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A system of interconnected computers, telephones, or other communications devices that can communicate with one another and share applications and data.
Benefit of networks

Sharing of peripheral devices

Sharing of programs and data

Better communications

Security of information

Access to databases

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HCI is the study, planning and design of how people and computers work together so that a

person’s needs are satisfied in the

most effective way (Galitz,2007)

HCI was automatically represented with the emerging of computer, or more generally machine, itself.

most sophisticated machines are worthless unless they can be used properly by men

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Programming is closely related with computer science. Computer science is the study of what computer can do, meanwhile, programming is the practice of making computer do things.

Some branches in computer science:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Algorithms
• Computation
• Computer Architecture
• Software Systems

Programming?
• The process of writing computer programs (source code).
• How to write source code?
• How to convert source code into machine language?
• How to run/execute source code?

What is programming language?
• A programming language is a formal computer language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.
• Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.

Revolution of programming language:
1GL

Machine Language

Very tedious and demanding to write.

Binary code 1100 0000      1001 0000

2GL

Assembly Language

Symbolically using English words (mnemonics).

Assembler

PROC ; procedure begins  CMP AX,97 ; compare AX to 97

JL DONE ; if less, jump to done

JG, DONE ; if greater, jump to DONE

ENDP ; procedure ends here

3GL

Procedural Language

Express a step-by-step procedure devised by the programmer to accomplish the desired task.

Compiler or Interpreter

Fortran, Basic, Pascal, Java, C Family (C, C+, C++, C#)          cout << “What is: “ << endl;      cin >> answer;                       if (answer > 5) { cout << “Add 1\n”; } else                            { cout << “Do not add 1\n”; }

4GL

Nonprocedural / Productivity Language

Fewer instructions than 3GL.

Employ English-like words and phrases.

The order in which instructions are given in a 4GL is usually unimportant.

Many 4GLs are associated with databases and data processing.

Compiler or Interpreter

Structured Query Language (SQL)

SELECT Name, Salary

FROM Employee

WHERE OvertimeHours > 0

ORDER BY Name

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Ethics: a set of moral principles that govern behaviour of a group or individual
Computer Ethics: set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers
Technology Ethics: moral guidelines that govern the use of computers, mobile devices, information systems and related technologies

There are 10 commandments of Computer Ethics which agree in violation of other people's access, privacy and property.

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Functionality:

provides function needed by users to perform their tasks.

The value of functionality is visible only when it becomes possible to be efficiently utilized by the user.

Usability:

with a certain functionality is the range and degree by which the system can be used efficiently and adequately to accomplish certain goals for certain users.

The actual effectiveness of a system is achieved when there is a proper balance between the functionality and usability of a system. Ease of use and learnability.

HCI is a design that should produce a fit between the user, the machine and the required services in order to achieve a certain performance both in quality and optimality of the services.

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Local area network (LAN)

Metropolitan area network (MAN)

Wide area network (WAN)

Personal area network (PAN)

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

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Internet: A global networked environment.

Intranets: For internal use only: An intranet is an organization’s internal private network that uses the infrastructure and standards of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Access to an intranet is not available to people outside the organization.
Extranets: For certain outsiders: Extranets are private intranets that connect not only internal personnel but also selected suppliers and other strategic parties.
Firewalls: A firewall is a system of hardware and software that blocks unauthorized users inside and outside the organization from entering the intranet.

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User Centered Design (UCD) –Usability Principles

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User Centered Design (UCD) –Usability Principles

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Design: The degree of activity that involves a user with a machine should be thoroughly thought.

physical: mechanics of interaction between human and computer

cognitive: ways that users can understand the system and interact with it.

affective: to make the interaction a pleasurable experience for the user but also to affect the user in a way that make user continue to use the machine by changing attitudes and emotions toward the user.

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Communications software consists of programs and apps that:

Help users establish a connection to another computer, mobile device or network

Manage the transmission of data, instructions and information

Provide an interface for users to communicate with one another

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written guideline that helps determine whether a specification of ethical/unethical or allowed/not allowed.

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Network Communications Standards and Protocols 

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Network Communications Standards and Protocols 

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Ethernet is a network standard that specifies no central computer or device on the network (nodes) should control when data can be transmitted.

The token ring standard specifies that computers and devices on the network share or pass a special signal (token).

TCP/IP is a network protocol that define show messages (data) are routed from one end of a network to another.

WiFi identifies any network  based on the 802.11 standard that specifies how two wireless devices communicate over the air with each other.

LTE is a network standard that defines how high-speed  cellular transmissions use broadcast  radio to transmit data for mobile communications.

Bluetooth is a network protocol that defines how two Bluetooth devices use short-range radio waves to transmit data.

UWB(ultra-wideband)is a network standard that specifies how two UWB devices use  short-range radio waves to communicate at high  speeds with each  other.

IrDA transmits data wirelessly via infrared (IR) light waves.

RFID is a protocol that define show  a network  uses radio signals  to communicate with a tag  placed in or attached  to an object, an animal,  or a person.

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control of what a person can share online

The Issues of Online Privacy

usually started with ourselves who provide and share the information where people can easily access it.

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"Human-centered design is an approach to interactive system development that focuses specifically on making systems usable. It is a multi-disciplinary activity.“
ISO 13407:1999 Human-centered design processes for interactive systems

The ISO 9241-210:2010 standard describes 6 key principles that will ensure a design is user centered:

1. The design is based upon an explicit understanding of users, tasks and environments.

2. Users are involved throughout design and development.

3. The design is driven and refined by user-centered evaluation.

4. The process is iterative.

5. The design addresses the whole user experience.

6. The design team includes multidisciplinary skills and perspectives

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• The language translator is called an interpreter if each source program statement is executed as soon as that single statement is translated.
• The language translator is called a compiler if the entire program is translated into machine language before any of the program is executed.

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Designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer.

User only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and the conditions needs to be met – without worrying about how to implement routine or algorithm to solve them.

Used mainly in AI research.

Eg: OPS5 & Mercury.

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Satisfy the user with a more efficient and user-friendly experience

Increase loyalty and return visits

Establish a more relevant and valuable website

Create websites that supports rather than frustrates the use

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1. Early focus on users and tasks

2. Empirical Measurement and testing of product usage

3. Iterative Design

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1. understand user needs

2. establish requirements

3. prototyping alternative designs

4. evaluate designs

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Past: characteristic of HCI in the past
Present: characteristic of HCI in the present
Future: characteristic of HCI in the future

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Holography is the science and practice of making holograms.

Hologram is a three-dimensional image formed by the interference of light beams from a laser or other coherent light source.

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Benefits:

1. Have experts illustrate processes live, in person, in 3D

2. Connect geographically remote classrooms

3. Deliver lectures to multiple classrooms, anywhere, at the same time

4. ‘Remote attendance’

5. Remote access –‘be there’ in 3D

6. A whole new dimension to instructional content

7. Go ‘back in time’ in 3D?

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Type of Line and transfer rate

Cable: 256 Kbps to 100 Mbps or higher

DSL: 256 Kbps to 8.45 Mbps

FTTP:  | 5 Mbps to 300 Mbps

Fractional T1: 128 Kbps to 768 Kbps

T1: 1.544 Mbps

T3:  44.736 Mbps

ATM: 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps, can reach 10 Gbps

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Web system is a hyper media system that contains pages of information that are linked to each other in the form of a graph, as opposed to being hierarchical or linear.

Web technology relates to the interface between web servers and their clients.

It includes markup languages, programming interfaces and languages, and standards for document identification and display.

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refer to intangible property that is the result of creativity

3 different ways to protect intellectual property

1. copyright - creative

2. patent - invention

3. trademark - name, label

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Involves design, implementation and testing of web-based applications and social software, and the incorporation of a variety of digital media into these applications.

CONTENT
• Client-side programming
• Server-side programming
• Web services
• Web servers
• Open Source and Proprietary Server software
• Emerging technologies
• Web Standards and Standards Bodies
• Web site implementation and integration

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5 Key Skills for Web Application Developer

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5 Key Skills for Web Application Developer

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Structure

HTML

Presentation

CSS

Behavior

Javascript

Database

SQL

Server-Side Language

PHP (JSP/ASP/PERL/RUBY)

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Transmission  media carries one or more communications signals

Broadband media transmit multiple signals simultaneously

The amount of data, instructions and information that can travel over transmission media sometimes is called the band width

Latency is the time it takes a signal to travel from one location to another on a network

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5 Key Skills for Web Application Developer

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5 Key Skills for Web Application Developer

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HTML
HTML gives your website a structure and layout.

CSS
CSS is used to give the look and feel (presentation) to your website.

Javascript
Javascript adds behavior to your website, makes it interesting and improves the users experience.

SQL
Web applications that almost always rely on database.

PHP etc
PHP is a scripting language on server-side.

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Twisted pair cable

Coaxial Cable

Fibre Optic Cable

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Infrared

Broadcast Radio

Cellular Radio

Microwave Radio

Communications Satelite

GPS

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Web-based information displays many benefits of multimedia technology.

A significant amount of interactive multimedia content is now delivered via the internet.