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Freud developed the idea of the mind being comprised of id, ego, and superego. He portrays these as key features as part of the human personality/mentality. He also introduced the thought of defense mechanisms in the brain.

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Wundt was a German psychologist, philosopher, and physician. He established the ideology of psychology being experimental. He would develop labs in order to train his students at university.

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Both Mr. and Mrs. Clark were people of color. They decided to study the psychology of race, especially as they would most likely be discriminated in those years. They wanted to delve deeper into the scope of the harsh treatment received and the mental effects in had caused.

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Cattell had gained, with Wundt, his PhD. He had developed theories such as intelligence being hereditary. He also believed that intelligence was able to be measured through the use of tests.

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William James had written one of the most beneficial books in the field of psychology: Principles of Psychology. James introduced the idea that one's consciousness is ongoing, nothing can stop it. He believed it aided us to conform to our environment and provide us with the ability to make thorough decisions.