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Useful for impact of COVID on businesses and lived experience.

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Latest data and analysis on coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK and its effect on the economy and society.

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Detailed information on ideas for primary fieldwork techniques

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Detailed information on ideas for primary fieldwork techniques

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Specialist concepts underpinning A Level Geography Part 1

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Specialist concepts underpinning A Level Geography Part 1

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These two articles go through the key ideas that underpin your A Level course - it is worth thinking about how you can use some of these in your data analysis.

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Specialist concepts underpinning A Level Geography Part 2

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Specialist concepts underpinning A Level Geography Part 2

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These two articles go through the key ideas that underpin your A Level course - it is worth thinking about how you can use some of these in your data analysis.

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MEMBERS of the public have expressed concerns that they will have to 'bear the burden' of the Blackbird Leys regeneration plans.

Members of the public and councillors were asked to express concerns about the project at a parish council meeting on Tuesday night.

Oxford City Council and housing association Catalyst are aiming to submit their plans for approval in 2021.

Read also: Student goes viral after making video about Blackbird Leys

One resident at the meeting said he was concerned about the number of new residents that would be living in the new flats, which would result in the loss of community space.

He said: "We understand the need for housing in Oxford, you can't fail to spot that, but it does seem that this estate is asked to bear a large burden and I'd ask what are we getting for it? We get a reduced community space.

"There is something about this being done to us, rather than done for us."

Roo Humpherson, regeneration manager at Oxford City Council, said he wanted to make it clear that, although some green space was being lost, the nature park would 'not be touched'.

Read here: Elderly woman hit by Deliveroo cyclist

He added: "We need to strike a balance between what we would be allowed to do, how we can get support financially for the development and what is right to improve the estate.

"It is a balance. I appreciate some people are unhappy, but I would like to stress this is being done with us taking comments on board whenever I can."

Another member of the public, Sasha East, said she was concerned that the new housing would not be for local, Blackbird Leys residents.

Ms East said: "We need housing in Oxford but many of my friends who live in Blackbird Leys, their family members have had to move out to places like Didcot or Banbury because we are not able to provide accommodation in our city for local people."

Another person raised the same point, asking 'will Blackbird Leys residents who actually need housing get priority over everyone else?'

Mr Humpherson said housing allocation was decided in due course by the council.

Read also: Council buys green land to build new houses

Parish councillor Imade Edosomwan expressed his own concerns about the redevelopment. He said: "The question I keep asking myself is 'what benefit would this new development bring to the community?'

"What exactly can it provide for the younger generation as they grow up on the estate?"

Mr Humpherson said that all these comments would be passed onto the project team, adding that comments made in previous consultations affected the architects' master plan.

In previous consultations, residents expressed concerns about the views from the Evenlode Tower being 'blocked' by the new flats.

To tackle this issue the regeneration design was changed. Mr Humpherson added: "We moved the building away from Evenlode and altered the height so no view was obstructed."

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Who gets 'priority' in new Blackbird Leys development?

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MEMBERS of the public have expressed concerns that they will have to 'bear the burden' of the Blackbird Leys regeneration plans. Members of the public and councillors were asked to express concerns about the project at a parish council meeting on Tuesday night.

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From Mrs Goddard - Ox and Witney human links

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Proposal form with teacher comments - coasts

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NEA Exemplar Crime Work Examiner Commentary

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to what extent has the olympic park regeneration been successful

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to what extent has the olympic park regeneration been successful

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RGS advice on NEA

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How to work through a project

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How you do ask questions

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Be careful to read the areas for Westward Ho! only. This covers the whole of North Devon and Somerset!

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Example 1

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How marks are allocated

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Example 2

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How to write a geographical questionnaire

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How to write a geographical questionnaire

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How to write a geographical questionnaire

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A Level textbook pages on NEA - very useful!!

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A Level textbook pages on NEA - very useful!!

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North Devon Council, PO Box 379, Barnstaple, Devon, EX32 2GR, UK, Tel 01271 327711 Fax 01271 388451 Email: customerservices@northdevon.gov.uk

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A practical guide

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This is the planning form we need to complete at the beginning of your investigation.

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Another FSC site looking at field methods

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Another FSC site looking at field methods

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All Geography starts with someone going into the field to find out what's there. This section will help you to gather the primary data (data you collect yourself) and secondary data (data collected by someone else) that will support your analysis and conclusions.

Characteristics of urban places

1. Urban drifting

This is a useful way to explore places. The aim is to take a journey through a place and make a record of what you experience.

Try taking a large scale street map of a city and trace out a circle on it. Your task is to walk as close to the edge of the circle as you can. Or create a random walk. You could roll a dice at each road intersection to decide which way to turn.

Exploring Birmingham city centre by tracing circles. The number, size and location of the circles is up to you.

On your journey though the place, make a record of what you see, hear and smell. Stop regularly to make written notes. You could also take photographs or a video recording of the journey.

2. Placechecks

Placechecks is another way to start exploring a place. You can find out much more at the Placechecks website.

Imagine that you are a local resident. For each location that you visit, ask:

What do you like?

What things need protecting?

What don't you like?

What needs changing now?

What problems are getting worse?

The Placechecks walkabout has a list of 21 questions to ask to help explore what makes places special.

3. Townscape survey

Historic England have developed the Historic Area Assessment.

This helps assess the character and significance of historic areas, such as town centres, older suburbs or villages. Here is an example of a completed Historic Area Assessment recording sheet.

Image by Historic England.

4. Clone Town survey

The New Economics Foundation (NEF) have argued that shopping streets in Britain are steadily becoming more similar. These Clone Towns are dominated by a narrow range of chain stores rather than independent shops.

Use a GOAD map and/or a pilot survey of the town to determine the boundaries of the shopping areas of each town. Include all indoor shopping centres.

Visit all streets in the shopping area and categorise every shop into 1 of 25 categories. You can download the form from the NEF website. Carry out this work methodically, making a careful note of when streets have been surveyed.

Retail value

As well as making an overall survey of the degree of cloning, it is possible to look at individual streets of the town centre in more detail. There are likely to be areas of higher and lower retail quality. One way in which this can be done is to choose a study area, then score each shop within the area as follows

This is based on the assumption that large shops like department stores act as 'anchors', attracting many shoppers, while smaller shops have a lower attractive pull. Add all the scores together to calculate the retail value for the area. Worked example

In this example, High Street has a higher retail value (80) than Market Street (39).

Characteristics of rural places

5. Rural character survey

Natural England have classified England's rural landscape into 159 National Character Areas (NCAs).

For example, NCAs in south-west England include Mendip Hills, Isle of Portland and Dorset Heaths. Many county and district councils have subdivided NCAs into smaller units; for example, Devon County Council.

Choose at least 5 survey sites around the location, possibly randomly. Design a booking sheet which will allow you to collect information on both the natural environment and the cultural landscape. An example of a booking sheet is shown below.

Perceptions of place

6. Questionnaires

East London by Field Studies Council.

Questionnaires are useful for finding out more about people's

characteristics (e.g age, sex, place of residence)

behaviour (e.g. usage of the coast)

attitudes (e.g. do they agree with a scheme for managed retreat?)

An effective questionnaire contains a mixture of closed and open questions:

Closed questions: answers are limited to single words, numbers of listed options

e.g. "Do you feel safe in Church Street at 8pm?

Possible answers YES or NO

Closed questions can also be given as a statement. Responses are limited to positions on a scale. There are two ways of presenting statements:

(i) Semantic differential scale - use pairs of words and a scale from negative to positive.

e.g. What do you think of the village of Horton-in-Ribblesdale?

Ugly -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Beautiful

Boring -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Lots to do

Dead -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Vibrant

(ii) Likert scale - ask participants whether they agree or disagree with a series of statements. Use statements with a balance of positive and negative.

e.g. "I do not feel in danger walking around Stokesley in the evening.

Answers: Strongly agree / Agree / Don't know / Disagree / Strongly disagree

(iii) Rating - ask participants to rank a small number of categories from most important to least important.

e.g. What was your main reason your chose to live in this neighbourhood? Please rank the following statements from 1 (most important) to 6 (least important)

Answers: proximity to work, proximity to family and friends, proximity to schools, housing costs, pleasant environment, good place to raise children

Open questions: responses may be long and detailed. Often it is a good idea to word the question so that people could respond with positive answers, negative answers or a mixture of the two. Asking participants to focus on a specific area or time frame may be more effective than just asking "Any other comments?" or "What do you think about this town?" at the end of a questionnaire.

e.g. "Do you think this town will get better or worse in the next 20 years? Why?"

7. Interviews

A properly conducted interview is more than just having a chat with someone. It needs to be carefully planned. You should take detailed notes or, even better, with the particpants' permission make an audio or video recording so that you can type up a transcript of the event.

(a) Interview strategies

Interviews can be structured, semi-structured or unstructured. In a structured interview, each participant is asked the same questions in the same order. In an unstructured interview, you set a focus for the interview with perhaps one or two introductory questions to break the ice, but allow the discussion to develop naturally. A semi-structured interview is a combination of the two approaches, with some pre-prepared questions but with time for discussion.

If you are using the structured or semi-structured route, prepare a typed list of questions beforehand. 6-8 questions is a realistic aim for a 30 minute interview. If you are using the unstructured route, prepare a list of general issues that you would like to cover in the interview. This will help you steer the discussion so that it covers all the issues, as otherwise conversations may drift.

(b) Choosing people to interview

Interviews can also be carried out individually or in groups. They can be carried out face-to-face, over the telephone or online (e.g. by Skype). Focus groups are a type of unstructured or semi-structured interview in which a group of people discuss topics defined by a researcher.

It is impractical to select a representative sample of people to interview. Instead use non-probability sampling, in which the sample is selected through the subjective judgment of the reseacher. There are three techniques:

Convenience sampling: select people who are easy to reach, e.g. interview existing contacts, such as friends and neighbours.

Snowball sampling: select at least two people. Ask each person to help you find more interviewees. Continue finding new people until you have achieved your desired sample size.

Quota sampling: deliberately select a proportionate number of people from each part of the population.

(c) Choosing questions to ask

There are two issues to consider here: what types of questions that you want to ask, and the order in which you want to ask them.

Consider the following types of question:

(i) Descriptive: questions which ask for facts about people, places and experiences, e.g. "How long have you lived in this town?"

(ii) Storytelling: questions that ask participants to put events in order, e.g. "Can you tell me how this town has changed since you first moved here?"

(iii) Opinion: questions that ask about perceptions and feelings, e.g. "Is there enough for teenagers to do in this town in the evening?"

(iv) Stuctural: questions that ask people to reflect on why they hold particular opinions, e.g. "How do you think you came to hold that opinion?"

(v) Contrast: questions that ask people to put themselves in someone else's shoes, e.g "Would you think differently about how safe the town centre if you were male/female/elderly/young?"

Often the hardest part of the interview is the start. Careful ordering of questions will help you build up rapport with the participants and maintain momentum over the course of the whole interview. Think of the interview are structured like a pyramid, with the easy-to-answer descriptive questions near the start and the most abstract questions (like structural and contrast questions) near the end. Ensure a polite finish (e.g. "Thanks for your time. You've given me some really useful information from this interview").

Some interviewees will be more chatty than others. Nudge less chatty interviewees with prompt questions (e.g. "What do you mean by that?" when an answer is unclear or incomplete). Eye contact, smiling and nodding will let the interviewee know that you are interested in what they have to say, and will encourage them to say more - don't yawn at them!

8. Mental mapping

The most likely victim of street crime in Britain is a man aged 16-24 (Office for National Statistics). But the fear of crime is different; it is to do with perception. You could investigate this through questionnaires, or by asking people to construct mental maps.

Mental mapping is a technique which allows you to collect a lot of quantitative data on people's perceptions of space. Mental maps are particularly useful to capturing data on whether people perceive places as threatening, unsafe or otherwise undesirable.

Photocopy a base map of different places in an area, such as 10 contrasting wards in a city. Ask each participant to colour in each place on the following scale. Remind participants that they should be thinking about 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.

This place is always unsafe - colour in RED

This place is sometimes unsafe - colour in ORANGE

I don't know this place - colour in BLUE

This place is mostly safe - colour in YELLOW

This place is always safe - colour in GREEN

Lived experience of place

9. Observation studies

Observation is about watching what people do in particular places. Observational data is commonly recorded as notes, sketches or audio/video recordings. It is a very useful tool for finding out more about people's lived experience of places.

An observation study is straightforward to carry out in an area which can be seen in full, such as a town square or small park. But this is not the only way. Sensory mapping and pedestrian counts are also forms of observation studies.

Record the number of users in the site over a time period (perhaps 30 minutes or 1 hour). Then you can do either or both of the following:

First classify them by age, sex and activity (e.g. shopper, delivery worker, dog walker). Use symbols and abbreviations to allow you to record observations quickly. This could be as simple as e.g. 65+ F Sh, for a female shopper aged over 65.

Second use a base map, and attempt to trace the movement across the site made by a sample of the site users.

Broadly there are three ways that you can carry out observation studies:

(i) Naturalistic observation: observing people in their natural environment. For example you could sit on a park bench to observe users in a park, or at a coffee shop with outdoor seating to observe users in a town square. Your aim is to be as unobtrusive as possible, so as not to influence people's behaviour.

(ii) Participant observation: observing behaviour as a participant in a group. For example you could carry out a paper delivery round and watch people's use of space at the same time. If you have a part-time job in a shop or café you could use this as an opportunity to observe people's behaviour around you. If you belong to a sports club or gym, you could use the opportunity to construct an observation study around that (e.g. do people who take part in a running club have a different lived experience of a local place compared to people who do not?)

(iii) Controlled observation: observing behaviour under certain conditions and/or at certain times. You could, for example, decide only to observe certain types of behaviour in a park (such as dog walking) and ignore other behaviours. Or you could observe at specific times of day (e.g. Saturday morning 9-12). All controls on the observation need to be justified.

Pedestrian surveys are a type of observation study.

Think about which day of the week to count pedestrians. Pedestrian numbers are likely to be higher on a Saturday or Sunday then during the week, during school holidays, during dry weather and if there is a popular event happening in the city centre

Time of day is also important. Pedestrian numbers are likely to be higher during "rush hours" (like 8am-9am) or shift changes and during office lunchtime. Around 11am and 2.30pm are often good times to choose.

You need at least 20-25 survey points. Choose survey points across the city centre. If you are working in groups, each group can walk different routes across the city centre.

This is up to you, but make sure that you survey in the same way each time. Think about

How long to count pedestrians for - 2 minutes is enough. If your survey points are close together (perhaps every 100 metres), you might be able to do 3 or 4 pedestrian counts in 10 minutes.

Whether to count people on one side of the road or both sides of the road - if you are working in groups, different members of the group could count different sides of the road, with someone else holding a stopwatch.

11. Sensory mapping

Sensory mapping is a type of observation study. It a great way to get a handle people's lived experience of places. What do they see? What do they hear? What do they smell? What do they feel about particular places?

Here are two ideas that you could consider:

(a) Mapping smell and smellscapes - Smelly Maps is a project to classify the smell of different urban areas, both good and bad. The Aroma Wheel below ( link to pdf) was developed for cities in the USA, but could be simplified and adapted to both urban and rural areas.

(b) Mapping sound and soundscapes

Sound levels (i.e. loudness) can be measured using a decibel meter. Smartphone noise meter apps are also available.

At the same tide as loudness is measured, you can also record the sources of noise if you can identify them (e.g. traffic - engine noise, gear changes, rolling contact with road surfaces; natural sounds like birdsong and wind) and the frequency of each sound. One way to standardise this method is to spend 2 minutes standing still at each site and noting the loudness, direction, distance and source of each noise that you hear.

Secondary data sources

1. Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
Neighbourhood Statistics 2015 English IMD Explorer
2. Natural landscape

3. Cultural landscape

Settlement patterns and field shapes can be seen on a 1:25000 OS map

Victoria County History victoriacountyhistory.ac.uk

Genuki: a gateway to access historic information for most small settlements in England www.genuki.org.uk

4. Historic townscapes

Archives of the Extensive Urban Surveys project http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/EUS/

England-wide programme of surveys into the archeology, historic buildings and townscapes of towns and cities. Can be searched by county. Some counties have not yet been completed.

5. Historic landscapes

Archives of the Historic Landscape Characterisation project
http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/EUS/
England-wide programme of surveys into the landscapes of historic places, both rural and urban. Can be searched by county or smaller area. For example, the Black Country Historic Landscape Characterisation includes text, maps and GIS for the historic urban and industrial landscapes of Woleverhampton, Walsall, Sandwell and Dudley. Some counties have not yet been completed.

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All Geography starts with someone going into the field to find out what's there. This section will help you to gather the primary data (data you collect yourself) and secondary data (data collected by someone else) that will support your analysis and conclusions. This is a useful way to explore places.

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Good site looking at a range of urban methods

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Good site looking at a range of urban methods

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All Geography starts with someone going into the field to find out what's there. This section will help you to gather the primary data (data you collect yourself) and secondary data (data collected by someone else) that will support your analysis and conclusions.

Economic inequalities

1. Shopping basket survey

A shopping basket survey compares the prices of a small number of groceries in several shops.

These surveys are useful when comparing the price of products available in shops in particular areas. They are also useful when comparing different rural settlements, contrasting outlying villages with a nearby town, or investigating the phenomenon of "food deserts" in some inner cities.

You could combine the shopping basket survey data with questionnaire data (e.g. access to a car, shop use such as use of online shopping, eating habits such as fruit and vegatable intake) plus secondary data like deprivation and travel distances derived from a map.

2. Clone Town survey

The New Economics Foundation (NEF) have argued that shopping streets in Britain are steadily becoming more similar. These Clone Towns are dominated by a narrow range of chain stores rather than independent shops.

Park Street. Walsall by Harry Pope / CC BY.

Use a GOAD map and/or a pilot survey of the town to determine the boundaries of the shopping areas of each town. Include all indoor shopping centres.

Visit all streets in the shopping area and categorise every shop into 1 of 25 categories. You can download the form from the NEF website. Carry out this work methodically, making a careful note of when streets have been surveyed.

3. Retail value

As well as making an overall survey of the degree of cloning, it is possible to look at individual streets of the town centre in more detail. There are likely to be areas of higher and lower retail quality. One way in which this can be done is to choose a study area, then score each shop within the area as follows

This is based on the assumption that large shops like department stores act as 'anchors', attracting many shoppers, while smaller shops have a lower attractive pull.

Add all the scores together to calculate the retail value for the area.

Worked example

In this example, High Street has a higher retail value (80) than Market Street (39).

4. Questionnaires

Questionnaires are useful for finding out more about people's

characteristics (e.g age, sex, place of residence)

behaviour (e.g. usage of the coast)

attitudes (e.g. do they agree with a scheme for managed retreat?)

An effective questionnaire contains a mixture of closed and open questions:

Closed questions: answers are limited to single words, numbers of listed options

e.g. "Do you feel safe in Church Street at 8pm?

Possible answers YES or NO

Closed questions can also be given as a statement. Responses are limited to positions on a scale. There are two ways of presenting statements:

(i) Semantic differential scale - use pairs of words and a scale from negative to positive.

e.g. What do you think of the village of Horton-in-Ribblesdale?

Ugly -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Beautiful

Boring -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Lots to do

Dead -2 -1 0 +1 +2 Vibrant

(ii) Likert scale - ask participants whether they agree or disagree with a series of statements. Use statements with a balance of positive and negative.

e.g. "I do not feel in danger walking around Stokesley in the evening.

Answers: Strongly agree / Agree / Don't know / Disagree / Strongly disagree

(iii) Rating - ask participants to rank a small number of categories from most important to least important.

e.g. What was your main reason you chose to live in this neighbourhood? Please rank the following statements from 1 (most important) to 6 (least important)

Answers: proximity to work, proximity to family and friends, proximity to schools, housing costs, pleasant environment, good place to raise children

Open questions: responses may be long and detailed. Often it is a good idea to word the question so that people could respond with positive answers, negative answers or a mixture of the two. Asking participants to focus on a specific area or time frame may be more effective than just asking "Any other comments?" or "What do you think about this town?" at the end of a questionnaire.

e.g. "Do you think this town will get better or worse in the next 20 years? Why?"

Pedestrian surveys are a type of observation study.

Heavy pedestrian footfall. Piccadilly Circus by Manhattan Research / CC BY.

Think about the which day of the week to count pedestrians. Pedestrian numbers are likely to be higher on a Saturday or Sunday then during the week, during school holidays, during dry weather and if there is a popular event happening in the city centre

Time of day is also important. Pedestrian numbers are likely to be higher during "rush hours" (like 8am-9am) or shift changes and during office lunchtime. Around 11am and 2.30pm are often good times to choose.

You need at least 20-25 survey points. Choose survey points across the city centre. If you are working in groups, each group can walk different routes across the city centre.

This is up to you, but make sure that you survey in the same way each time. Think about

How long to count pedestrians for - 2 minutes is enough. If your survey points are close together (perhaps every 100 metres), you might be able to do 3 or 4 pedestrian counts in 10 minutes.

Whether to count people on one side of the road or both sides of the road - if you are working in groups, different members of the group could count different sides of the road, with someone else holding a stopwatch.

Social inequalities

6. Accessibility survey

Construct a survey to help you collect data on how easy it is for people with limited mobility (such as wheelchair users, elderly people and visually impaired people) to move around the built environment.

Uneven pavement, parked car, puddle. Crown Street, Ipswich by Peter Miller / CC BY.

The example below was designed to be used for 10 sites at regular intervals along a single street. At each sample site, record the condition of the pavement on one side of the street and the condition of the five nearest doorways.

7. Crime surveys

There are several aspects of crime that you can investigate in the field.

(a) Index of burglaribility

Construct a survey to help you collect data on how susceptible a house of business premises is to be burglary. Here is an example that you may wish to adapt to your study area.

(b) Vandalism survey

Construct a survey to help you collect data on vandalism. Consider

Graffiti

Scratched, burnt and smashed glass (e.g. bus shelters)

Litter and fly-tipping

Damage to street furniture (like seats)

Damage to trees and plants

Distribution could be measured on the ACFOR scale: abundant, common, frequent, occasional, rare. Here is an example of a graffiti scale you could adapt.

(c) Mental mapping: fear of crime

The most likely victim of street crime in Britain is a man aged 16-24 (Office for National Statistics). But the fear of crime is different; it is to do with perception. You could investigate this through questionnaires, or by asking people to construct mental maps.

Mental mapping is a technique which allows you to collect a lot of quantitative data on people's perceptions of space. Mental maps are particularly useful to capturing data on whether people perceive places as threatening, unsafe or otherwise undesirable.

Photocopy a base map of different places in an area, such as 10 contrasting wards in a city. Ask each participant to colour in each place on the following scale. Remind participants that they should be thinking about 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.

This place is always unsafe - colour in RED

This place is sometimes unsafe - colour in ORANGE

I don't know this place - colour in BLUE

This place is mostly safe - colour in YELLOW

This place is always safe - colour in GREEN

Results can be summarised by scoring red as -2, orange as -1, blue as 0, yellow as 1 and green as 2. Find the mean score for all participants and present the aggregated results as a chloropleth map. You could also put together separate maps showing the results for contrasting groups, such as male and female.

8. Bus Index

A lack of transport can be a major problem for people who do not have access to a car. You can measure this problem by calculating the Bus Coverage Index for each village.

Bus Coverage Index = (journey time from village A to town B in minutes) ÷ (number of buses between village A and town B in both directions per weekday)

The lower the Bus Coverage Index, the greater the accessibility.

Worked example

Hanwood and Snailbeach are both villages near Shrewsbury. Shrewsbury contains a sixth-form college. How easy is it to get from Hanwood or Snailbeach to the college in Shrewsbury?

Hanwood It takes 19 minutes to travel from Hanwood to Shrewsbury and there are 12 buses each way every day. Bus Coverage Index = 19 ÷ 12 = 1.58 Snailbeach It takes 38 minutes to travel from Snailbeach to Shrewsbury and there are 8 buses each way every day. Bus Coverage Index = 38 ÷ 8 = 4.75

This works best where there is only one large town nearby with shops and services. You can use bus timetables in each village to find out the journey time to the nearest town and how many buses there are each day. Alternatively use Traveline

Environmental inequalities

9. Environmental quality assessment

What are the streets like in each area? Construct a survey to measure environmental quality in each area contrasting area. Here is an example that you could adapt to your city.

A written description and/or photographs may help you be consistent in giving scores. One way you could do for scoring 'litter' this is shown below

0 = no litter visible

+ = no more than 10 small items visible, all recent

++ = large amount of recent litter items

+++ = accumulation of large items, some items have clearly be in situ for months

10. Building decay survey

You can also measure the condition of housing. Make sure that you sample houses fairly. You might, for example, choose to sample two streets picked at random, and then sample house numbers 5, 15 and 25 on each street.

Secondary data sources

1. Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

The Index of Multiple Deprivation can be used as secondary data to help you investigate quality of life in urban and rural areas. Thm map od IMD in Taunton shows that some parts of Taunton are within the 10% most deprived parts of England. Other parts of Taunton are within the 10% least deprived parts of England.

IMD 2015, Taunton by Open Database Licence.

England has been divided into 32,844 small areas called Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs). THE IMD is calculated by combining scores for 7 different "domains":

The scoring is weighted so that income and employment contribute more to the overall score than the other "domains". Each LSOA is given a rank for deprivation.

IMD has been calculated in 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2015, so you could use historic IMD data to track changes in inequality over time.

2. Accessibility by road

From an Ordnance Survey map, make a raw count of the number of A roads, number of B roads and number of other roads linking the village to other places. If, for example, an A road passes through the village, count it as two roads - since it links two sets of places.

Draw a circle with a 0.5km radius around the centre of each village. As each road bisects circle allocate points as follows: A-roads 10 points, B-roads 5 points and other roads 1 point. Sum the points for each village.

A second consideration is the time that it takes to travel along different types of road. It is fair to assume that a journey along a dual carriageway will be faster than a journey of the same length along a winding single-track country lane. There are several route planners available (e.g. AA Route Planner) which will calculate the journey time for you.

3. Crime data

Deprivation data:

4. Health data

Interactive map by Public Health England

5. House prices

6. Education data

7. Jobs data

8. Broadband availability

9. Environment data
What's in your backyard? (Environment Agency)

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All Geography starts with someone going into the field to find out what's there. This section will help you to gather the primary data (data you collect yourself) and secondary data (data collected by someone else) that will support your analysis and conclusions.

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We hold a range of different types of census data, such as:

We also hold data related to the census, such as Experian data and deprivation data.

All of the aggregate data and most of the flow and boundary data are available to anyone under the Open Government Licence. Census microdata has different access conditions depending on the dataset.

We do not hold the census longitudinal data. However, these can be found at:

England and Wales (ONS LS): CeLSIUS

Scotland (SLS): SLS-DSU

Northern Ireland (NILS): NILS-RSU

information on all three census longitudinal studies at CALLS Hub

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We hold a range of different types of census data, such as: We also hold data related to the census, such as Experian data and deprivation data. All of the aggregate data and most of the flow and boundary data are available to anyone under the Open Government Licence.

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Use this spreadsheet to calculate a Chi Squared. Just enter the data into the grid.

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How to plot field data e.g. footfall on Arcgis

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How to plot field data e.g. footfall on Arcgis

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How to show sphere of influence on ArcGis 

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How to show sphere of influence on ArcGis 

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Quick video to show you how to calculate sphere of influence using ArcGIS online

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How to show spehere of influence on arcgis online

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Use this spreadsheet to enter your data and it will carry out a spearman's rank

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This site lets you see how popular a search on google has been. Try using words like oxford Westgate or oxford. Beware of a terrorist incident in Westgate Kenya though!

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Use this spreadsheet to enter your data and it will carry out the T test for you. Click on the second tab to find out how to write up the results

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Some really good stuff about shopping

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Oxford City Council planning application website for Westgate

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13/02557/OUT | Demolition of southern part of Westgate Centre, 1-14 Abbey Place and multi-storey car park, retention of library, refurbishment of remainder of the existing Westgate Centre and construction of a retail-led mixed use development together providing A1 (retail), A2 (finance and professional services) and/or A3 (restaurants and cafes) and/or A4 (public house, etc.) and/or A5 (hot food takeaways) uses, C3 (residential) use and D2 (assembly and leisure) uses, public toilets, associated car and cycle parking, shopmobility facility, servicing and access arrangements together with alterations to the public highway (Amended plans and further information) | Westgate Centre And Adjacent Land Encompassing The Existing Westgate Centre And Land Bounded By Thames St, Castle Mill Stream, Abbey Place, Norfolk St, Castle St, Bonn Square, St Ebbes St, Turn Again Lane And Old Greyfriars St. OX1 1NX

You can select up to 25 documents to download in one archive file at a time.

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13/02557/OUT | Demolition of southern part of Westgate Centre, 1-14 Abbey Place and multi-storey car park, retention of library, refurbishment of remainder of the existing Westgate Centre and construction of a retail-led mixed use development together providing A1 (retail), A2 (finance and professional services) and/or A3 (restaurants and cafes) and/or A4 (public house, etc.) and/or A5 (hot food takeaways) uses, C3 (residential) use and D2 (assembly and leisure) uses, public toilets, associated car and cycle parking, shopmobility facility, servicing and access arrangements together with alterations to the public highway (Amended plans and further information) | Westgate Centre And Adjacent Land Encompassing The Existing Westgate Centre And Land Bounded By Thames St, Castle Mill Stream, Abbey Place, Norfolk St, Castle St, Bonn Square, St Ebbes St, Turn Again Lane And Old Greyfriars St. OX1 1NX

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13/02557/OUT | Demolition of southern part of Westgate Centre, 1-14 Abbey Place and multi-storey car park, retention of library, refurbishment of remainder of the existing Westgate Centre and construction of a retail-led mixed use development together providing A1 (retail), A2 (finance and professional services) and/or A3 (restaurants and cafes) and/or A4 (public house, etc.)

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From planning site above

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You must use these in your drafts or we will not look at them!

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Thanks to Steven for this - might be of help.

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A guide how to use and find key data

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https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census

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2015 English Indices of Deprivation: map explorer

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Explore the 2015 Indices of Deprivation in an interactive map. You can choose the overall Index of Multiple Deprivation, or one of the individual domains. You can search the map by place name or postcode.

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Find out how much a property sold for in England or Wales

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Report on  benefits of Bullring redevelopment

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Report on  benefits of Bullring redevelopment