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Three major systems of land revenue collection existed in India. They were – Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari

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1 Zamindari System (Permanent Land Revenue Settlement)

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1 Zamindari System (Permanent Land Revenue Settlement)

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Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through the Permanent Settlement Act.

It was introduced in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi.

Also known as Permanent Settlement System.

Zamindars were recognized as the owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.

While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual farmers became tenants.

The tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield.

The tax was to be paid in cash. Before introducing this system, the tax could be paid in kind.

The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company...

Effect of Permanent Settlement:

Absentee Landlordism : Since zamindars were assured of their ownership of lands, many of them stayed in towns. They entrusted rent collection to agents who even extracted illegal taxes besides the legal ones from the tenets.

After increase in prices, company suffered financial loss because land productivity was high while income from it was meagre.

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Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820.

This was the primary land revenue system in South India.

Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorg provinces of British India.

In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants. British Government collected taxes directly from the peasants.

The revenue rates of the Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land.

Though ownership of land was vested with the farmers, excessive tax impoverished them. Furthermore, the tax rates were frequently increased.

Impact of Ryotwari system:

Even while the position of cultivator became more secure, but the rigid system of revenue collection forced ryots into the hands of moneylender.

Since the government itself became a big zamindar, it had right to enhance revenue at will. The cultivator was left at the mercy of the collecting officers.

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Mahalwari system was introduced in 1822 by Holt Mackenzie. Later, the system was reformed during the period of William Bentick (1833).

This was the primary land revenue system in North-West India.

It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.

In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.

The entire village (Mahal) was considered as a single unit for tax collection.

The village headman or villages committee was assigned the responsibility to collect tax.

Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.

The tax rate was excessive in this system too.

The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.

Impact of Mahalwari System:

Since the government revised the revenue periodically, the peasants had not much benefit of elimination of middlemen between the government and the village.

This brought about some improvement in irrigation facilities, though major benefits of the system were largely enjoyed by the government.

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They Effect Of Land Revenue System On The Life Of Indians-

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They Effect Of Land Revenue System On The Life Of Indians-

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The land revenue policies implemented by the British affected the agricultural sector.

1. When the farmers were unable to pay tax in the form of money before the deadline, they had to take a loan from moneylenders at a high rate of interest. The loans were obtained by mortgaging agricultural land.

2.  The agricultural land of the farmers, who could not pay back the loan and interest, was seized by the money lenders.

3. These land settlements introduced a market economy and removed customary rights. With cash payments of revenue, there was increased money-lending activity.

4. The Land tenure system sharpened social differentiation. While rich had access to the courts to defend their properties, the poor didn’t have any resources.

5. The peasants were forced to grow commercial crops which led them to buy food grains at higher prices and sell the cash crops at low prices.

6. The land revenue system of British in India shook the stability of Indian villages where majority of the people depended on agriculture and related activities. They became miserable if crop failed in any given year.