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Online Harassment being the use of communication services to attack, harass, bully, stalk or intimidate someone or a group of people, which can be played out through the use of comments, images and videos to promote fear in others. This cyber - enabled crime is very common in our modern age that consists of the younger generation growing up on social media through a variety of familiar applications including Snapchat, Instagram, Twitter and Tik Tok which increase the chances of these things happening to them. Children who are on these platforms are quite young and have yet to develop their social and emotional capabilities which makes them more vulnerable to online harassment and factors including peer pressure.

A large majority of Online Harassment victims can often be regular bullying victims, although they can only be targeted during certain times for instance during work hours or school hours. Harassment being cyber enabled allows the predators to bully and control the victims at any time of the day making it a more powerful tool as they can continuously damage the victim mentally and physically which often leads to the victim dealing with the issue alone and using different coping mechanism such as drug use or in worse scenarios self harm.

Examples of Online Harassment:

In the school setting online harassment and bullying is becoming very common as:

At least 1 in 4 year 9 Australian Students have been frequently bullied online

24% of children and teenagers will suffer some form of online harassment

87% of young children have witnessed online harassment of to some extent

Online/Cyber Stalking is a form of online harassment that consists of a person breaking the privacy of another by watching what they're doing through social media, emails and phone calls. An example being Kate, a woman who experienced this and was afraid to pick up calls and emails leading her to visit banks to make transactions and receive emails through a third party to minimize the risk of being tracked as the stalker was watching and listening to her every move. Due to the stalker she was motivated to move out of the city to live a farm life to avoid being stalked.

People often need to realize the difference between a joke and being bullied, as Australia provides a variety of different helplines in order to avoid letting the situation escalate into something much bigger in an attempt to support those in need.

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Drug Crypto markets which deal with drug trafficking, private communications, political protest and illegal information are cyber enabled crimes that allow sellers and vendors to freely move within the platform ensuring that they are hidden and protected through the use of certain browsers including TOR, as this gives people the chance to buy and sell at will with the small chance of being tracked down by authority. Accessible through the dark web, those who participate in these activities must use certain software's to hide their identity and purchases are made by cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Lite coin and Ethereum to avoid any major transactions that may leave the banks suspicious. In order to reduce suspicion, vendors send the drugs through normal mail with the use of different techniques and methods to avoid any trouble and detection.

The people fueling these markets are the buyers, as they often buy ecstasy, cannabis and LSD, being a hybrid market as they consist of open and closed markets. A majority of people buy from friends or known dealers in closed markets being drug markets that are not open to anyone aside from members who have been vouched for.

Vendors are those who supply the products to other people, as they are often in the selling scene for sometime which helps them build up their reputation as a trust vendor. Every vendor has a different reason for dealing, they may be introduced to it by a friend who is also a vendor, to pay off any tuition fees as they are expensive and take time to pay off as well as the people having a rush for dealing in the space.

Australia currently has a high level drug crypto market which sell methamphetamines' at a higher rate then any other market at a higher price due to the secure and tough border polices set in place.

Despite the police attempts to shut down these online markets, they are ineffective as they are online and are easy to start back up with the strength of a few vendors. To tackle the issue the police and government should implement damage reduction which might be addressed through  education and marketing policy that aims to make drugs less appealing, accompanied by harm reduction which refers to policy that acknowledges  that people take drugs but attempts to increase safety and reduce associated harm.

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How tech-savvy teens are using the dark web to buy illicit drugs

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Online Fraud being the deception of individuals to send money to another person online through the use of the internet or programs for financial gain or personal gain, as this done through Romance fraud, which requires the victim to send money in return of a favor including a meet up or a talk. Shopping Fraud being where a product is placed up for sale on a website, the customer attempts to buy it and loses their money because the website was fake. Investment Fraud is when people invest in something that does not exist and end up losing money once again because the product is made up.

The factor of Online Identity Theft often is relevant when dealing with fraud as they gather personal information from other people in order to create a fake identification which allows them to commit crimes such as withdrawing funds, opening of credit cards and receiving government payments.

Romance Fraud being where a person meets someone online through social media or various platforms, as they get the thought that someone is interested in them and eventually become emotionally attached leading them to often spend large amounts of money on the particular other in an attempt to keep the victim around and reduce suspicion  for future transactions. The people who conduct these schemes have collected information of other people to create fake profiles and fake names, in some cases they may have stolen an actual identity from someone. As this type of fraud is becoming very common in today's society, it is costing Australians particularly under the age of 35 a large sum of money accumulating to $37 million in dating and romance scams.

Investment Fraud is another form of fraud which consists of the sending of emails and messages, messages on forums, the hosting of websites for the goal of getting the consumer to invest in something usually seen in mortgage fraud, fake charities and recently COVID- 19 scams. These people may perform these acts through cold calling, being when they call another person and speaking to them and explaining what they want to do which may further lead to talking about a certain product they are trying to get them to buy or even a stock while they're still on the line.

The technique of sending out emails that offer insight and knowledge on a certain topic e.g. Stocks and Investment, as they charge an entry fee or need some sort of product to be brought to be accepted and they use words such as “guaranteed return” to draw people towards them, in reality they are selling a dream.

The government has implemented some courses for less experienced internet users to avoid scams and tricks as well as reporting area aligned with cyber.gov to strengthen community awareness and safe

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Radicalization/ Internet Facilitated Radicalization being the process that an individual goes through where they become supportive of extremist ideologies which may involve physical involvement as they slowly become a part of a group which consist of others who have become radicalized and have a common set of interests and ideas either bad or good. Big platforms such as Facebook and YouTube may be the cause of some of the crimes, as they use hyper nudging to push certain content that may result in a negative impact on the viewer and may spark radicalization.

Through the access of the internet, individuals are learning from the other person as they listen and analyze the way they talk they become influenced by the information they gather. The internet is the source of extremist and terrorist crimes as it has become easier for extremists and terrorists to push their teachings and ideas onto the younger generation who are online and recruit them or share their wisdom with them in an attempt to change their perspective on certain things and feel connected with the group.

Lone Wolf Terroism being a subsection of Internet facilitated radicalization that involves terrorist attacks which are carried out individually and independently from established terrorist groups or organizations. As these terrorists often collect their ideas from other extremist groups and beliefs to provide support for their actions.

Through the use of Broadcasting Intent being how the internet provides a forum for these lone wolf terrorists to promote these acts of violence and ideology and  Communities of support which is where the internet assists extremist communities to come together and support the actions of the lone wolf terrorist seen through the Christchurch Mosque Shooting.  A 28-year old Australian national, Brenton Tarrant, attacks the Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand. Fifty-one people worshiping at the Mosques were killed, and 49 injured. Seventeen-minutes of the attack were live streamed by the gunman on Facebook Live.

In relation to Lone wolf terrorist, performance crimes are when an offender engages in something that performs for an audience which can be seen as transgressive self representation, as the offenders can be seen as actors and the viewers are the media audience. The Christchurch shooter’s actions may be seen as a performance crime as he intended to show his audience his beliefs through his actions. These acts can be minimized to deter terrorists by having measures in place set by major platforms and ways to track down the exact location that the crime is being done at.

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Hacking is a second-generation cyber dependant cybercrime that consists of getting into a particular network or information without being authorized. The cost of keeping hackers locked out of networks and information slowly increases each year due to the success rate of cybersecurity. Over the past few years, organizations have seen a large growth of cybercrime due to security breaches that have risen to 67% since 2015. Cybercriminals use certain tools to reach their target that include:

Malware is software that has been designed to damage, corrupt, gain access, and facilitate the moves of individuals, as it cost $1.4 million to put in place across the board although there are 54% of total losses.

Denial of Services (DOS) being where someone attempts to make a website, service or network unavailable to a specific amount of people, this has an average cost of $1.1 million and a 65% of total losses

The people behind these crimes are often men who are under the age of 30, who are motivated by monetary gain, power, and terrorism, etc. As they aim for the same goal, hackers are open to join subculture groups who have similar motives that may assist in their crimes, these groups are generally shaped around technology, knowledge, and secrecy.

In an attempt to stop hackers from committing further crimes criminologists have created General Deterrence theory which is the perception that certain and severe punishment for offenses will deter people from committing such acts again, although people often don't care and re-offend. As Well as Specific deterrence being a deterrence that is focused on a specific individual.

The Victorian Police have assisted in tackling this cybercrime although their work holds a few flaws, the police lack skill level and training around the cyber area as it is not high enough to address the rapidly growing and complex online world, this is primarily due to the lack of resources they are given to meet the demands.

In order to overcome these issues there must be more supervisors and higher management awareness of the difficult learning curb in training cybercrime investigators and educating frontline officers about cybercrime, and the role of specialist cybercrime units. To ensure change the Australian Government has assisted the police force by realizing the Australia Cybersecurity Strategy 2020 which will invest $1.7 billion over 10 years in an attempt to strengthen the protection of Australians, assist businesses to protect and secure their products and customers, as well as giving the general public a better understanding on how to protect themselves online.

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60 Minutes Australia: Bugged, Tracked, Hacked (2015)