying causes of eating disorders while also treating physical symptoms and nurturing a new, healthier relationship with food.

Comprehensive Nutritional Support

Our nutrition philosophy is that all foods are good foods in moderation. We believe in an individualized meal plan as each client is not the same.

Overcoming an eating disorder is a transformative journey that begins within.

Our eating disorder center in Dallas, TX is dedicated to helping people reclaim control over their lives through comprehensive behavioral healthcare and dietary support. Our mission is your recovery. Our extensive resources and partnerships mean we can help you find the right treatment option for your needs.

The Road to Recovery: An Individualized Approach

Why Choose Eating Disorder Solutions?

If you are struggling with an eating disorder, you don't have to battle it alone. At Eating Disorder Solutions, we'll arm you with the tools and power for long-term success.

Eating disorders are complex and each disorder and individual is different, which is why a customized approach is key. To suit your needs, we offer both residential and outpatient programs to help individuals reclaim control of their lives and future. Our caring and compassionate staff will address the client's individual needs, providing support and guidance through every step of the way.

Some of our services include:

Eating disorders cover a broad spectrum of mental and physical health conditions that are typically categorized as follows: Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Binge Eating Disorder (BED), Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS). Many individuals struggling with an eating disorder often fluctuate between the different "categories." Therefore, Eating Disorder Solutions focuses on the individual, not his or her diagnosis, to better understand the underlying cause and best treatment approach for each client.

If you're asking yourself, "Do I have an eating disorder?" the specialists at Eating Disorder Solutions in Dallas, Texas, can provide an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Individuals that worry too much about their weight, the foods that they eat and the shapes of their bodies may result to unhealthy eating habits and can develop an eating disorder. After an evaluation with Eating Disorder Solutions, we can provide a diagnosis and treatment plan that is unique to you.

Get Help Now

Eating disorders are treatable. Call us now to begin your journey to a happier, healthier you!

Call Eating Disorder Solutions today!

ACCREDITED BY THE JOINT COMMISSION

Understanding Eating Disorders

CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS

Disordered eating may be a symptom of underlying mental health issues.

ENDING THE STIGMAS

Eating disorders affect people from all genders, ethnic backgrounds, and social statuses.

COMMMON FACTORS

Genetics, self-image, and environmental factors can influence the development of an eating disorder.

Get in Touch for Eating Disorder Treatment in Dallas, TX

Don't risk trying to manage an eating disorder on your own if you don't think that you're ready. Start your journey to healing through therapy and nutritional guidance in a safe and supportive community environment. Contact Eating Disorder Solutions today to enroll in our eating disorder treatment program in Dallas, Texas.

Request a Call

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Dallas Eating Disorder Treatment Center | Eating Disorder Solutions

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Eating disorders are extremely serious and complex psychological diseases. When left untreated, an eating disorder can cause social, emotional, and physical harm. If you or a loved one have suffered from an eating disorder, there is hope for healing with the support and guidance from our eating disorder center.

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Video

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Athletics are a great way to build self-esteem, promote physical conditioning, and demonstrate the value of teamwork, but not all athletic stressors are positive. The pressure to win and an emphasis on body weight and shape can create a toxic combination. Athletic competition can also be a factor contributing to severe psychological and physical stress. When the pressures of athletic competition are added to an existing cultural emphasis on thinness, the risks increase for athletes to develop disordered eating.

In a study of Division 1 NCAA athletes, over one-third of female athletes reported attitudes and symptoms placing them at risk for anorexia nervosa. Though most athletes with eating disorders are female, male athletes are also at risk-especially those competing in sports that tend to place an emphasis on the athlete's diet, appearance, size, and weight requirements, such as wrestling, bodybuilding, crew, and running.
Coach & Trainer Toolkit >
RISK FACTORS FOR ATHLETES

Sports that emphasize appearance, weight requirements, or muscularity (gymnastics, diving, bodybuilding, or wrestling).

Sports that focus on the individual rather than the entire team (gymnastics, running, figure skating, dance or diving, versus teams sports such as basketball or soccer).

Endurance sports such as track and field, running, swimming.

Overvalued belief that lower body weight will improve performance.

Training for a sport since childhood or being an elite athlete.

Low self-esteem; family dysfunction (including parents who live through the success of their child in sport); families with eating disorders; chronic dieting; history of physical or sexual abuse; peer, family and cultural pressures to be thin, and other traumatic life experiences.

Coaches who focus primarily on success and performance rather than on the athlete as a whole person. Check out tips for coaches >

Three risk factors are thought to particularly contribute to a female athlete's vulnerability to developing an eating disorder: social influences emphasizing thinness, performance anxiety, and negative self-appraisal of athletic achievement. A fourth factor is identity solely based on participation in athletics.

PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR ATHLETES

Positive, person-oriented coaching style rather than negative, performance-oriented coaching style.

Social influence and support from teammates with healthy attitudes towards size and shape.

Coaches who emphasize factors that contribute to personal success such as motivation and enthusiasm rather than body weight or shape.

Coaches and parents who educate, talk about, and support the changing female body

Infographic: Athletes & Eating Disorders

Get the facts on eating disorders and athletes with our infographic!

THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD

The Female Athlete Triad includes disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. The lack of nutrition resulting from disordered eating can cause the loss of several or more consecutive periods. This in turn leads to calcium and bone loss, putting the athlete at greatly increased risk for stress fractures of the bones. Each of these conditions is a medical concern. Together they create serious health risks that may be life threatening. While any female athlete can develop the triad, adolescent girls are most at risk because of the active biological changes and growth spurts, peer and social pressures, and rapidly changing life circumstances that go along with the teenage years.

Early intervention is critical in eating disorders recovery.
Find Help & Support >

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Athletics are a great way to build self-esteem, promote physical conditioning, and demonstrate the value of teamwork, but not all athletic stressors are positive. The pressure to win and an emphasis on body weight and shape can create a toxic combination. Athletic competition can also be a factor contributing to severe psychological and physical stress.

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Teen eating disorders: Tips to protect your teen

Concerned about teen eating disorders? Know what contributes to teen eating disorders, the consequences of eating disorders and the best strategies for prevention.
By Mayo Clinic Staff
Eating disorders can take a devastating toll on teens. To help protect your child, understand the possible causes of teen eating disorders and know how to talk to your son or daughter about healthy-eating habits.

Why teens develop eating disorders

Eating disorders are serious conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact health, emotions and the ability to function in important areas of life. The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder.

While the exact cause of eating disorders is unknown, certain factors might be involved, including:

Biology. People with first-degree relatives (siblings or parents) with an eating disorder may be more likely to develop an eating disorder, suggesting a possible genetic link.

Psychological and emotional issues. Psychological and emotional problems, such as depression or anxiety disorders, are closely linked with eating disorders.

Environmental. Modern Western culture emphasizes thinness.

Favorite activities. Participation in activities that value leanness, such as ballet, or sports in which scoring is partly subjective, such as skating, can play a role.

Early consequences of teen eating disorders

Signs and symptoms vary, depending on the type of eating disorder. Be alert for eating patterns and beliefs that might signal unhealthy behavior. Some red flags that might indicate an eating disorder include:

Extreme weight loss or not making expected developmental weight gain

Frequently skipping meals or refusing to eat

Excessive focus on food

Persistent worry or complaining about being fat

Frequent checking in the mirror for perceived flaws

Using laxatives, diuretics or enemas after eating when they're not needed

Forcing yourself to vomit or exercising too much to keep from gaining weight after bingeing

Repeated episodes of eating abnormally large amounts of food in one sitting

Expressing depression, disgust or guilt about eating habits

Prevention begins with open communication

Talk to your son or daughter about eating habits and body image. To get started:

Encourage healthy-eating habits. Discuss how diet can affect your health, appearance and energy level. Encourage your teen to eat when he or she is hungry. Eat together as a family.

Discuss media messages. Television programs, movies and social media can send the message that only a certain body type is acceptable. Encourage your teen to question what he or she has seen or heard.

Promote a healthy body image. Talk to your teen about his or her self-image and offer reassurance that healthy body shapes vary. Don't make or allow hurtful nicknames, comments or jokes based on a person's physical characteristics, weight or body shape.

Foster self-esteem. Respect your teen's accomplishments, and support his or her goals. Listen when your teen speaks. Look for positive qualities in your teen, such as curiosity, generosity and a sense of humor. Remind your teen that your love and acceptance are unconditional - not based on his or her weight or appearance.

Share the dangers of dieting and emotional eating. Explain that dieting can compromise your teen's nutrition, growth and health, as well as lead to an eating disorder. Remind your teen that eating or controlling his or her diet isn't a healthy way to cope with emotions. Instead, encourage your teen to talk to loved ones, friends or a counselor about problems he or she might be facing.

Also, set a good example. If you're constantly dieting, using food to cope with your emotions or talking about losing weight, you might have a hard time encouraging your teen to eat a healthy diet or feel satisfied with his or her appearance. Instead, make conscious choices about your lifestyle and take pride in your body.

Seeking help for teen eating disorders

If you suspect that your teen has an eating disorder, talk to him or her in a loving and non-confrontational way. Also, schedule a checkup for your teen. The doctor can reinforce healthy messages and look for unusual changes in your teen's body mass index or weight percentiles. The doctor can also talk to your teen about his or her eating habits, exercise routine and body image. If necessary, he or she can refer your teen to a mental health provider.

If your teen is diagnosed with an eating disorder, treatment will likely involve a specific type of family therapy that helps you work with your child to improve his or her eating habits, reach a healthy weight, and manage other symptoms. Sometimes medication is prescribed to treat accompanying mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder. In severe cases, hospitalization might be needed.

Whatever the treatment plan, remember that early intervention can help speed recovery.

Show references

See more In-depth

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Is your teen at risk of developing an eating disorder?

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Concerned about teen eating disorders? Know what contributes to teen eating disorders, the consequences of eating disorders and the best strategies for prevention. By Mayo Clinic Staff Eating disorders can take a devastating toll on teens. To help protect your child, understand the possible causes of teen eating disorders and know how to talk to your son or daughter about healthy-eating habits.

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How To Talk To Someone With An Eating Disorder

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How To Talk To Someone With An Eating Disorder

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If a friend or loved one is struggling with an eating disorder, it can be very hard to know how to help. Maybe you want to offer support but are not sure how. Sometimes, we really need to know what not to say to someone with an eating disorder so that we do not cause more harm. Below are our suggestions for things to avoid and what you might try instead. We hope this helps!
Why can't you just eat something?
Instead say: I would really like to learn more about what happens when you think about eating, can you explain it to me? I want to learn more about this.
If you practiced better self-control you wouldn't binge.
Instead say: I know this is hard for you, I'm sad that you are going through this.
People love a (insert body type here) person! You should love your body.
The eating disorder is not solely about the body shape. It is best to avoid reflection on what you think their body looks like at all (either negative or positive). If someone is obsessively talking about their body shape, try to talk instead about what their body does for them, houses them, carries them through life, etc.
You would look/feel better if you gain/lose weight
Avoid making judgements or assumptions about weight and health. Focus on the emotions the person is experiencing.
If you exercise regularly you will feel better.
This is prescribing a triggering behavior as the solution! Someone with an eating disorder might be using exercise to compensate for food intake or may be exercise avoidant due to body image or trauma. Talking with someone or getting treatment are the things that will help the person feel better.
But men/POC/people in larger sized bodies/people of your age/etc. don't really get eating disorders, so maybe it's something else...
Not true! Anyone can develop any eating disorder. Literally anyone! Do not make assumptions on the validity of someone's eating disorder based on their identity.
Just cut out __________ foods/food group.
This is saying that some foods are better than others and encourages restrictive behaviors. If someone is really struggling with what foods to eat, suggest that they talk to an eating disorder specialized dietitian.
I'm so glad that you were able to eat today!
Avoid commenting on what a person with an eating disorder eats. Many people with eating disorders feel very guilty when they eat. Instead focus on the feelings the person is experiencing.
I skip meals sometimes too (or wish I could).
Even if this is true, it is not the same as having a full-blown eating disorder. This normalizes disordered behaviors and validates self-harm as an acceptable option. Instead say: I would really like to learn more about what happens when you think about eating, can you explain it to me? I want to learn more about this.
General Rules:
Don't talk about the person's body shape/size/look (even if it feels encouraging or positive)

Don't talk about your own food opinions or judgements (even if it feels encouraging or positive)

Always come back to the emotions

If you or someone you know are struggling with food, body, or exercise concerns, please reach out to us, or check out more resources, we're here to help.

Feel free to also use and share this visual guide to help other's who might need some guidance around these conversations:

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What NOT to say to someone with an eating disorder | Opal Food+Body

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If a friend or loved one is struggling with an eating disorder, it can be very hard to know how to help. Maybe you want to offer support but are not sure how. Sometimes, we really need to know what not to say to someone with an eating disorder so that we do not cause more harm.

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Residential Center, Dallas, TX

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Eating disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent and are associated with negative health and psychological outcomes. Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are among the most common types of eating disorders. Due to the prevalence of these disorders, it is important to recognize the signs of symptoms of a potential eating disorder in order to accurately diagnose and treat the condition.
Who Experiences Eating Disorders?
Both anorexia and bulimia nervosa are more common among the female population than among males. The average age of onset for anorexia nervosa is between 15 and 19, and the average onset of bulimia nervosa is approximately 18 years of age. Additionally, anorexia nervosa tends to be more prevalent among Caucasians and those from higher socioeconomic status groups.
What Causes an Eating Disorder?
There is no isolated cause of an eating disorder, but symptoms are generally precipitated and/or exacerbated by stressful life events. A family history of mental health problems is attributed to an increased risk of developing an eating disorder. Also, certain personality traits such as obsessive behavioral tendencies, anxiety, and perfectionism have also been linked to the development of an eating disorder.
Signs and Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa
Psychological Signs

Persistent body-image distortions

Excessive fear of gaining weight

Excessive efforts made to pursue being thin

Preoccupation with thoughts of food

Not eating in public

Physical Signs

Frail physical appearance

Poor attention and cognition

New onset seizures

Cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac failure

Constipation and abdominal distention

Bone pain and deformities

Skeletal muscle wasting

Brittle nails

Erosion of tooth enamel

Signs and Symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa
Psychological Signs

Persistent body-image distortions

Excessive fear of gaining weight

Uncontrollable urge to overeat with subsequent feelings of guilt thereafter

Self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, excessive exercise, and food restriction as compensatory efforts to reduce caloric intake

Physical Signs

Shortness of breath

Constipation

Salivary gland enlargement

Calluses on the back of the hands (as a result of stimulating the gag reflex to induce vomiting)

Erosion of tooth enamel

The timely detection of an eating disorder allows for early intervention and the prevention of potential complications. Due to the complex interplay of physical and psychological factors, continuity of care is essential in the treatment of eating disorders. The treatment and long-term management of an eating disorder depends on the severity and complications of the condition. Usually, management of mild anorexia and bulimia nervosa can occur in an outpatient setting through cognitive behavioral therapy, but more severe cases may necessitate inpatient treatment.

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Signs and Symptoms of an Eating Disorder - Eating Disorder Solutions

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Eating disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent and are associated with negative health and psychological outcomes. Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are among the most common types of eating disorders. Due to the prevalence of these disorders, it is important to recognize the signs of symptoms of a potential eating disorder in order to accurately diagnose and treat the condition.

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Tips and tools to help deal with challenging situations.

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The School Counselor and Student Mental Health

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The School Counselor and Student Mental Health

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The School Counselor and Student Mental Health

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Students' unmet mental health needs can be a significant obstacle to student academic, career and social/emotional development and even compromise school safety. Even so, most students in need do not receive adequate mental health supports (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013).

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Communication for different behaviors.

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PBIS World | A Complete Tier 1 Through Tier 3 Positive Behavior Interventions & Supports System

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PBIS World is in no way affiliated, associated, or connected with any other website, entity, organization, or federal, state, local, or other government agency, department, program, policy, organization, or initiative.

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Youth information

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Many children occasionally have thoughts that bother them, and they might feel like they have to do something about those thoughts, even if their actions don't actually make sense. For example, they might worry about having bad luck if they don't wear a favorite piece of clothing. For some children, the thoughts and the urges to perform certain actions persist, even if they try to ignore them or make them go away. Children may have an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) when unwanted thoughts, and the behaviors they feel they must do because of the thoughts, happen frequently, take up a lot of time (more than an hour a day), interfere with their activities, or make them very upset. The thoughts are called obsessions. The behaviors are called compulsions.

Symptoms

Having OCD means having obsessions, compulsions, or both.

Examples of obsessive or compulsive behaviors include:

Having unwanted thoughts, impulses, or images that occur over and over and which cause anxiety or distress.

Having to think about or say something over and over (for example, counting, or repeating words over and over silently or out loud)

Having to do something over and over (for example, handwashing, placing things in a specific order, or checking the same things over and over, like whether a door is locked)

Having to do something over and over according to certain rules that must be followed exactly in order to make an obsession go away.

Children do these behaviors because they have the feeling that the behaviors will prevent bad things from happening or will make them feel better. However, the behavior is not typically connected to actual danger of something bad happening, or the behavior is extreme, such as washing hands multiple times per hour.

A common myth is that OCD means being really neat and orderly. Sometimes, OCD behaviors may involve cleaning, but many times someone with OCD is too focused on one thing that must be done over and over, rather than on being organized. Obsessions and compulsions can also change over time.
Learn more about OCD
Treatment for OCD

The first step to treatment is to talk with a healthcare provider to arrange an evaluation. A comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional will determine if the anxiety or distress involves memories of a traumatic event that actually happened, or if the fears are based on other thoughts or beliefs. The mental health professional should also determine whether someone with OCD has a current or past tic disorder. Anxiety or depression and disruptive behaviors may also occur with OCD.

Treatments can include behavior therapy and medication. Behavior therapy, specifically cognitive-behavioral therapy, helps the child change negative thoughts into more positive, effective ways of thinking, leading to more effective behavior. Behavior therapy for OCD can involve gradually exposing children to their fears in a safe setting; this helps them learn that bad things do not really occur when they don't do the behavior, which eventually decreases their anxiety. Behavior therapy alone can be effective, but some children are treated with a combination of behavior therapy and medication. Families and schools can help children manage stress by being part of the therapy process and learning how to respond supportively without accidentally making obsessions or compulsions more likely to happen again.

Get help finding treatment

Here are tools to find a healthcare provider familiar with treatment options:

Prevention of OCD

It is not known exactly why some children develop OCD. There is likely to be a biological and neurological component, and some children with OCD also have Tourette syndrome or other tic disorders. There are some studies that suggest that health problems during pregnancy and birth may make OCD more likely, which is one of many important reasons to support the health of women during pregnancy.
Learn about preventing problems during pregnancy

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children | CDC

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Many children occasionally have thoughts that bother them, and they might feel like they have to do something about those thoughts, even if their actions don't actually make sense. Learn about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in children.

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https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/help-support/contact-helpline

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This severe mental disorder can result in hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that interfere with daily living.

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Psychotic disorders are a group of serious illnesses that affect the mind. They make it hard for someone to think clearly, make good judgments, respond emotionally, communicate effectively, understand reality, and behave appropriately.

When symptoms are severe, people with psychotic disorders have trouble staying in touch with reality and often are unable to handle daily life. But even severe psychotic disorders usually can be treated.

Types

There are different types of psychotic disorders, including:

Schizophrenia: People with this illness have changes in behavior and other symptoms -- such as delusions and hallucinations -- that last longer than 6 months. It usually affects them at work or school, as well as their relationships. Know the early warning signs of schizophrenia.

Schizoaffective disorder: People have symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder. Learn more about the symptoms of schizoaffective disorder.

Schizophreniform disorder: This includes symptoms of schizophrenia, but the symptoms last for a shorter time: between 1 and 6 months. Find out more on schizophreniform disorder symptoms to look for.

Continued

Brief psychotic disorder: People with this illness have a sudden, short period of psychotic behavior, often in response to a very stressful event, such as a death in the family. Recovery is often quick -- usually less than a month. Get more information about the different forms of brief psychotic disorder.

Delusional disorder The key symptom is having a delusion (a false, fixed belief) involving a real-life situation that could be true but isn't, such as being followed, being plotted against, or having a disease. The delusion lasts for at least 1 month. Read more on the types of delusions.

Shared psychotic disorder (also called folie à deux): This illness happens when one person in a relationship has a delusion and the other person in the relationship adopts it, too. Learn more about shared psychotic disorder and how it develops.

Substance-induced psychotic disorder: This condition is caused by the use of or withdrawal from drugs, such as hallucinogens and crack cocaine, that cause hallucinations, delusions, or confused speech. Find out more on substance-induced psychosis and other causes of secondary psychosis.

Continued

Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition: Hallucinations, delusions, or other symptoms may happen because of another illness that affects brain function, such as a head injury or brain tumor.

Paraphrenia: This condition has symptoms similar to schizophrenia. It starts late in life, when people are elderly.

Symptoms

The main ones are hallucinations, delusions, and disordered forms of thinking.

Hallucinations means seeing, hearing, or feeling things that don't exist. For instance, someone might see things that aren't there, hear voices, smell odors, have a "funny" taste in their mouth, or feel sensations on their skin even though nothing is touching their body.

Delusions are false beliefs that don't go away even after they've been shown to be false. For example, a person who is certain their food is poisoned, even if someone has shown them that the food is fine, has a delusion.

Other possible symptoms of psychotic illnesses include:

Disorganized or incoherent speech

Confused thinking

Strange, possibly dangerous behavior

Slowed or unusual movements

Loss of interest in personal hygiene

Loss of interest in activities

Problems at school or work and with relationships

Cold, detached manner with the inability to express emotion

Mood swings or other mood symptoms, such as depression or mania

People don't always have the same symptoms, and they can change over time in the same person.

Causes

Doctors don't know the exact cause of psychotic disorders. Researchers believe that many things play a role. Some psychotic disorders tend to run in families, which means that the disorder may be partly inherited. Other things may also influence their development, including stress, drug abuse, and major life changes.

People with certain psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, may also have problems in parts of the brain that control thinking, perception, and motivation.

In schizophrenia, experts believe that nerve cell receptors that work with a brain chemical called glutamate may not work properly in specific brain regions. That glitch may contribute to problems with thinking and perception.

These conditions usually first appear when a person is in their late teens, 20s, or 30s. They tend to affect men and women about equally.

Diagnosis

To diagnose a psychotic disorder, doctors will take a medical and psychiatric history and possibly perform a brief physical exam. The person may get blood tests and sometimes brain imaging (such as MRI scans) to rule out physical illness or drug use like cocaine or LSD.

If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, they may refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist. These mental health professionals will use specially designed interview and assessment tools to decide whether the person has a psychotic disorder.

Treatment

Most psychotic disorders are treated with a combination of medications and psychotherapy, which is a type of counseling.

Medication: The main type of drug that doctors prescribe to treat psychotic disorders are "antipsychotics." Although these medicines aren't a cure, they are effective in managing the most troubling symptoms of psychotic disorders, such as delusions, hallucinations, and thinking problems.

Older antipsychotics include:

Newer "atypical antipsychotics" include:

Doctors usually first prescribe the newer ones because they have fewer and more tolerable side effects than older antipsychotics. Some of the medications are available by injection and only need to be taken once or twice a month or even every three months. This can be easier to manage than remembering to take a daily pill.

Continued

Psychotherapy: There are different types of counseling -- including individual, group, and family therapy - that can help someone who has a psychotic disorder.

Most people with psychotic disorders are treated as outpatients, meaning they don't live in institutions. But sometimes people need to be hospitalized, such as if they have severe symptoms, are in danger of hurting themselves or others, or can't care for themselves because of their illness.

Recovery

Each person being treated for a psychotic disorder may respond to therapy differently. Some will show improvement quickly. For others, it may take weeks or months to get symptom relief.

Some people may need to continue treatment for an extended period of time. Some, such as those who have had several severe episodes, may need to take medication indefinitely. In these cases, the medication usually is given in as low a dose as possible to minimize side effects.

What Is the Outlook for People With Psychotic Disorders?

The depends on the type of psychotic disorder and the person who has it. But these disorders are treatable, and most people will have a good recovery with treatment and close follow-up care.

Can Psychotic Disorders Be Prevented?

No. But the sooner treatment starts, the better. It helps to prevent symptoms. Seeking help as soon as possible can help the person's life, family, and relationships.

For people who are at high risk for psychotic disorders, such as those who have a family history of schizophrenia, avoiding drugs such as marijuana and alcohol may help to prevent or delay these conditions.

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Psychotic disorders are a group of serious illnesses that affect the mind. They make it hard for someone to think clearly, make good judgments, respond emotionally, communicate effectively, understand reality, and behave appropriately. When symptoms are severe, people with psychotic disorders have trouble staying in touch with reality and often are unable to handle daily life.

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Learn about 6 common types of eating disorders and their symptoms

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Eating disorders are characterized by unusual or disturbed eating habits. Learn more here.

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What are eating disorders?

Eating disorders are serious mental health disorders. They involve severe problems with your thoughts about food and your eating behaviors. You may eat much less or much more than you need.

Eating disorders are medical conditions; they are not a lifestyle choice. They affect your body's ability to get proper nutrition. This can lead to health issues, such as heart and kidney problems, or sometimes even death. But there are treatments that can help.

What are the types of eating disorders?

Common types of eating disorders include:

Binge-eating, which is out-of-control eating. People with binge-eating disorder keep eating even after they are full. They often eat until they feel very uncomfortable. Afterward, they usually have feelings of guilt, shame, and distress. Eating too much too often can lead to weight gain and obesity. Binge-eating disorder is the most common eating disorder in the U.S.

Bulimia nervosa. People with bulimia nervosa also have periods of binge-eating. But afterwards, they purge, by making themselves throw up or using laxatives. They may also over-exercise or fast. People with bulimia nervosa may be slightly underweight, normal weight, or overweight.

Anorexia nervosa. People with anorexia nervosa avoid food, severely restrict food, or eat very small quantities of only certain foods. They may see themselves as overweight, even when they are dangerously underweight. Anorexia nervosa is the least common of the three eating disorders, but it is often the most serious. It has the highest death rate of any mental disorder.

What causes eating disorders?

The exact cause of eating disorders is unknown. Researchers believe that eating disorders are caused by a complex interaction of factors. These include genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological, and social factors.

Who is at risk for eating disorders?

Anyone can develop an eating disorder, but they are more common in women. Eating disorders frequently appear during the teen years or young adulthood. But people can also develop them during childhood or later in life.

What are the symptoms of eating disorders?

The symptoms of eating disorders vary, depending on the disorder:

The symptoms of binge-eating include:

Eating unusually large amounts of food in a specific amount of time, such as a 2-hour period

Eating even when you're full or not hungry

Eating fast during binge episodes

Eating until you're uncomfortably full

Eating alone or in secret to avoid embarrassment

Feeling distressed, ashamed, or guilty about your eating

Frequently dieting, possibly without weight loss

The symptoms of bulimia nervosa include the same symptoms as binge-eating, plus trying to get rid of the food or weight after binging by:

Purging, making yourself throw up or using laxatives or enemas to speed up the movement of food through your body

Doing intensive and excessive exercise

Fasting

Over time, bulimia nervosa can cause health problems such as:

Chronically inflamed and sore throat

Swollen salivary glands in the neck and jaw area

Worn tooth enamel and increasingly sensitive and decaying teeth. This is caused by the exposure to stomach acid every time you throw up.

GERD (acid reflux) and other gastrointestinal problems

Severe dehydration from purging

Electrolyte imbalance, which could be too low or too high levels of sodium, calcium, potassium and other minerals. This can lead to a stroke or heart attack.

The symptoms of anorexia nervosa include:

Eating very little, to the point of starving yourself

Intensive and excessive exercise

Extreme thinness

Intense fear of gaining weight

Distorted body image - seeing yourself as overweight even when you are severely underweight

Over time, anorexia nervosa can cause health problems such as:

Thinning of the bones (osteopenia or osteoporosis)

Mild anemia

Muscle wasting and weakness

Thin, brittle hair and nails

Dry, blotchy, or yellowish skin

Growth of fine hair all over the body

Severe constipation

Low blood pressure

Slowed breathing and pulse

Feeling cold all the time because of a drop in internal body temperature

Feeling faint, dizzy, or weak

Feeling tired all the time

Infertility

Damage to the structure and function of the heart

Brain damage

Multiorgan failure

Anorexia nervosa can be fatal. Some people with this disorder die of complications from starvation, and others die of suicide.

Some people with eating disorders may also have other mental disorders (such as depression or anxiety) or problems with substance use.

How is eating disorders diagnosed?

Because eating disorders can be so serious, it is important to seek help if you or a loved one thinks that you might have a problem. Your health care provider may use many tools to make a diagnosis:

A medical history, which includes asking about your symptoms. It is important to be honest about your eating and exercise behaviors so your provider can help you.

A physical exam

Blood or urine tests to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms

Other tests to see whether you have any other health problems caused by the eating disorder. These can include kidney function tests and an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG).

What are the treatments for eating disorders?

Treatment plans for eating disorders are tailored to individual needs. You will likely have a team of providers helping you, including doctors, nutritionists, nurses, and therapists. The treatments may include:

Individual, group, and/or family psychotherapy. Individual therapy may include cognitive behavioral approaches, which help you to identify and change negative and unhelpful thoughts. It also helps you build coping skills and change behavioral patterns.

Medical care and monitoring, including care for the complications that eating disorders can cause

Nutrition counseling. Doctors, nurses, and counselors will help you eat healthy to reach and maintain a healthy weight.

Medicines, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, or mood stabilizers, may help treat some eating disorders. The medicines can also help with the depression and anxiety symptoms that often go along with eating disorders.

Some people with serious eating disorders may need to be in a hospital or in a residential treatment program. Residential treatment programs combine housing and treatment services.

NIH: National Institute of Mental Health

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Eating disorders are serious mental health disorders. They involve severe problems with your thoughts about food and your eating behaviors. You may eat much less or much more than you need. Eating disorders are medical conditions; they are not a lifestyle choice. They affect your body's ability to get proper nutrition.

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Tyler, TX

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ONE IN FOUR FAMILIES FACE SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS. YOU'RE NOT ALONE. NAMI offers outstanding, peer-taught education programs. These no-cost programs support families, parents with school-age children, and individuals living with mental illness. FAMILY-TO-FAMILY EDUCATION more "

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Our Teen Recovery Program addresses substance use and behavioral issues. Learn about our treatment options for teens.

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EDUCATION

At BasePoint, we value the importance of education. Our school program not only focuses on treatment but appreciates the role of education as part of the healing process. Our education counselor, along with our entire team, partner with local school districts to formulate a successful education plan while they are in our care.

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At BasePoint, we value the importance of education. Our school program not only focuses on treatment but appreciates the role of education as part of the healing process. Our education counselor, along with our entire team, partner with local school districts to formulate a successful education plan while they are in our care.

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clinical-partners.co.uk/

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Behavior or Conduct Problems in Children

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Behavior or Conduct Problems in Children

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cdc.gov

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Children sometimes argue, are aggressive, or act angry or defiant around adults. A behavior disorder may be diagnosed when these disruptive behaviors are uncommon for the child's age at the time, persist over time, or are severe. Because disruptive behavior disorders involve acting out and showing unwanted behavior towards others they are sometimes called externalizing disorders.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

When children act out persistently so that it causes serious problems at home, in school, or with peers, they may be diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD usually starts before 8 years of age, but no later than by about 12 years of age. Children with ODD are more likely to act oppositional or defiant around people they know well, such as family members, a regular care provider, or a teacher. Children with ODD show these behaviors more often than other children their age.

Examples of ODD behaviors include

Often being angry or losing one's temper

Often arguing with adults or refusing to comply with adults' rules or requests

Often resentful or spiteful

Deliberately annoying others or becoming annoyed with others

Often blaming other people for one's own mistakes or misbehavior

Learn more about ODD
Conduct Disorder

Conduct Disorder (CD) is diagnosed when children show an ongoing pattern of aggression toward others, and serious violations of rules and social norms at home, in school, and with peers. These rule violations may involve breaking the law and result in arrest. Children with CD are more likely to get injured and may have difficulties getting along with peers.

Examples of CD behaviors include

Breaking serious rules, such as running away, staying out at night when told not to, or skipping school

Being aggressive in a way that causes harm, such as bullying, fighting, or being cruel to animals

Lying, stealing, or damaging other people's property on purpose

Learn more about CD
Treatment for disruptive behavior disorders

Starting treatment early is important. Treatment is most effective if it fits the needs of the specific child and family. The first step to treatment is to talk with a healthcare provider. A comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional may be needed to get the right diagnosis. Some of the signs of behavior problems, such as not following rules in school, could be related to learning problems which may need additional intervention. For younger children, the treatment with the strongest evidence is behavior therapy training for parents, where a therapist helps the parent learn effective ways to strengthen the parent-child relationship and respond to the child's behavior. For school-age children and teens, an often-used effective treatment is a combination of training and therapy that includes the child, the family, and the school.

Get help finding treatment

Here are tools to find a healthcare provider familiar with treatment options:

Managing Symptoms: Staying Healthy

Being healthy is important for all children and can be especially important for children with behavior or conduct problems. In addition to behavioral therapy and medication, practicing certain healthy lifestyle behaviors may reduce challenging and disruptive behaviors your child might experience. Here are some healthy behaviors that may help:

Engaging in regular physical activity, including aerobic and vigorous exercise

Eating a healthful diet centered on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes (for example, beans, peas, and lentils), lean protein sources, and nuts and seeds

Getting the recommended amount of sleep each night based on age

Strengthening relationships with family members

Prevention of disruptive behavior disorders

It is not known exactly why some children develop disruptive behavior disorders. Many factors may play a role, including biological and social factors. It is known that children are at greater risk when they are exposed to other types of violence and criminal behavior, when they experience maltreatment or harsh or inconsistent parenting, or when their parents have mental health conditions like substance use disorders, depression, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The quality of early childhood care also can impact whether a child develops behavior problems.

Although these factors appear to increase the risk for disruptive behavior disorders, there are ways to decrease the chance that children experience them. Learn about public health approaches to prevent these risks:

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Behavior or Conduct Problems in Children | CDC

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Children sometimes argue, are aggressive, or act angry or defiant around adults. A behavior disorder may be diagnosed when these disruptive behaviors are uncommon for the child's age at the time, persist over time, or are severe. Learn about behavior or conduct problems in children.

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Conduct disorder is a group of behavioral and emotional problems that usually begins during childhood or adolescence. Children and adolescents with the disorder have a difficult time following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way. They may display aggressive, destructive, and deceitful behaviors that can violate the rights of others. Adults and other children may perceive them as "bad" or delinquent, rather than as having a mental illness.

If your child has conduct disorder, they may appear tough and confident. In reality, however, children who have conduct disorder are often insecure and inaccurately believe that people are being aggressive or threatening toward them.

There are three types of conduct disorder. They're categorized according to the age at which symptoms of the disorder first occur:

Childhood onset occurs when the signs of conduct disorder appear before age 10.

Adolescent onset occurs when the signs of conduct disorder appear during the teenage years.

Unspecified onset means the age at which conduct disorder first occurs is unknown.

Some children will be diagnosed with conduct disorder with limited prosocial emotions. Children with this specific type of conduct disorder are often described as callous and unemotional.

Children who have conduct disorder are often hard to control and unwilling to follow rules. They act impulsively without considering the consequences of their actions. They also don't take other people's feelings into consideration. Your child may have conduct disorder if they persistently display one or more of the following behaviors:

aggressive conduct

deceitful behavior

destructive behavior

violation of rules

Aggressive Conduct

Aggressive conduct may include:

intimidating or bullying others

physically harming people or animals on purpose

committing rape

using a weapon

Deceitful Behavior

Deceitful behavior may include:

Destructive Behavior

Destructive conduct may include arson and other intentional destruction of property.

Violation of Rules

Violation of rules may include:

skipping school

running away from home

drug and alcohol use

sexual behavior at a very young age

Boys who have conduct disorder are more likely to display aggressive and destructive behavior than girls. Girls are more prone to deceitful and rule-violating behavior.

Additionally, the symptoms of conduct disorder can be mild, moderate, or severe:

Mild

If your child has mild symptoms, it means they display little to no behavior problems in excess of those required to make the diagnosis. Conduct problems cause relatively minor harm to others. Common issues include lying, truancy, and staying out after dark without parental permission.

Moderate

Your child has moderate symptoms if they display numerous behavior problems. These conduct problems may have a mild to severe impact on others. The problems may include vandalism and stealing.

Severe

Your child ha severe symptoms if they display behavior problems in excess of those required to make the diagnosis. These conduct problems cause considerable harm to others. The problems may include rape, use of a weapon, or breaking and entering.

Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the development of conduct disorder.

Genetic Causes

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain has been linked to conduct disorder. The frontal lobe is the part of your brain that regulates important cognitive skills, such as problem-solving, memory, and emotional expression. It's also home to your personality. The frontal lobe in a person with conduct disorder may not work properly, which can cause, among other things:

a lack of impulse control

a reduced ability to plan future actions

a decreased ability to learn from past negative experiences

The impairment of the frontal lobe may be genetic, or inherited, or it may be caused by brain damage due to an injury. A child may also inherit personality traits that are commonly seen in conduct disorder.

Environmental Factors

The environmental factors that are associated with conduct disorder include:

child abuse

a dysfunctional family

parents who abuse drugs or alcohol

poverty

The following factors may increase your child's risk of developing conduct disorder:

being male

living in an urban environment

living in poverty

having a family history of conduct disorder

having a family history of mental illness

having other psychiatric disorders

having parents who abuse drugs or alcohol

having a dysfunctional home environment

having a history of experiencing traumatic events

being abused or neglected

If your child is showing signs of conduct disorder, they should be evaluated by a mental health professional. They'll ask you and your child questions about their behavioral patterns to make a diagnosis. For a conduct disorder diagnosis to be made, your child must have a pattern of displaying at least three behaviors that are common to conduct disorder. Your child must also have shown at least one of the behaviors within the past six months. The behavioral problems must also significantly impair your child socially or at school.

Children with conduct disorder who are living in abusive homes may be placed into other homes. If abuse isn't present, your child's mental healthcare provider will use behavior therapy or talk therapy to help your child learn how to express or control their emotions appropriately. The mental healthcare provider will also teach you how to manage your child's behavior. If your child has another mental health disorder, such as depression or ADHD, the mental healthcare provider may prescribe medications to treat that condition as well.

Since it takes time to establish new attitudes and behavior patterns, children with conduct disorder usually require long-term treatment. However, early treatment may slow the progression of the disorder or reduce the severity of negative behaviors.

The long-term outlook for conduct disorder depends on the severity and frequency of your child's behavioral and emotional problems. Children who continuously display extremely aggressive, deceitful, or destructive behavior tend to have a poorer outlook. The outlook is also worse if other mental illnesses are present. However, getting a prompt diagnosis and receiving comprehensive treatment can significantly improve your child's outlook. Once treatment is received for conduct disorder and any other underlying conditions, your child has a much better chance of considerable improvement and hope for a more successful future.

Without treatment, your child is likely to have ongoing problems. They may be unable to adapt to the demands of adulthood, which can cause them to have problems with relationships and holding a job. They're also at an increased risk for substance abuse and problems with law enforcement. Your child may even develop a personality disorder, such as antisocial personality disorder, when they reach adulthood. This is why early diagnosis and treatment are critical. The earlier your child receives treatment, the better their outlook for the future will be.

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Conduct Disorder: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

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Conduct disorder is a group of behavioral and emotional problems that usually begins during childhood or adolescence. Children and adolescents with the disorder have a difficult time following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way. They may display aggressive, destructive, and deceitful behaviors that can violate the rights of others.

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In extreme cases, ADHD is accompanied by conduct disorder - a disruptive behavior disorder marked by resisting rules, defying authority, and demonstrating physical aggression. Here, learn more about the signs, symptoms, and treatment for this disruptive behavior disorder in teens with ADHD.

Family conflict - child throwing tantrum at tired mother. Sad parent angry at naughty kid with bad behavior, cartoon sketch style hand drawn vector illustration isolated on white background.

What Is Conduct Disorder?

All children are sometimes angry or defiant when upset; they will argue and test limits as normal steps in the separation and individuation process. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD or ADD) exhibit these behaviors more often than those without ADHD. But when the behaviors become frequent and severe, they may indicate an emerging disruptive behavior disorder like Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD).

It's difficult to distinguish between ODD and CD - both predominantly male disorders that revolve around problems with self-control. Both also involve disobedience, resisting rules, and defying authority. These children tend to be angry and spiteful, and they blame others rather than accept responsibility for their actions.

Many experts consider the two disorders on a continuum, with CD being a more severe version of ODD. Indeed, most children with CD have previously had an ODD diagnosis. The escalation from ODD to CD involves increasing physical aggression and violations of others' rights. Although both disorders often resolve before adulthood, the outcomes for CD tend to be poorer than for those with ODD.

Conduct Disorder and ADHD in Teens

ADHD is difficult to manage on its own; it is even harder to handle in conjunction with co-existing disorders. Roughly half of all children with ADHD will also develop ODD or CD. The prevalence of co-occurring CD increases with age and the disorder may affect as many as 50 percent of teens with ADHD. Likewise, about 60 percent of teens with CD also have co-occurring ADHD. CD is most likely to develop in those with severe ADHD symptoms. Those with both disorders tend to experience an earlier age of symptom onset, more severe symptoms, and more emotional and psychiatric problems than those with just ADHD or CD.
[Could Your Child Have Oppositional Defiant Disorder? Take This Self-Test]
Types of Conduct Disorder

The CD diagnosis specifies subtypes based on age of onset, with child symptoms presenting before age 10, and adolescent symptoms defined as appearing after age 10. Those with child onset symptoms, sometimes recognizable as early as preschool, have the more serious prognosis, characterized by physical aggression and disturbed family and peer relationships. The adolescent onset group tends to be less physically aggressive and more likely to have some positive peer relationships.

Another subtype is characterized by limited prosocial emotions (LPE). Those with LPE appear to lack remorse, guilt, empathy, and concerns about their performance. Characterized by unemotional traits, this subtype includes those with insensitivity to punishment, fearlessness, and planned aggression. This subtype is the most likely to persist into adulthood.

Early Signs of Conduct Disorder

There is evidence that a difficult early temperament may predict the development of CD. Some of these behaviors include emotional hyper-reactivity, irritability, and inflexibility. Other early indicators include below-average intelligence, with especially poor verbal skills. New research suggests that predictors of ADHD and CD can be identified in children of kindergarten age. Poor academic performance and problematic behaviors should be addressed early. Both respond to treatment at a young age. If they co-occur and are not addressed, they are very likely to lead to CD.

Boys with ADHD and CD are twice as likely to have reading difficulties than those with ADHD alone. Both genders engage in delinquent behaviors, but boys' behaviors tend to be more aggressive than girls.' Girls are more likely to exhibit lying, truancy, running away, and prostitution. They also tend to engage in more relational aggression, manipulating and verbally abusing others.
[Could Your Teen Have Intermittent Explosive Disorder? Take This Self-Test]
Causes of Conduct Disorder: Genes and Environment

Genetics and environment contribute to the development of both disorders. CD is more likely to develop if a family member has CD or ADHD. Research suggests that harsh and inconsistent discipline coupled with parental neglect or rejection increase the risk of CD. Several studies predict a higher risk in children exposed to chronic trauma, such as parents abusing alcohol or drugs, or struggling with depression. If left untreated, those with ADHD and CD face significant risks of substance abuse, dropping out of school, and trouble with the law. Studies of correctional settings show that more than 40 percent of inmates meet the criteria for ADHD and CD.

Impact of Conduct Disorder on Family Life

Children with ADHD and CD are especially difficult to manage, and parents can't go it alone. Studies show that many parents - frightened, frustrated, and humiliated by their children's behavior - tolerate this struggle for an average of two years before seeking help.

Conduct Disorder Interventions and Treatment

The first step is a comprehensive assessment that identifies all risk factors. Interventions should be tailored to the individual based on age, symptoms, temperament, and quality of family relationships. The best solution is a multimodal treatment plan - with active interventions addressing multiple levels of functioning simultaneously. In all cases, psychoeducation should precede any treatment approach, so that all family members understand the disorder, current and potential co-occurring issues, and the long-term outcomes.

Unlike treatment for ADHD, the best interventions for CD are not medication-based. The greatest successes come from a combination of behavioral parent training (BPT) and cognitive behavioral skills training (CBST). These are long-term programs that involve working with a therapist consistently. The psychosocial programs should start as early as possible. Both require serious family commitment but have proved to be quite successful.

Behavioral Parent Training (BPT) can improve parent effectiveness in addressing a child's challenging behaviors. With a therapist, parents learn to set and enforce appropriate limits, reward desired behaviors, provide consequences for non-compliance, and practice stress reduction techniques. This approach includes contingency management training, to help families create explicit expectations and agreed-upon rewards and consequences. BPT has been shown to improve poor conduct, increase positive parenting skills, and improve parents' mental health. These sessions are best handled with regular attendance of both parents in the therapist's office, but there are also programs available on the Internet. While not as effective as in-person training, online programs can be useful if both parents can't be present for in-office training.

CBST addresses the child's deficits in social information processing. Focusing on curbing impulsivity and angry responses, the structured sessions teach good interactions with peers, complying with authorities, and handling stress. This training works best one-on-one with a therapist who can role-play, give prompts, and provide immediate feedback. Social competence training is particularly useful for reducing aggressive responses in children ages six to 12.

In family sessions, a psychologist or social worker trained to work with disruptive behavior disorders can provide a check-in for what is being learned in the separate treatments, help to reduce the tension level in the home, allow everyone to be heard in a safe environment, and ultimately bring the family closer together.

Stimulants can help. They don't target CD behaviors, but they are effective for treating co-occurring ADHD symptoms like impulsivity and irritability, which can worsen CD symptoms. Other medications, like atomoxetine and risperidone, have been shown to have some success in improving agitation and mood.

Prevention programs are an important component. There are early interventions designed to stop the escalation of problems that can be associated with conduct disorder.

Parent support groups offer a window into the lives of others who share similar struggles. This safe context can allow parents to learn from others' experiences, feel less fearful, and be more hopeful about the future of their family.

The Warning Signs of Conduct Disorder

The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for CD describe a persistent pattern of behaviors that violate the rights of others and/or societal norms. (In contrast, those with impulsive combined type ADHD alone generally do not intentionally violate the rights of others or social norms.) There are 15 behaviors reflecting four categories of behavior: aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. A CD diagnosis requires at least three of the 15 behaviors being present in the previous 12 months, and at least one present in the previous six months.

In addition to these core criteria, other characteristics of the disorder are often present. Those with CD tend to have early onset of sexual behavior and substance use. They also tend to perceive others as having hostile intent.

Recent research suggests that CD impairs the ability to correctly read facial expressions, which contributes to misreading others' intentions. Unable to identify someone's distress or fear, children with CD may process only emotional intensity. When these children perceive mal-intent in others, they may interpret it as an attack. Those with ADHD and CD often misinterpret facial expressions, while those with ADHD alone generally do not.

Conduct Disorder and ADHD: Next Steps

Ellen B. Littman, Ph.D., has been involved in the field of attention disorders for over 30 years. She is a pioneer in the identification of gender differences in ADHD. Internationally published, she is the co-author of Understanding Girls with ADHD (#CommissionsEarned)

Sources
Harvey, Elizabeth A et al. "Early development of comorbidity between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)." Journal of abnormal psychology vol. 125,2 (2016): 154-167. doi:10.1037/abn0000090 Disruptive Behavior Disorders. CHADD. https://chadd.org/about-adhd/disruptive-behavior-disorders/ Villodas, Miguel T et al. "Prevention of serious conduct problems in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Expert review of neurotherapeutics vol. 12,10 (2012): 1253-63. doi:10.1586/ern.12.119 Morgan, P. L., Li, H., Cook, M., Farkas, G., Hillemeier, M. M., & Lin, Y.-c. (2016). Which kindergarten children are at greatest risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity and conduct disorder symptomatology as adolescents? School Psychology Quarterly, 31(1), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000123 Bowen, E. Conduct Disorder Symptoms in pre-School Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: Gender Differences in Risk and Resilience. Journ Child Adol Trauma 10, 97-107 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0148-x Groenmann, Annabeth, et al. Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2017). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S089085671730206X Young, S et al. "Co-morbid psychiatric disorders among incarcerated ADHD populations: a meta-analysis." Psychological medicine vol. 45,12 (2015): 2499-510. doi:10.1017/S0033291715000598 Lillig, Mathias. Conduct Disorde: Recognition and Management. American Family Physician (2018) https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1115/p584.html Shabnam Javdani, et al. Affect recognition among adolescents in therapeutic schools: relationships with posttraumatic stress disorder and conduct disorder symptoms. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2017; 22 (1): 42 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12198
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Updated on December 10, 2020

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Conduct Disorder in Teens with ADHD: Signs, Symptoms, Interventions

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In extreme cases, ADHD is accompanied by conduct disorder - a disruptive behavior disorder marked by resisting rules, defying authority, and demonstrating physical aggression. Here, learn more about the signs, symptoms, and treatment for this disruptive behavior disorder in teens with ADHD.

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ADHD rarely occurs in isolation. Most children and adults with ADHD have one or more co-occurring conditions, which almost always impact treatment and outcomes. "Complex ADHD" is a relatively new term that reflects this phenomenon. Here, learn more about complex ADHD, including how it is diagnosed, and how clinicians should approach treatment.

What is Complex ADHD?

The term "complex ADHD" reflects an evolution in our understanding of the condition, its scope, and its common co-occurrence with one or more psychiatric, learning, or other neurodevelopmental disorders.

Research confirms that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD or ADD) commonly co-occurs with other conditions. In fact, we might say this is the rule rather than the exception. As many as 80% of adults with ADHD have at least one co-existing psychiatric disorder, while approximately 60% of children with ADHD have at least one co-occurring condition.

Common conditions co-occurring with ADHD include:

Apart from conveying comorbidities, the term complex ADHD also describes the condition's heterogeneity and the variety of factors that can influence its presentation. It also reflects ADHD's known impact on functioning across many domains of life, especially when symptoms are not adequately treated.

The presence of co-occurring conditions almost always muddles the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ADHD. ADHD and comorbidities may also influence the presentation and severity of one another, which can complicate the detection and treatment of symptoms, and impair overall quality of life. (Serious outcomes are also associated with comorbid conditions. According to one study, mortality risk - already elevated for individuals with ADHD - increases substantially with the number of psychiatric comorbidities.) For all these reasons, recognizing ADHD's "complexity" is of high clinical importance.
[Get This Free Resource: 9 Conditions Linked to ADHD]
Complex ADHD: Background on Terminology

The medical community has long recognized the high rates of comorbid conditions among patients with ADHD. Recent updates to ADHD diagnosis and treatment guidelines from professional associations, however, further underscore the importance of considering co-existing conditions with ADHD:

2019: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), in its updated guidelines for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents, recommends that clinicians trained in diagnosing comorbid conditions initiate treatment for such conditions, or, if inexperienced, refer patients to specialists.

2020: The Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics (SDBP), to complement the AAP's updated guidelines, publishes its own guidelines for assessing and treating children and adolescents with "complex ADHD." These guidelines recommend that trained clinicians assess for and develop multimodal treatment plans for complex ADHD.

Understanding Complex ADHD

ADHD Comorbidities Change with Age

Although ADHD is associated with various co-occurring conditions, prevalence rates for comorbidities tend to change as an individual ages. For example:

In Children

Behavior and conduct problems, like ODD and conduct disorder, occur in about half of children with ADHD, and are not as common in adults with ADHD.

In Adults

Anxiety co-occurs with adult ADHD close to half the time. (Rates are lower in children with ADHD).

Substance use disorder (SUD) - about 25% of adolescents and 50 % of adults are at risk for comorbid substance abuse with ADHD.

[Read: ADHD Comorbidity - an Overview of Dual Diagnoses]
What Explains ADHD Comorbidity Rates?

It is believed that the co-occurrence of ADHD and comorbid conditions arises partly from shared underlying neuropsychological dysfunctions.

ADHD's heterogeneous presentation, as well as the parts of the brain implicated in ADHD, may explain why comorbidities are not only frequent, but also wide ranging.

The prefrontal cortex (PFC), which regulates attention, behavior, and impulsivity, features prominently in the neurological underpinnings for ADHD. But not all parts of the PFC - or the neural networks of the brain, for that matter - are impacted in the same way, which explains why ADHD can be so different from person to person.

The variety in ADHD symptom presentation and an individual's associated features, combined with considerable duplication with symptoms of co-occurring conditions, has led experts to conceptualize ADHD as a spectrum disorder.

Complex ADHD: Diagnosis

Diagnosing complex ADHD starts with confirming that a patient meets DSM-5 criteria for ADHD alone. Children with ADHD need to exhibit six or more symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity to merit a diagnosis. Adults need only exhibit five symptoms. Learn more about DSM-5 symptoms and full diagnostic criteria here: What is ADHD, and how is it diagnosed?

Conducting a thorough ADHD evaluation is a multi-step process that may involve the use of diagnostic rating scales like the ADHD Rating Scale-5, the Vanderbilt Parents and Teacher, and the Conners Parent Rating Scale.

Even if a patient does exhibit symptoms of ADHD, clinicians should still rule out alternative explanations as part of the evaluation. Changes to the patient's home environment and circumstances, for example, could influence symptom severity and presentation.

Regardless of whether an ADHD diagnosis is established, clinicians should assess for comorbid conditions. The diagnosing clinician, if experienced in doing so, can carry out assessment for other conditions. Otherwise, they should refer the patient to an appropriate subspecialist.

As with ADHD, clinicians may assess for comorbidities by using diagnostic rating scales like the Patient Health Questionnaire, Mood Disorder Questionnaire, and Social Responsiveness Scale-2.

While complex ADHD is generally defined as ADHD with a co-occurring condition, the SDBP notes that complex ADHD is defined by any of the following:

The presence of suspicion of: co-existing disorders and complicating factors; neurodevelopmental disorders; specific learning disorders; mental health disorders; medical conditions; genetic disorders; complicated psychosocial factors; and/or functional impairments

Diagnostic uncertainty on the part of the primary care clinician

Inadequate response to treatment

The patient is younger than 4 or older than 12 years of age at the time of initial presentation of symptoms

Complex ADHD: Treatment

The accepted approach to addressing complex ADHD is to treat the comorbidities first only if they are severe, and, in all other cases, to treat ADHD and the comorbidities simultaneously. This is what makes treating complex ADHD a delicate balancing act - one condition can't be ignored for the other(s). Treating ADHD may resolve and improve co-existing conditions. However, comorbidities may also require separate treatment. It is also true that treating just one condition can worsen others.

This updated paradigm differs from the previously accepted approach of treating comorbidities first, and then treating ADHD.

Treating ADHD symptoms in an individual with complex ADHD should follow a multimodal approach that may include:

Pharmacotherapy: Stimulants are first-line medications for the treatment of ADHD, followed by non-stimulants, or sometimes a combination of both.

Psychotherapy (individual, couples, and/or family) may also help manage co-existing conditions

ADHD and executive function coaching

Behavioral parent training (for children with ADHD)

Academic and/or workplace accommodations

Individual and family supports

Healthy habits - nutrition, sleep, and exercise

Clinicians should work with patients to determine unique areas of impairment and difficulty, and tailor treatments accordingly. At the start of treatment, patients should list goals and symptoms to target for improvement. Over time, the patient should note (perhaps using a scale model) how close (or far) they have moved with each symptom.

Complex ADHD: Next Steps
The content for this article was derived from the ADDitude Expert Webinar Complex ADHD: The New Approach to Understanding, Diagnosing, and Treating Comorbidities in Concert [podcast episode #360] with Theresa Cerulli, M.D., which was broadcast live on June 23, 2021.
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Sources

Updated on July 14, 2021

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What Is Complex ADHD? Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

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ADHD rarely occurs in isolation. Most children and adults with ADHD have one or more co-occurring conditions, which almost always impact treatment and outcomes. "Complex ADHD" is a relatively new term that reflects this phenomenon. Here, learn more about complex ADHD, including how it is diagnosed, and how clinicians should approach treatment.

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Oppositional Defiant Disorder - Causes & Symptoms | familydoctor.org

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Oppositional defiant disorder is a behavior condition that affects children and teens. It causes a negative effect on the child's life at home and school.

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by Arlin Cuncic

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In some cases, medications have a role in treating anxiety disorders. But for many, therapy-alone or in combination with medication-is the most effective treatment option. The reason being that therapy, unlike medication, gives you the tools to manage the anxiety yourself, now and in the future.

Different therapeutic techniques have been developed to treat anxiety and have evolved over time from psychoanalytic approaches to the newest cognitive behavioral therapies.

Understanding Anxiety Disorders

About 19% of U.S. adults and 31% of adolescents age 13 to 18 experience anxiety each year, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).﻿﻿ There are several major types of anxiety disorders that can be treated using therapeutic approaches, including:﻿﻿

Regardless of the specific disorder, the underlying processes that drive them often follow a similar pattern. People with anxiety tend to react to unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and situations in a more extreme way and may try to manage those reactions by avoiding triggers. Unfortunately, this type of avoidance only serves to reinforce fears and worries. Most modern types of therapy address negative thinking and avoidance to help you manage your anxiety.

Types of Therapy for Anxiety

The goal of all therapeutic approaches is to help you understand why you feel the way you feel, what your triggers are, and how you might change your reaction to them. Some types of therapy even teach practical techniques to help reframe your negative thinking and change your behaviors.

Anxiety disorders differ considerably, so therapy is tailored to your specific symptoms and diagnosis. It can be conducted in an individual, family, couple, or group setting. How often you meet with your therapist and for how long will depend on your specific symptoms and diagnosis.

Psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health professionals use several types of anxiety therapy. The choice of therapy also depends on your diagnosis and the severity of your symptoms.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most widely-used therapy for anxiety disorders. Research has found it to be effective in treating SAD, GAD, phobias, and panic disorders, among other conditions.﻿﻿

The premise of CBT is that your thoughts-not your current situation-affect how you feel and subsequently behave. So, the goal of CBT is to identify and understand your negative thinking and ineffective behavior patterns and replace them with more realistic thoughts and effective actions and coping mechanisms.

During this process, your therapist acts like a coach teaching you helpful strategies. For example, you might do a lot of "black-and-white" thinking, where you assume that things are all bad or all good. Instead, you would replace those thoughts with the more realistic perception that there are many shades of grey in between.

It takes practice to use these strategies. Once you start to recognize your anxiety and your triggers, you can learn to apply the coping skills that you learn in CBT to manage fear, panic, and worry.

Exposure Therapy

Exposure therapy is one of the most common CBT methods used to treat a variety of anxiety disorders, including specific phobias, SAD, and PTSD. The basic premise behind exposure therapy is that if you're afraid of something, the best way to conquer it is head-on.

During exposure therapy, your therapist will slowly introduce you to anxiety-producing objects or situations. This is often done using a technique known as "systematic desensitization," which involves three steps:

1. Relax: Your therapist will teach you relaxation training to help combat your anxiety. Examples of relaxation training include progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing, meditation, and guided imagery.

2. List: Create a list of your anxiety-provoking triggers, ranking them in terms of intensity.

3. Expose:In this final step, you'll gradually work your way through your listed anxiety-provoking objects or situations, using the relaxation techniques when necessary.

There are several ways your psychologist may choose to expose you to your anxiety-provoking stimuli. Here are the most common:

Imaginal exposure: In this type of exposure, you'll be instructed to vividly imagine your anxiety-provoking object or situation.

In vivo exposure: In this method, you'll face your anxiety-provoking object or situation in real life. So with this type of exposure, a person with social anxiety might be instructed to give a speech in front of an audience.

Virtual reality exposure: In some cases, virtual reality can be used when in vivo exposure isn't possible. Virtual reality therapy uses technology to combine elements of in vivo and imaginal exposure. This method has proven especially helpful for soldiers and others who live with PTSD.

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a highly effective type of CBT. Originally used to treat borderline personality disorder (BPD), DBT is now used to treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety.

DBT focuses on helping you develop what seems like a "dialectical" (opposite) outlook, acceptance, and change. During DBT treatment, you'll learn to both accept your anxiety all the while actively working to change it. It's similar to the notion of loving yourself the way you are, while still trying to change yourself for the better.

DBT treatment teaches four powerful skills:

Mindfulness: Connecting with the present moment and notice passing thoughts (like anxiety) without being ruled by them

Distress tolerance: Managing your anxiety when faced with a stressful situation

Interpersonal effectiveness: Learning how to say no, or ask for what you need

Emotion regulation: Managing anxiety before they get out of control

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is another form of therapy that has been shown effective for a variety of anxiety disorders. ACT involves identifying your values in life and then acting in ways that match your values.﻿﻿

Art Therapy

Art therapy is a non-verbal, experience-oriented therapy. It involves either using visual art (such as painting, drawing, sculpting) to express and process emotion or using art to practice mindfulness and relaxation. Although it can be provided as a standalone therapy, it's commonly used in combination with other treatment methods such as CBT.

Being a newer form of therapy, more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness in reducing anxiety symptoms.﻿﻿

Psychoanalytic Therapy

According to this Freudian model, anxiety symptoms reflect unconscious conflicts. The purpose of psychoanalytic therapy is to resolve them. In psychoanalysis, you and your therapist examine your thoughts, fears, and desires to better understand how you view yourself and to reduce your anxiety. This is one of the most intensive forms of treatment; it can take years to identify patterns in your way of thinking.

Interpersonal Therapy

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) focuses on social roles and relationships. In IPT, you'll work with your therapist to identify any interpersonal issues you may have, such as unresolved grief, conflicts with family or friends, changes in work or social roles, and problems relating to others. You'll then learn healthy ways to express emotions and ways to improve your communication with others.

Although originally developed to treat major depression, IPT may be used if your anxiety relates primarily to your relationships with other people, as is the case with SAD.

What to Expect From Therapy

A common misunderstanding about therapy is that you'll immediately start to feel better. Sometimes this is the case. But much of the time, you feel worse before you start feeling better. Surprisingly, feeling worse is often a sign of progress. And if you think about it, that makes sense.

When you make the decision to enter into therapy, it's often because you haven't been able to work through your anxiety on your own. Therapy involves exploring your anxiety and the reasons behind it in a deeper, more meaningful way. This can cause a temporary spike in your anxiety.

It's important to understand that though the process won't always feel good, it will be completely worthwhile in the end.

How to Make the Most of Therapy

Trying to make a change can be a challenge. Being in therapy for anxiety is no exception. However, if you are persistent, you should see improvement.

Here are a few ways to make the most of your therapy-and actually see some results:

Don't pretend to be OK

Ask questions

Tell your therapist anything and everything

Do the work outside your sessions

Focus on your goals

Practice healthy lifestyle choices

Make sure you have a social support system

Reduce stress in your life that makes your anxiety worse

In this way, you can see that putting in an effort and being present throughout the therapy process will have the biggest impact on how well it works for you.

A Word From Verywell

If you live with anxiety and it impairs your day-to-day functioning, it is important to seek help from your doctor or mental health professional. If you are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, an effective treatment plan that includes one of the therapies mentioned above can be devised that will help you to overcome symptoms and manage your anxiety.

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The Best Types of Therapy to Treat Anxiety

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In some cases, medications have a role in treating anxiety disorders. But for many, therapy-alone or in combination with medication-is the most effective treatment option. The reason being that therapy, unlike medication, gives you the tools to manage the anxiety yourself, now and in the future.

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Mayo Clinic patient care and disorder information

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Mayo Clinic patient care and disorder information

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Overview

Experiencing occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. However, people with anxiety disorders frequently have intense, excessive and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations. Often, anxiety disorders involve repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks).

These feelings of anxiety and panic interfere with daily activities, are difficult to control, are out of proportion to the actual danger and can last a long time. You may avoid places or situations to prevent these feelings. Symptoms may start during childhood or the teen years and continue into adulthood.

Examples of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), specific phobias and separation anxiety disorder. You can have more than one anxiety disorder. Sometimes anxiety results from a medical condition that needs treatment.

Whatever form of anxiety you have, treatment can help.

Symptoms

Common anxiety signs and symptoms include:

Feeling nervous, restless or tense

Having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom

Having an increased heart rate

Breathing rapidly (hyperventilation)

Sweating

Trembling

Feeling weak or tired

Trouble concentrating or thinking about anything other than the present worry

Having trouble sleeping

Experiencing gastrointestinal (GI) problems

Having difficulty controlling worry

Having the urge to avoid things that trigger anxiety

Several types of anxiety disorders exist:

Agoraphobia (ag-uh-ruh-FOE-be-uh) is a type of anxiety disorder in which you fear and often avoid places or situations that might cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed.

Anxiety disorder due to a medical condition includes symptoms of intense anxiety or panic that are directly caused by a physical health problem.

Generalized anxiety disorder includes persistent and excessive anxiety and worry about activities or events - even ordinary, routine issues. The worry is out of proportion to the actual circumstance, is difficult to control and affects how you feel physically. It often occurs along with other anxiety disorders or depression.

Panic disorder involves repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks). You may have feelings of impending doom, shortness of breath, chest pain, or a rapid, fluttering or pounding heart (heart palpitations). These panic attacks may lead to worrying about them happening again or avoiding situations in which they've occurred.

Selective mutism is a consistent failure of children to speak in certain situations, such as school, even when they can speak in other situations, such as at home with close family members. This can interfere with school, work and social functioning.

Separation anxiety disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by anxiety that's excessive for the child's developmental level and related to separation from parents or others who have parental roles.

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) involves high levels of anxiety, fear and avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.

Specific phobias are characterized by major anxiety when you're exposed to a specific object or situation and a desire to avoid it. Phobias provoke panic attacks in some people.

Substance-induced anxiety disorder is characterized by symptoms of intense anxiety or panic that are a direct result of misusing drugs, taking medications, being exposed to a toxic substance or withdrawal from drugs.

Other specified anxiety disorder and unspecified anxiety disorder are terms for anxiety or phobias that don't meet the exact criteria for any other anxiety disorders but are significant enough to be distressing and disruptive.

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if:

You feel like you're worrying too much and it's interfering with your work, relationships or other parts of your life

Your fear, worry or anxiety is upsetting to you and difficult to control

You feel depressed, have trouble with alcohol or drug use, or have other mental health concerns along with anxiety

You think your anxiety could be linked to a physical health problem

You have suicidal thoughts or behaviors - if this is the case, seek emergency treatment immediately

Your worries may not go away on their own, and they may get worse over time if you don't seek help. See your doctor or a mental health provider before your anxiety gets worse. It's easier to treat if you get help early.

Causes

The causes of anxiety disorders aren't fully understood. Life experiences such as traumatic events appear to trigger anxiety disorders in people who are already prone to anxiety. Inherited traits also can be a factor.

Medical causes

For some people, anxiety may be linked to an underlying health issue. In some cases, anxiety signs and symptoms are the first indicators of a medical illness. If your doctor suspects your anxiety may have a medical cause, he or she may order tests to look for signs of a problem.

Examples of medical problems that can be linked to anxiety include:

Heart disease

Diabetes

Thyroid problems, such as hyperthyroidism

Respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma

Drug misuse or withdrawal

Withdrawal from alcohol, anti-anxiety medications (benzodiazepines) or other medications

Chronic pain or irritable bowel syndrome

Rare tumors that produce certain fight-or-flight hormones

Sometimes anxiety can be a side effect of certain medications.

It's possible that your anxiety may be due to an underlying medical condition if:

You don't have any blood relatives (such as a parent or sibling) with an anxiety disorder

You didn't have an anxiety disorder as a child

You don't avoid certain things or situations because of anxiety

You have a sudden occurrence of anxiety that seems unrelated to life events and you didn't have a previous history of anxiety

Risk factors

These factors may increase your risk of developing an anxiety disorder:

Trauma. Children who endured abuse or trauma or witnessed traumatic events are at higher risk of developing an anxiety disorder at some point in life. Adults who experience a traumatic event also can develop anxiety disorders.

Stress due to an illness. Having a health condition or serious illness can cause significant worry about issues such as your treatment and your future.

Stress buildup. A big event or a buildup of smaller stressful life situations may trigger excessive anxiety - for example, a death in the family, work stress or ongoing worry about finances.

Personality. People with certain personality types are more prone to anxiety disorders than others are.

Other mental health disorders. People with other mental health disorders, such as depression, often also have an anxiety disorder.

Having blood relatives with an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders can run in families.

Drugs or alcohol. Drug or alcohol use or misuse or withdrawal can cause or worsen anxiety.

Complications

Having an anxiety disorder does more than make you worry. It can also lead to, or worsen, other mental and physical conditions, such as:

Depression (which often occurs with an anxiety disorder) or other mental health disorders

Substance misuse

Trouble sleeping (insomnia)

Digestive or bowel problems

Headaches and chronic pain

Social isolation

Problems functioning at school or work

Poor quality of life

Suicide

Prevention

There's no way to predict for certain what will cause someone to develop an anxiety disorder, but you can take steps to reduce the impact of symptoms if you're anxious:

Get help early. Anxiety, like many other mental health conditions, can be harder to treat if you wait.

Stay active. Participate in activities that you enjoy and that make you feel good about yourself. Enjoy social interaction and caring relationships, which can lessen your worries.

Avoid alcohol or drug use. Alcohol and drug use can cause or worsen anxiety. If you're addicted to any of these substances, quitting can make you anxious. If you can't quit on your own, see your doctor or find a support group to help you.

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Learn the symptoms of this mental health condition, and ways to manage worry and fear that interfere with your daily activities.

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Information on several Mental Health Conditions

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Learn about the specifics of mental illness including: causes, symptoms, treatment, and recovery and wellness.

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Sadness, feeling down, and having a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities are familiar feelings for all of us. But if they persist and affect our lives substantially, the issue may be depression.

Depression is the main cause of disability worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It can affect adults, adolescents, and children.

In this article, learn what depression is and what causes it. We also describe the types, their treatments, and more.

A person with depression may experience persistent sadness.
Depression is a mood disorder that involves a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It is different from the mood fluctuations that people regularly experience as a part of life.

Major life events, such as bereavement or the loss of a job, depression. However, doctors only consider feelings of grief to be part of depression if they persist.

a depressed mood

reduced interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed

a loss of sexual desire

changes in appetite

unintentional weight loss or gain

sleeping too much or too little

agitation, restlessness, and pacing up and down

slowed movement and speech

fatigue or loss of energy

feelings of worthlessness or guilt

difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions

recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, or an attempt at suicide

Depression is an ongoing problem, not a passing one. It consists of episodes during which the symptoms last for at least 2 weeks. Depression can last for several weeks, months, or years.

The symptoms of depression can include:

Find out more about recognizing the hidden signs of depression.

In females

irritability

mood swings

fatigue

ruminating (dwelling on negative thoughts)

Depression is nearly twice as common among women as men, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Below are some of depression that tend to appear more often in females:

Also, some types of depression are unique to females, such as:

In males

Around 9% of men in the United States have feelings of depression or anxiety, according to the American Psychological Association.

avoiding families and social situations

working without a break

having difficulty keeping up with work and family responsibilities

displaying abusive or controlling behavior in relationships

Males with depression are more likely than females to drink alcohol in excess, display anger, and engage in risk-taking as a result of the disorder.

Other symptoms of depression in males may include:

Learn more about the symptoms of depression in men.

In college students

Time at college can stressful, and a person may be dealing with other lifestyles, cultures, and experiences for the first time.

difficulty concentrating on schoolwork

sleeping too much

a decrease or increase in appetite

avoiding social situations and activities that they used to enjoy

Some students have difficulty coping with these changes, and they may develop depression, anxiety, or both as a result.

Symptoms of depression in college students may include:

In teens

withdrawing from friends and family

difficulty concentrating on schoolwork

feeling guilty, helpless, or worthless

restlessness, such as an inability to sit still

Physical changes, peer pressure, and other factors can contribute to depression in teenagers.

They may experience some of the following symptoms:

In children

The CDC estimate that, in the U.S., of children and teens aged 3-17 have a diagnosis of depression.

In children, symptoms can make schoolwork and social activities challenging. They may experience symptoms such as:

Younger children may have difficulty expressing how they feel in words. This can make it harder for them to explain their feelings of sadness.

genetic features

changes in the brain's neurotransmitter levels

environmental factors

psychological and social factors

additional conditions, such as bipolar disorder

Psychotherapy may help a person manage their symptoms of depression.
The medical community does not fully understand the causes of depression. There are many possible causes, and sometimes, various factors combine to trigger symptoms.

Factors that are likely to play a role include:

Depression is treatable, and managing symptoms usually involves three components:

Support: This can range from discussing practical solutions and possible causes to educating family members.

Several classes of antidepressants are available:

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

tricyclic antidepressants

atypical antidepressants

selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Psychotherapy: Also known as talking therapy, some options include one-to-one counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Drug treatment: A doctor may prescribe antidepressants.

Medication

Antidepressants can help treat moderate-to-severe depression.

Each class acts on a different neurotransmitter or combination of neurotransmitters.

A person should only take these medications as their doctor prescribes. Some drugs can take a while to have an impact. By stopping the drug, a person may not experience the benefits that it could offer.

Some people stop taking medication after symptoms improve, but this can lead to a relapse.

Raise any concerns about antidepressants with a doctor, including any intention to stop taking the medication.

Here, learn more about antidepressants and how they can help.

Medication side effects

SSRIs and SNRIs can have side effects. A person may experience:

Find out more about the possible side effects of antidepressants here.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) manufacturers to add warnings to the packaging of antidepressant drugs.

The warnings should indicate that, among other risks, these medications may increase suicidal thoughts or actions in some children, teenagers, and young adults within the first few months of treatment.

Natural remedies

Some people use natural remedies, such as herbal medicines, to treat mild-to-moderate depression.

However, since the FDA do not monitor herbal remedies, manufacturers may not be truthful about the quality of these products. They may not be safe or effective.

The following are some of the more popular herbs and plants that people use to treat depression:

St. John's wort: This is not suitable for people who have or may have bipolar disorder. Learn more here.

Ginseng: Practitioners of traditional medicine may use this to improve mental clarity and reduce stress. Find out more here about ginseng.

Chamomile: This contains flavonoids that may have an antidepressant effect. For more information about chamomile, click here.

Lavender: This may help reduce anxiety and insomnia. Learn more here about lavender.

It is essential to speak to a doctor before using any type of herbal remedy or supplement to treat depression. Some herbs can interfere with the action of drugs or otherwise make symptoms worse.

Supplements

A person may take the herbs above as supplements to treat symptoms of mild-to-moderate depression. Other types of supplements may also help treat these symptoms.

It is important to remember that the FDA do not monitor supplements to ensure that they are effective or safe.

Nonherbal supplements that may help treat depression include:

S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe): This is a synthetic form of a natural chemical in the body.

5-hydroxytryptophan: This may help boost serotonin, the neurotransmitter in the brain that affects a person's mood.

Some research has suggested that SAMe may be as helpful as the prescription antidepressants imipramine and escitalopram, but more investigation is necessary.

Learn more about how herbs and supplements may help relieve depression.

Food and diet

Eating a lot of sugary or processed foods can lead to various physical health problems. Results of a 2019 suggest that a diet that includes many of these types of food could affect the mental health of young adults.

The study also found that eating more of the following foods helped reduce depression symptoms:

Can other foods worsen or improve depression symptoms? Find out here.

Psychotherapy

emotional problems that affect relationships and communication

how these issues also affect their mood

how all of this may be changed

Psychological, or talking, therapies for depression include CBT, interpersonal psychotherapy, and problem-solving treatment, among others.

For some forms of depression, psychotherapy is usually the first-line treatment, while some people respond better to a combination of psychotherapy and medications.

CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy are the two main types of psychotherapy for depression. A person may have CBT in individual sessions with a therapist, in groups, over the telephone, or .

Interpersonal therapy aims to help people identify:

Exercise

Aerobic exercise raises endorphin levels and stimulates the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which is linked with mood. This may help relieve mild depression.

Brain stimulation therapies

Brain stimulation therapies are another treatment option. For example, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation sends magnetic pulses to the brain, and this may help treat major depression.

If depression does not respond to drug treatment, the person may benefit from electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT. This may be effective if psychosis occurs with depression.

There are several forms of depression. Below are some of the most common types.

Major depression

A person with major depression experiences a constant state of sadness. They may lose interest in activities that they used to enjoy.

Treatment usually involves medication and psychotherapy.

Persistent depressive disorder

Also known as dysthymia, persistent depressive disorder causes symptoms that last for at least 2 years.

A person with this disorder may have episodes of major depression as well as milder symptoms.

Bipolar disorder

Depression is a common symptom of bipolar disorder, and research shows that people with this disorder may have symptoms around half of the time. This can make bipolar disorder hard to distinguish from depression.

What does bipolar disorder involve, and what types are there? Find out here.

Psychotic depression

Some people experience psychosis with depression.

Psychosis can involve delusions, such as false beliefs and a detachment from reality. It can also involve hallucinations - sensing things that do not exist.

Postpartum depression

After giving birth, many women experience what some people call the "baby blues." When hormone levels readjust after childbirth, changes in mood can result.

Postpartum depression, or postnatal depression, is more severe.

There is no single cause for this type of depression, and it can persist for months or years. Anyone who experiences ongoing depression after delivery should seek medical attention.

Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern

Previously called seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, this type of depression is related to the reduction in daylight during the fall and winter.

It lifts during the rest of the year and in response to light therapy.

People who live in countries with long or severe winters seem to be affected more by this condition.

If a person suspects that they have symptoms of depression, they should seek professional help from a doctor or mental health specialist.

A qualified health professional can rule out various causes, ensure an accurate diagnosis, and provide safe and effective treatment.

They will ask questions about symptoms, such as how long they have been present. A doctor may also conduct an examination to check for physical causes and order a blood test to rule out other health conditions.

What is the difference between situational and clinical depression? Find out here.

Tests

Mental health professionals often ask people to complete questionnaires to help assess the severity of their depression.

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, for example, has 21 questions. The scores indicate the severity of depression among people who already have a diagnosis.

The Beck Depression Inventory is another questionnaire that helps mental health professionals measure a person's symptoms.

National hotlines provide free, confidential assistance from trained professionals 24 hours a day. They may benefit anyone with depression who wants or needs to talk about their feelings.

Some of the support hotlines available include:

Samaritans: This nonprofit organization offers emotional support to anyone who has feelings of depression or loneliness or who is considering suicide. Call or text 877-870-4673 (HOPE) to contact them.

National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: Call 1-800-273- 8255 (TALK) to speak with someone from this national network of local crisis centers.

Lifeline Chat: This is an online chat service of the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline.

A person with a parent or sibling who has depression is two-to-three times more likely than the general public to develop the condition.

However, many people with depression have no family history of it.

A recent study suggests that susceptibility to depression may not result from genetic variation. The researchers acknowledge that while depression could be inherited, many other issues also influence its development.

Learn more about whether depression has a genetic link.

Depression is the leading cause of disability around the world, according to the WHO.

In the U.S., the Social Security Administration consider depressive, bipolar, and related disorders to be disabilities. If a person's depression prevents them from working, they may qualify for social security disability insurance benefits.

The person must have worked long enough and recently enough to qualify for disability benefits. For more information, visit the administration's website.

While there is no cure for depression, there are effective treatments that help with recovery. The earlier treatment starts, the more successful it may be.

Many people with depression recover after following a treatment plan. Even with effective treatment, however, a relapse may occur.

Stressful life events, such as loss, family conflicts, and changes in relationships.

Incomplete recovery after having stopped treatment too soon

Medical conditions, such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.

To prevent relapse, people who take medication for depression should continue with treatment - even after symptoms improve or go away - for as long as their doctor advises.

Find some tips to help prevent depression from returning.

Triggers are emotional, psychological, or physical events or circumstances that can cause depression symptoms to appear or return.

experiencing certain life events, such as bereavement, work issues, changes in relationships, financial problems, and medical concerns

experiencing acute stress

having a lack of successful coping strategies

having a close relative with depression

using some prescription drugs, such as corticosteroids, some beta-blockers, and interferon

using recreational drugs, such as alcohol or amphetamines

having sustained a head injury

having had a previous episode of major depression

having a chronic condition, such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or cardiovascular disease

living with persistent pain

These are some of the most common triggers:

Find out more about depression triggers.

Some people have a higher risk of depression than others.
Read the article in Spanish.
Risk factors include:

During any given year in the U.S., major depression affects over 16.1 million people aged 18 or older, or around 6.7% of the adult population.

According to the CDC, of children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 17 years - about 1.9 million individuals - have received a diagnosis of depression.

The CDC also note that of people aged 12 years or over in the U.S. have depression in any 2-week period.

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Depression: What it is, symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

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Sadness, feeling down, and having a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities are familiar feelings for all of us. But if they persist and affect our lives substantially, the issue may be depression. Depression is the main cause of disability worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

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What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder. It causes a person to have cycles of extreme mood changes that go beyond normal ups and downs. A person with this disorder will have periods of feeling joyful, energized, and excited (called mania). These are followed by periods of feeling sad and depressed. For this reason, it's also called manic depression.

Depression affects your body, mood, and thoughts. It also affects how you eat and sleep, think about things, and feel about yourself. It's not the same as being unhappy or in a blue mood. It's not a sign of weakness or a condition that can be willed away. Treatment is often needed and is key to recovery.

Bipolar disorder affects equal numbers of men and women. But women tend to have more symptoms of depression than of mania. This disorder often begins in the teens or early adulthood.

What causes bipolar disorder?

The cause of bipolar disorder is not known. Experts agree many factors seem to play a role. This includes environmental, psychological, and genetic factors.

Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. Researchers are still trying to find genes that may be linked to it.

What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Each person may have different symptoms. The following are the most common symptoms:

Depressive symptoms may include:

Manic symptoms may include:

How is bipolar disorder diagnosed?

To diagnose bipolar, your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms. You may have both depressive and manic symptoms to a varying degree. The symptoms of bipolar disorder may look like other mental health conditions.

Always see a healthcare provider for a diagnosis. A diagnosis is made after a careful psychiatric exam and medical history done by a mental health professional.

How is bipolar disorder treated?

There is no cure for bipolar disorder, but treatment works well for many people. Treatment may include one or a combination of the following:

Medicine. Many different medicines are available for bipolar disorder. But, it often takes 4 to 6 weeks for anti-depressants to have a full effect. So it's important to keep taking the medicine, even if it doesn't seem to be working at first. It's also important to talk to your healthcare provider before stopping. Some people have to switch medicines or add medicines to get results.

Therapy. This is most often cognitive-behavioral or interpersonal therapy. It focuses on changing the distorted views you have of yourself and your environment. It works to improve your interpersonal relationship skills. It also helps you identify stressors and learn how to manage them.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This treatment may be used in people with severe, life-threatening depression that has not responded to medicines. A brief electrical current is passed through the brain, triggering a mild seizure. For unknown reasons, this helps restore the normal balance of chemicals in the brain and ease symptoms.

In most cases, consistent, long-term treatment is needed to stabilize the mood swings.

Self care

You can also take steps to help yourself. During periods of depression, consider the following:

Key points

Bipolar disorder causes cycles of extreme mood changes that go beyond life's regular ups and downs. Treatment is key to recovery.

There is no clear cause of bipolar disorder. Mental health experts think it's a result of chemical imbalances in the brain. It seems to run in families, but no genes have yet been linked to it.

It causes unusual mood swings. A person will have periods of extreme joy, elevated mood, or irritability (called mania). This switches with periods of depression.

Bipolar disorder may be diagnosed after a careful psychiatric exam and medical history done by a mental health professional.

It is most often treated with medicine, therapy, or a combination of both.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

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Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder. It causes a person to have cycles of extreme mood changes that go beyond normal ups and downs. A person with this disorder will have periods of feeling joyful, energized, and excited (called mania). These are followed by periods of feeling sad and depressed.