# data[].attributes.body
Explainer: How Does Climate Change Affect The Ocean?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As climate change tightens its grip, the effects are being felt across the planet. The global ocean plays a key role and has so far soaked up most of the carbon dioxide and excess heat human activities have produced. But it is also vulnerable. Already some significant changes are underway, and the climate disruption to our seas looks set to worsen.

1. Rising temperatures

About 90% of the excess heat trapped by atmospheric greenhouse gases is eventually soaked up by the world's oceans. Because oceans are so big, the temperature change to the seawater can seem small - the sea surface layer has warmed by just over 0.5C in the last century. That's still enough to cause significant disruption, and the warming is accelerating.

Things expand as they warm, becoming less dense and taking up more space. The oceans are no different. Indeed, between 1993-2010, thermal expansion is thought to have raised sea levels by an average of 1.1 millimetres a year, accounting for much of the overall rise we have seen.

Warmer water also influences the atmosphere above it. Increased sea surface temperatures are associated with making hurricanes and tropical cyclones more powerful, potentially increasing the number of the most severe category 4 or 5 storms that strike islands and coastal areas. Warmer water can also dissolve less carbon dioxide, which means more will stay in the atmosphere to accelerate global warming.

Just like on land, rising temperatures in the oceans generate damaging heatwaves. They occur when unusual weather conditions or water currents cause above-average water temperatures for at least five consecutive days. But they can last for months or even years. A marine heatwave called "The Blob" hung around the northern Pacific from 2013-2015 and killed a million seabirds on the west coast of the United States.

2. Acidification

As carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, it reacts to form carbonic acid: a fairly weak acid, but enough to alter the pH of seawater, which is naturally alkaline. Since the industrial revolution, dissolved carbon dioxide is estimated to have lowered the average pH of the top layer of the oceans by 0.1 pH units, from about 8.2 to 8.1 (7 is neutral).

That change doesn't sound much, but because pH is measured on a logarithmic scale, it actually represents a nearly 30% increase in acidity. This has some significant knock-on effects for seawater chemistry and the ecosystems that rely on it.

The increase in acidity is particularly bad news for shellfish and other forms of sea life that use the mineral calcium carbonate to form their shells and exoskeletons. More acidic water can hold less of this mineral, so there's less available for so-called calcifying organisms such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, shallow water corals, deep sea corals and calcareous plankton. Worse, the change in chemistry encourages existing carbonate structures to dissolve.

Coral is particularly vulnerable. Experiments on a small patch of Australia's Great Barrier Reef show that artificially reducing the seawater carbon dioxide level, so restoring pH to pre-industrial levels, boosted coral calcification by 7%. Then, when the scientists raised the amount of carbon dioxide and so decreased ocean pH to the level expected by the end of this century, calcification dropped by a third.

3. Melting ice

As climate change continues, many scientists believe it is inevitable that massive ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica will collapse and melt entirely, eventually pouring enough water into the oceans to raise global sea levels by several metres. It will take time - hundreds, perhaps thousands of years - but the melting is accelerating. The UN's climate body now projects that, under a low-emissions scenario, average sea level will rise between 61cm and 1.1m by the end of the century.

By 2050, rising seas could push peak high tides above land currently home to at least 300 million people, mostly in Asia.

Coastal ecosystems will be affected too. Beach and dune environments face more severe and frequent flooding and erosion, while sensitive freshwater habitats including mudflats and marshes - needed for bird species to breed - will be swamped with seawater.

Sea ice, which forms when seawater freezes each polar winter, is also melting and thinning more and more each summer. Melting of this ice doesn't significantly contribute to sea levels, but it does pose big problems for creatures that rely on it for their habitat. Most notably, polar bears need sea ice to hunt seals, and studies show many of the 25,000 bears estimated to remain in the Arctic are struggling. One colony of animals around the Southern Beaufort Sea, in northeastern Alaska and Canada, was found to have declined by 40% between 2001 and 2010.

4. Changes in ocean currents

Ocean currents are vulnerable to the effects of climate change. At present, those currents act as massive global conveyor belts: as winds push through the atmosphere from the warm equator to the colder poles, they drag surface water with them. Cooled by the chilly polar air, this water becomes denser, and so sinks to the deep ocean, where it is pushed back towards the equator (becoming warmer, less dense and rising as it goes) by the next batch of denser water coming from above. Round and round the cycles go, transporting and mixing nutrients as they swirl along.

Melting ice interferes with this system. Huge amounts of fresh water pouring in at the poles lowers the density of the seawater, making it slower to sink. Without the same driving downward force, the whole global cycle can weaken. In 2018, scientists suggested that the major current in the Atlantic Ocean had slowed by about 15%. And some studies predict that could worsen to more than 30% by 2100.

Based on what has happened in the past, scientists say slower ocean currents can bring significant changes in the Earth's atmosphere, and so to the weather. Winters in Europe could be much colder (an idea taken to extremes in the film The Day After Tomorrow). Meanwhile, the waters of the South Atlantic could become warmer, and because sea surface temperature influences wind and rainfall, this could disrupt monsoon cycles that are vital for crops across Asia and South America.

5. Deoxygenation

Ocean creatures rely on oxygen dissolved in seawater, just as we breathe it from the atmosphere. But climate change is gradually draining oxygen from the seas: about 1-2% is thought to have been lost from 1960 to 2010, and that could rise to 4% by 2100.

There are several reasons. Warmer water can hold less of the gas, while disruption to ocean currents limits the amount of oxygen transported from the surface to the depths.

A growing problem occurs when the fertiliser and other nutrients added to agricultural soils drain into rivers and eventually get dumped into coastal waters. Boosted by the unexpected supply of food, algae can grow and proliferate rapidly to form massive floating blooms - sometimes called green (or red) tides. These can be problematic, for example by releasing chemicals toxic to fish. And when the algae die and sink, the microbes that work to decompose the blooms in the depths soak up oxygen from the surrounding water.

In severe cases, dissolved oxygen levels can fall so low that parts of the deep ocean become barren. A 2008 global survey found at least 405 of these dead zones, up from 49 in the 1960s. Perhaps most affected is the Baltic Sea. Despite efforts to limit agricultural run-off from surrounding countries, the Baltic still has a massive dead zone of about 70,000 square kilometres - about the size of Ireland.

6. Marine food chain collapse

Already under pressure from overfishing and pollution, marine life - from large fish down to cyanobacteria - is also affected by climate change. As seas warm and currents shift, some sea life can simply move, for example towards the cooler water of the poles. These shifts in distribution have knock-on effects for species that feed on them: from people trying to catch tuna, to fish looking for zooplankton. Under stress from shifting resources, species are especially vulnerable if they are already weakened by acidification and oxygen depletion.

Changes to interconnected and complex systems of food webs are hard to predict. Fisheries in some areas might actually get a boost as valuable new species are driven into their nets. But, overall, the impact is likely to be bad. A study last year suggested that warmer waters had reduced the total amount of fish that can be caught in a sustainable way by 4% since the 1930s. The worst-affected sea was the Sea of Japan, with a 35% reduction in fishery size due to warming. The East China Sea saw a drop of 8%.

Future drops in fish catches would threaten the food security of a large fraction of the world's growing population. According to the UN, fish provide more than 3.1 billion people with at least 20% of their animal protein. It's an important source of fatty acids and micronutrients too. Fish currently supply 17% of all the protein consumed in the world, and demand is expected to continue to increase as incomes rise in the developing world.

There are five trillion pieces of plastic in the ocean. Here's how they got there, what it's doing to marine life, and some potential solutions.

Protecting and restoring mangrove swamps, salt marshes, seagrass meadows and kelp forests would halt biodiversity loss and soak up carbon emissions

With a range of marine geoengineering field trials moving forward, attention is turning to how research and eventual deployment should be governed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Explainer: how does climate change affect the ocean?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As climate change tightens its grip, the effects are being felt across the planet. The global ocean plays a key role and has so far soaked up most of the carbon dioxide and excess heat human activities have produced. But it is also vulnerable.

# data[].attributes.body
How Does Global Warming Affect The Ocean?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Global warming is undoubtedly the biggest environmental problem - and probably the biggest problem full stop - which faces humanity today. Unsustainable practices since the industrial revolution have led to huge greenhouse gas emissions and a massive increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere.

The level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere influences global temperatures and weather patterns because these gases absorb solar heat so efficiently.

While much of the information on climate change that we are exposed to focuses heavily on CO2 in the atmosphere, almost half of the carbon dioxide that is being produced by the burning of fossil fuels has been absorbed by the ocean
Scientists estimate that since humans began burning fossil fuels on a large scale, we have caused the emission of almost 545,000 million, or 545 billion tons of carbon alone [1].
For those who don't understand the process of global warming, excess greenhouse gases trap heat within the earth's atmosphere and cause a warming effect - something which is becoming more and more evident every year. This warming, or average surface temperature increase, has wide-ranging effects on both the environment and on human society.

These include:

1. Many coastal communities are becoming threatened by rising sea levels;

2. Climate change is causing an increase in extreme weather events and natural disasters;

3. Many animal and plant species are faced with extinction caused by global warming;

4. Our oceans are suffering and may cease to exist as they are today if global warming continues [1].

Due to its massive volume and the relatively large heat capacity of water, the ocean has an incredible ability to buffer the atmospheric temperatures of planet earth. It is estimated that around 90 percent of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gas emissions is absorbed by the ocean. But for how long?

The ocean's heat storing ability

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has estimated that since 1955, "over 90 percent of the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gases had been stored in the ocean s."

After reading that you may be thinking that only 10 percent of the excess heat has been used to warm the atmosphere, not so bad, right?
Wrong!
Most of these 10 percent actually go towards melting sea ice, ice caps, and glaciers, and warming continental land masses. Only a tiny fraction actually directly warms the atmosphere. This is scary because the ocean's heat storage ability is finite - there will come a point in time where it is no longer able to keep up with the demands of humanity.

There are a number of reasons why the ocean is able to absorb so much heat. These include [1]:

The high heat capacity of water. One liter of water is able to absorb much more heat than the same volume of air, or almost any other substance.

The ocean is deep and contains a huge volume of water. 71 percent of the earth's surface is covered by ocean, which has an average depth of 4 kilometers.

Probably the main reason is that the ocean is dynamic - it is always moving due to currents, wind eddies, and other circulation methods. This allows mixing and exchange of the heat throughout the ocean, rather than concentrating on just the surface waters.

Researchers around the world are beginning to realize the importance of the ocean to world climate systems, and are therefore focusing their research like never before. Satellites orbit the globe, continually gathering data for analysis, while scientists work frantically to try and determine if and when the ocean will have absorbed as much heat as it can.

How long can this mechanism continue to work successfully for us?

While the world's oceans are warming at an ever-increasing rate [2], this obviously can't continue forever. There will come a point when the ocean can no longer absorb the necessary amount of heat, which will lead to a rapid rise in atmospheric temperatures.

The current rate of ocean heat accumulation is "the equivalent of five Hiroshima bombs exploding every second since 1990 [1]."

According to scientists, the ocean may begin to release some if its absorbed thermal energy in the near future, if it isn't doing so already. Various oceanic cycles, which change with a relatively predictable time frame, will probably cause the release of some of the oceans stored heat when they change.

Some, like the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, are due to change at any time, while others are likely to follow in the coming years.

It is obvious therefore that we cannot continue to rely on the ocean as a climate buffer. It will stop absorbing heat as it currently is, and perhaps will even begin to release thermal energy in the near future. We must instead tackle the root of the problem - reducing greenhouse gas emissions - immediately and with full force.

How does the ocean indirectly buffer the atmospheric temperature?

Not only does the ocean absorb atmospheric heat directly, but it also helps reduce the atmospheric greenhouse gas levels.

CO2 and other greenhouse gases are easily able to dissolve in water, and therefore in the ocean. About half of the global carbon cycle is managed by photosynthetic organisms that live in the ocean such as phytoplankton, that produce oxygen and influence the levels of greenhouse gases (like carbon dioxide and methane) that are present in the ocean and in the atmosphere.

By keeping the greenhouse gas concentration lower, the effects of global warming will be slower.

Every year, human activity causes the release of around 36 billion tons of CO2, not to mention other greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrates. This has caused atmospheric CO2 concentrations to increase by around 50 percent since the industrial revolution - from 280ppm to over 400ppm [1].
It has been estimated that the ocean absorbs around 30 percent of mankind's CO2 emissions almost immediately, and up to 85 percent in the long term [3].
At least 530 billion tons of CO2 has been dissolved in the ocean since the industrial revolution, which is a massive number [3]. If the ocean wasn't able to dissolve this gas, it would remain in the atmosphere, pushing CO2 concentrations towards 500, 600, or even 700ppm.

This would translate to huge rises in global temperature, which would destroy the world as we know it. We need to protect the oceans, not only for their beauty and incredible biodiversity, but also for the indispensable role they play in regulating the earth's climates.

The ocean influences regional climate

In addition to affecting climate on a global scale, the ocean also influences the climate of various regions around the world. The difference in temperature between the land in the middle of a continent and the surrounding ocean drives the development of monsoons.

In the winter, the much colder air over a continent flows outward toward the ocean, and in the summer, the much hotter air over a continent draws moist air inland, bringing forth summer rains.

Cities located along coastlines also benefit from ocean breezes, a result of the difference in temperature between land and sea, where the land is cooler at night and warmer during the day.

What are some of the effects of global warming on the ocean?

As global warming and climate change become a bigger and bigger issue throughout the world, it's current and future effects are becoming better understood. One of the most talked about and publicized issues is that of rising sea levels. Although this has a number of effects, none are greater than the impacts on coastlines and coastal communities around the world.

#1 Rising sea levels

The general consensus is that we can expect a sea level rise of between 0.8 and 2 meters (approximately 3 to 6 feet) by 2100, which would be enough to flood a number of cities around the world.

Direr models predict the loss of the entire Greenland ice sheet, which would increase sea levels by a huge 7 meters (23 feet) - this would submerge much of London [6].

If sea levels rise as little as one meter, island nations such as the Maldives will disappear from the map.

We have already seen two of the islands of Kiribati disappear, while others have been contaminated by salt water from high tides and storm surges.

There are two main ways that global warming induces sea-level rise - the melting of ice caps and glaciers, and the thermal expansion of water.

Melting ice caps

As global air temperatures increase, the polar ice-caps are melting - as would be expected. Since most of the ice caps are above sea level, when they melt, it adds extra water to the ocean.

Together, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets contain 75 percent of the world's fresh water. If they both melted, then sea levels would rise by around 75 meters (246 feet).

The temperatures in Antarctica are low enough to keep the Antarctic ice sheet relatively safe in the near future. An increase in temperature should not have such a profound effect to melt the whole ice sheet, as it should still be cold enough to prevent melting [7].

However, atmospheric temperatures near the Greenland ice sheet are a worry. Currently, temperatures are low enough to prevent widespread melting - just. However, with a small temperature increase in the future, there is the potential for widespread surface melting. This could cause huge problems, including sea-level rise of a number of meters, and could potentially begin an irreversible warming process. Scientists have been already observing large-scale melting events in the last couple years with 2019 being the 7th highest since 1978 [8].

The second, albeit smaller, problem related to melting icecaps is the breaking up of ice-sheets and the quicker movement of glaciers. As it gets warmer, icebergs begin to break off the edge of the ice-sheets more and more rapidly. Although this currently isn't a major issue, it has the potential to become a much bigger problem in the future.

Thermal expansion of sea water

One of the major laws of the physics, which holds true in almost every case, is that things expand when they heat up. This expansion may be hugely noticeable, or negligible, but regardless, it is there.

Over the past century, the average ocean temperature has risen by around 0.6 degrees Celsius. Most of this warming has been in the surface waters. Thermal expansion contributes to a large proportion of sea level rise - up to 75 percent.

#2 Disappearing wetlands

Since global warming causes the ocean to heat up and sea levels to rise - something which is becoming obvious already.

Rising sea levels are flooding low lying coastal areas around the world. This is especially evident in coastal wetlands and marshes.

The rising water can inundate wetlands, turning them into open ocean and destroying their sensitive ecosystems.
Some experts say that a sea level rise of as little as 2 feet (60 centimeters) will be enough to destroy the majority of the world's coastal wetlands [5].
#3 Coral bleaching

Most of us have heard about coral bleaching and the devastating effects that it is having on irreplaceable places like the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, but how many of us actually understand what is causing it?

The main cause of coral bleaching - and a number of other negative effects on shellfish and corals - is increasing sea surface temperatures and rising oceanic CO2 concentrations.

Corals are very sensitive species and will usually not cope well with sudden change. Their color comes from a symbiotic relationship with a photosynthetic algae, which provides food for the coral [4].

When the coral becomes stressed - either by warmer water than they are used to, or by a decrease in the ocean's pH (caused by an increase in oceanic CO2 concentration) - they will expel these algae and become colorless. Since the algae are the corals main source of food, they struggle to survive after bleaching [4].

#4 Fish migration

According to a number of experts, global warming is causing fish to migrate away from the equator and towards the poles. Since sea surface temperatures are increasing due to global warming, the fish must swim towards the pole in order to remain in water of the correct temperature.

This can disrupt important fisheries, remove the food source of marine predators such as birds and seals, and can threaten some species which run out of suitable habitat.

#5 Ocean acidification

Ocean acidification is one of the major effects of global warming on the ocean.

While the full mechanism is too complicated to explain here, basically dissolved CO2 causes a decrease in ocean pH. This in turn causes a decrease in the concentration of the carbonate ion, which is essential for many marine animals - including corals and shellfish - to build the skeletal structure.

Therefore, global warming, and in turn ocean acidification, is affecting entire marine ecosystems. It is causing coral bleaching, affecting reef structure, and in some cases, is reducing the reproductive capabilities of many shellfish and other organisms.

We need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and do what we can in order to try and mitigate the effects of climate change, or else huge numbers of people throughout the world are going to suffer for years to come.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
how does global warming affect the ocean

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Does Climate Change Affect the Ocean? | Greentumble

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global warming is undoubtedly the biggest environmental problem - and probably the biggest problem full stop - which faces humanity today. Unsustainable practices since the industrial revolution have led to huge greenhouse gas emissions and a massive increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.body
Ocean Warming

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Rising temperatures also affect vegetation and reef-building species such as corals and mangroves, which protect coastlines from erosion and sea-level rise. Rising sea levels and erosion will particularly affect low-lying island countries in the Pacific Ocean, destroying housing and infrastructure and forcing people to relocate.

# data[].attributes.body
Effects Of Global Warming On Our Oceans

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Our oceans are critical to human health. Without them, we simply cannot survive. But right now our oceans are seriously threatened by global warming and it could cost us dearly.

Ocean ecosystems recycle nutrients and regulate greenhouse gases. In the right balance, these processes ensure a healthy system. However, if our oceans overheat it has dire consequences.

Our coastline is also one of Australia's major tourist attractions. If we destroy it, we not only lose one of our greatest natural assets; we lose all the people it attracts and the dollars they inject into our economy.

On top of that, the oceans themselves bring Australia enormous wealth. Fisheries and aquaculture are worth more than $2 billion to our country.

To protect our oceans, we have to take two serious steps right now: prepare for a changing climate, and address the root causes of global warming that are placing our marine environments at risk.

By 2030 it is estimated that sea surface temperatures will rise by 0.6-0.9 ºC in the southern Tasman Sea and off the Northwest Shelf of Western Australia, and 0.3-0.6 ºC elsewhere.

This drastic temperature change can cause ocean acidification and impact dramatically on marine life, as demonstrated by the mass coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. In the first few months of 2016, the Reef experienced the worst coral bleaching event we've ever seen, triggered by the mining and burning of fossil fuels like coal and gas.

The scale of this loss is staggering. Around half of all corals north of Lizard Island to the tip of Cape York (a distance of approximately 1,000 kilometres) died. From Lizard Island south to Cairns, around 16% of corals died. Overall, 22% of the Great Barrier Reef's corals died in just a few months. Compared to previous coral bleaching events in 1998 and 2002, this loss was far worse.

Warmer temperatures also result in the expansion of the water's mass, which causes sea levels to rise. This leads to more erosion, threatening low-lying islands and coastal cities.

We can already feel the impacts of global warming, and these will continue if we fail to take serious climate change action now.

Australia has been slow to invest in renewable energy and, all the while, our pollution levels have continued to rise. If we leave it too much longer, the shift to clean, renewable energy will be far more difficult and expensive. And it's not just our oceans that will suffer.

In order to restore the health and beauty of the Great Barrier Reef and safeguard our oceans we need to act now. To reduce the severity of future coral bleaching, triggered by the mining and burning of fossils, Australia must speed up its transition to clean energy - like solar and wind. We must slow down the warming of our oceans by setting a target of 100% renewable electricity by 2035 and putting an end to fossil fuel subsidies.

The most obvious result of global warming in our oceans is coral bleaching. When we mine and burn coal we produce dangerous greenhouse gas pollution that causes our planet, including our oceans, to heat up. If the water stays too hot for too long, our vulnerable corals lose their colour (bleach) and often die.

Coral bleaching is the ghostly face of climate change. And in the summer of 2016 we witnessed the worst coral bleaching event ever to hit the Great Barrier Reef.

It is possible to maintain the rich vibrancy and health of our beautiful Reef but only if we rapidly shift to clean, renewable energy. The window to save the Reef is closing and we need to act fast.

{{thankYouPopup.firstname}} {{thankYouPopup.lastname}}

Thank you for your {{thankYouPopup.isMonthly ? 'monthtly' : ''}} donation of ${{ thankYouPopup.amount }}

Please check your email for confirmation

{{thankYouPopup.certificatename}}

If you have any questions about your donation, please do not hesitate to contact our friendly Supporter Services team either by email: enquiries@wwf.org.au or call 1800 032 551

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Our oceans are critical to human health. Without them, we simply cannot survive. But right now our oceans are seriously threatened by global warming and it could cost us dearly. Ocean ecosystems recycle nutrients and regulate greenhouse gases. In the right balance, these processes ensure a healthy system.

# data[].attributes.body
Climate Change Is Wrecking Havoc On Our Oceans. Here's How We Save Them.

# data[].attributes.body
Greenhouse gasses are one of the main causes of global warming. Greenhouse gas is caused by burning fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. These chemicals get released into the air, causing it to warm the Earth's surface. We can help prevent this by reducing our use of fossil fuels. For example, using solar power to power our homes.

# data[].attributes.body
This is an example of using solar power instead of fossil fuels such as oil.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Global Warming Images / WWF

Pledge to Cut Your Carbon Footprint

Your impact on climate change primarily comes from: what you eat, how you power your homes and mobile devices, and how you travel from place to place. The average US citizen emits 20 tons of greenhouse gas emissions per year due primarily to these activities. (This is ten times the emissions from the average person in India, for example.)

Can you commit to cutting your carbon footprint?

I can commit to reducing my carbon footprint by taking a hard look the footprint of my food, the electricity I use, and how I get from place to place. I can start making an impact right away by committing to the following:

Food

I will set a goal of reducing the food waste in my home from its current levels.

I commit to only buying what I need and eat what I buy!

Electricity

I will check out solar panels or look into community solar projects in my area

I will look into options to switch to renewable energy from my utilities company.

Transportation
I commit to reducing the fossil fuel impact of my daily commute to work or school by walking, riding my bike, carpooling, or using public transportation one or more days per week.

If you take action and have not already registered, you will receive email about important conservation news and how you can help World Wildlife Fund protect the diversity of life on Earth.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Pledge to Cut Your Carbon Footprint | World Wildlife Fund

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Global Warming Images / WWF Pledge to Cut Your Carbon Footprint Your impact on climate change primarily comes from: what you eat, how you power your homes and mobile devices, and how you travel from place to place. The average US citizen emits 20 tons of greenhouse gas emissions per year due primarily to these activities.

# data[].attributes.body
How Does Global Warming Affect The Ocean?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.