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European word translator: an interactive map

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Translate any word from English to more than 30 other European languages, on a map

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I'm sitting in my kitchen in London, trying to figure out a text message from my brother. He lives in our home country of Germany. We speak German to each other, a language that's rich in quirky words, but I've never heard this one before: fremdschämen. 'Stranger-ashamed'?

I'm too proud to ask him what it means. I know that eventually, I'll get it. Still, it's slightly painful to realise that after years of living abroad, my mother tongue can sometimes feel foreign.

Most long-term migrants know what it's like to be a slightly rusty native speaker. The process seems obvious: the longer you are away, the more your language suffers. But it's not quite so straightforward.

In fact, the science of why, when and how we lose our own language is complex and often counter-intuitive. It turns out that how long you've been away doesn't always matter. Socialising with other native speakers abroad can worsen your own native skills. And emotional factors like trauma can be the biggest factor of all.
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It's also not just long-term migrants who are affected, but to some extent anyone who picks up a second language.

"The minute you start learning another language, the two systems start to compete with each other," says Monika Schmid, a linguist at the University of Essex.

Schmid is a leading researcher of language attrition, a growing field of research that looks at what makes us lose our mother tongue. In children, the phenomenon is somewhat easier to explain since their brains are generally more flexible and adaptable. Until the age of about 12, a person's language skills are relatively vulnerable to change. Studies on international adoptees have found that even nine-year-olds can almost completely forget their first language when they are removed from their country of birth.

Older people are more likely to lose their native tongue if they had undergone traumatic events (Credit: Getty Images)

But in adults, the first language is unlikely to disappear entirely except in extreme circumstances.

For example, Schmid analysed the German of elderly German-Jewish wartime refugees in the UK and the US. The main factor that influenced their language skills wasn't how long they had been abroad or how old they were when they left. It was how much trauma they had experienced as victims of Nazi persecution. Those who left Germany in the early days of the regime, before the worst atrocities, tended to speak better German - despite having been abroad the longest. Those who left later, after the 1938 pogrom known as Reichskristallnacht, tended to speak German with difficulty or not at all.

"It seemed very clearly a result of this trauma," says Schmid. Even though German was the language of childhood, home and family, it was also the language of painful memories. The most traumatised refugees had suppressed it. As one of them said: "I feel that Germany betrayed me. America is my country, and English is my language."
Speech switch
Such dramatic loss is an exception. In most migrants, the native language more or less coexists with the new language. How well that first language is maintained has a lot to do with innate talent: people who are generally good at languages tend to be better at preserving their mother tongue, regardless of how long they have been away.

But native fluency is also strongly linked to how we manage the different languages in our brain. "The fundamental difference between a monolingual and bilingual brain is that when you become bilingual, you have to add some kind of control module that allows you to switch," Schmid says.

She gives an example. When she looks at the object in front of her, her mind can choose between two words, the English 'desk' and the German 'Schreibtisch' (Schmid is German). In an English context, her brain suppresses 'Schreibtisch' and selects 'desk', and vice versa. If this control mechanism is weak, the speaker may struggle to find the right word or keep slipping into their second language.

Mingling with other native speakers actually can make things worse, since there's little incentive to stick to one language if you know that both will be understood. The result is often a linguistic hybrid.

In London, one of the world's most multilingual cities, this kind of hybrid is so common that it almost feels like an urban dialect. More than 300 languages are spoken here, and more than 20% of Londoners speak a main language other than English. On a Sunday stroll through the parks of North London, I catch about a dozen of them, from Polish to Korean, all mixed with English to varying degrees.

Stretched out on a picnic blanket, two lovers are chatting away in Italian. Suddenly, one of them gives a start and exclaims: "I forgot to close la finestra!"

Some of the Cuban immigrants to Miami have had their regional dialects changed by close proximity to Mexicans and Colombians (Credit: Getty Images)

In a playground, three women are sharing snacks and talking in Arabic. A little boy runs up to one of them, shouting: "Abdullah is being rude to me!" "Listen..." his mother begins in English, before switching back to Arabic.

Switching is of course not the same as forgetting. But Schmid argues that over time, this informal back-and-forth can make it harder for your brain to stay on a single linguistic track when required: "You find yourself in an accelerated spiral of language change."
Speak out
Laura Dominguez, a linguist at the University of Southampton, found a similar effect when she compared two groups of long-term migrants: Spaniards in the UK and Cubans in the US. The Spaniards lived in different parts of the UK and mostly spoke English. The Cubans all lived in Miami, a city with a large Latin American community, and spoke Spanish all the time.

"Obviously, all of the Spanish speakers in the UK said, 'Oh, I forget words.' This is typically what people tell you: 'I have difficulty finding right word, especially when I use vocabulary that I learned for my job'," Dominguez says. As a Spaniard who has spent most of her professional life abroad, she recognises that struggle, telling me: "If I had to have this conversation in Spanish with a Spanish person, I don't think I could do it."

However, when she analysed her test subjects' language use further, she found a striking difference. The isolated Spaniards had perfectly preserved their underlying grammar. But the Cubans - who constantly used their mother tongue - had lost certain distinctive native traits. The key factor was not the influence of English, but of Miami's other varieties of Spanish. In other words, the Cubans had started to speak more like Colombians or Mexicans.

In fact, when Dominguez returned to Spain after her stay in the US, where she had many Mexican friends, her friends back home said she now sounded a little Mexican. Her theory is that the more familiar another language or dialect is, the more likely it is to change our native language.

She sees this adaptability as something to celebrate - proof of our inventiveness as humans.

Once you start learning a new language, the two systems start competing with each other (Credit: Getty Images)

"Attrition is not a bad thing. It's just a natural process," she says. "These people have made changes to their grammar that is consistent with their new reality... Whatever allows us to learn languages also allows us to make these changes."

It is nice to be reminded that from a linguist's point of view, there is no such thing as being terrible at your own language. And native language attrition is reversible, at least in adults: a trip home usually helps. Still, for many of us, our mother tongue is bound up with our deeper identity, our memories and sense of self. Which is why I for one was determined to crack my brother's mysterious text about 'fremdschämen' without any outside help.

To my relief, I figured it out pretty quickly. Fremdschämendescribes the sensation of watching someone do something so cringeworthy that you are embarrassed on their behalf. Apparently, it's a popular word and has been around for years. It just passed me by, like countless other trends back home.

After 20 years abroad, I shouldn't be surprised by this. Still, I have to admit that there is something a bit sad about my own brother using words I no longer understand; a hint of loss, perhaps, or unexpected distance. There's probably a German word for that, too. But I'll need a bit more time to recall it.

--
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I'm sitting in my kitchen in London, trying to figure out a text message from my brother. He lives in our home country of Germany. We speak German to each other, a language that's rich in quirky words, but I've never heard this one before: fremdschämen. 'Stranger-ashamed'?

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All answers from Outcomes Upper-Intermediate

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The World in Words - Podcast about the Basque Language 

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The World in Words - Podcast about the Basque Language 

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From American Public Radio

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Basque is a language isolate.

Spoken in a region that spans northern Spain and across the border into southern France, it is not part of the Indo-European language family. It's not related to Spanish or French or German or Greek or any known language. The origins of the language are a bit of mystery. In fact, you can almost hear the history of the European continent in the language according to Basque language scholar Xabier Irujo.

Catch our podcast: The World in Words

Each week on The World in Words, Patrick Cox and Nina Porzucki tell stories about languages and the people who speak them.

"The Basque language has words coming from all languages that have been in Europe since prehistory from Latin and Celtic languages, and probably from languages before these Celtic languages. Who knows what was spoken in Europe at the time."

This week on the podcast we talk about Basque. With more than six dialects, how did Basque develop a language standard? How did this language survive the military dictatorship of Francisco Franco when speaking, writing and reading it were illegal? How has this minority language thrived and even grown in the years since Franco's dictatorship ended? And what does the future hold?

And if you have a spare 40 minutes, this Orson Welles documentary about Basque is super fascinating.

Podcast Contents:

00:12 The story of Bingen Ametzaga's escape from occupied Europe and Francisco Franco's dictatorship.

01:13 Xabier Irujo is Ametzaga's grandson and the director of Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno.

04:08 The origins of Basque are a bit of a mystery. It's a pre-Indo-European language.

05:00 How Ametzaga used translation for political purposes.

06:30 The Basque dialects of Gipuzkoan and Bizkaian.

07:16 Resurrección María de Azkue was the first president of the Basque Language Academy and he advocated for creating a standard Basque based on the Gipuzkoan dialect.

08:49 Basque was illegal in Spain under the military dictatorship of Francisco Franco.

10:35 Alan King is a Basque speaker who has been on the Euskaltzaindia 's (Basque Language Academy) grammar committee since 1980. He moved to Basque Country in 1978.

12:00 Before 1968 in Basque Country there was a situation of diglossia.

14:30 Euskara Batua was developed as a standard language by a respected Basque linguist Koldo Mitxelena.

15:12 A fight over the letter "H."

16:40 October 1968 Basque linguists and intellectuals met at Arantzazu, a monastery in Basque Country to vote of Batua as the language standard.

17:00 Basque linguist Pierre Lafitte made an infamous speech denouncing the "H."

20:05 Begotxu Olaizola feels different in each language that she speaks and she speaks many.

21:00 Begotxu defines the Basque word "euskaldun."

22:48 Begotxu is a Basque teacher at an ikastola at a small town outside of San Sebastian.

23:10 Ikastolas are Basque schools that were forbidden during Franco's dictatorship.

25:16 Begotxu's son lives his life in Basque.

26:00 Despite the success of Basque, Begotxu still worries about the future of Basque.

27:38 All the little things that make speaking Basque "tiring."

30:00 "I think we need more defences if we want to make it."

31:00 "The Basque people are tough as nails."

31:35 Xabier Irujo was born in exile in Venezuela and started going to Basque school in Venezuela.

32:05 What happened to Bingen Ametzaga's translation of Macbeth?
Listen to the podcast by clicking the play button above. Better yet, subscribe at Apple Podcasts. The World in Words is also on Facebook and Twitter. With support from the National Endowment for the Humanities

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This week on the podcast we talk about Basque. How did this language survive the military dictatorship of Francisco Franco when speaking and writing and reading were illegal? With more than six dialects, how did Basque develop a language standard? And how has this minority language thrived and even grown in the years since Francisco Franco's dictatorship ended?

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Funny review of the 2017/18 La Liga season 

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Funny review of the 2017/18 La Liga season 

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All that and in the end it came down to this ... nothing. There were tears and plenty of emotion, Fernando Torres serenaded off and Andrés Iniesta sitting alone on the Camp Nou turf long into the night, lights out for the last time, but for the first time in history there was no dramatic ending and nothing to play for on the final day of the Spanish season. Not the title, not Europe, not relegation, not the Pichichi, not the Zamora either - and not even a first-ever unbeaten league campaign. Barcelona had lost that record seven days earlier, finally defeated 37 games in, without Leo Messi. Still, they did win a friendly in South Africa three days later, so that's okay. They also won the league of course, which they were always going to. Only, they weren't - not really.

This was the season in which not much changed and no one really moved, in which the top four were in place from week seven and in which only Real Betis's late surge broke up fifth and sixth - where Sevilla and Villarreal had sat for over twenty weeks. "It's not possible," Vincenzo Montella said when he was asked if Betis might finish above Sevilla, but it happened. Sevilla did reach the quarter-final of the European Cup for the first time in 60 years, winning at Old Trafford, and made it to the Copa del Rey final.
Has one league ever dominated European football like La Liga? | The Knowledge
At the bottom, only Alavés pulled out of the relegation zone, sacking Luis Zubeldía and his unfeasibly tight trousers, bringing in Abelardo Fernández and beginning an incredible run towards salvation - and they did that relatively early. Levante, the one team in danger of being dragged into it, instead pulled away, finishing 17 points clear of Las Palmas, Deportivo and Málaga - teams that had resided in the bottom three for 22 weeks. Las Palmas sacked Manolo Márquez, turning the page to find Pako, Paquito and Paco but they never got beyond P, or the relegation zone. Up at Deportivo, they had five goalkeepers and not much hope. As for Málaga, well, they had Sheik Al-Thani.

That doesn't mean the season lacked drama, and it doesn't mean that the outcome was inevitable. By the end, Barcelona were 17 points clear of Madrid, 14 ahead of Atlético, and they had been clear from the beginning.

"It starts in August, you go through the autumn, the harsh winter, and now it's spring, and we got here with a certain cushion," the manager Ernesto Valverde said. Valencia, resuscitated by Marcelino García Toral, had been the first to challenge them and then came Atlético, closing in as spring came. Ultimately neither could stop a team that didn't lose until it was done, Atlético's challenge effectively undone with another Messi free kick in March.

As for Real Madrid, they fell behind early and never recovered. Barcelona were four points ahead of them after just three weeks, seven points ahead by week five, and by week 12 the lead was 10. By the time the second clásico came, Barcelona were already champions. "It looks simple," Valverde said, but it may have been their most unexpected title in a decade. He arrived at a club in trouble, and politics added to its problems. He later admitted: "in August the atmosphere wasn't the best." Somehow, he postponed the crisis for an entire season.

So Barcelona won the league and Cup double but Gareth Bale scored that goal and Madrid made history, winning a third Champions League in a row, a fourth in five years. As Madrid manager, the now-departed Zinedine Zidane won the European Cup with every attempt.

During celebrations at Cibeles, Theo Hernández noted: "We've just been past Neptune [where Atlético celebrate titles] and there was nobody there." Perhaps he should have gone 10 days before, when there were thousands of fans - including his brother - celebrating winning the Europa League at the end of their first season at their new home 20km from the Calderón - a season in which they finished ahead of Madrid. Still, what would he care? He was celebrating the biggest prize of all. Or was it? As Madrid got closer to another European Cup, so the debate started: which title mattered most?

The answer is simple: these ones, of course ...

Most disciplined club

At the end of the Seville derby , Betis captain Joaquín warned: "Anyone who gets home before five in the morning gets fined." Everyone did exactly as they were told.

Most careful club

Barcelona. "If we appeared with two players for €270m, we'd have to resign for irresponsibility," director Albert Soler said. It's lucky Ousmane Dembélé and Philippe Coutinho cost €300m, then.

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Best prediction

Another award for Barcelona, whose director Jordi Mestre was "200% sure" that Neymar was staying.

Best reporter

Gerard Piqué, the man who (not entirely unreasonably) decided that he can do journalism better that all those journalists, with his first big exclusive: "He stays," Piqué wrote. He didn't.

Coldest club

Sevilla, who sacked Eduardo Berizzo a few days before Christmas, after he had returned from prostate cancer surgery.

Most surreal sight

Camp Nou: 98,000 seats, 98 people in them.

Best sales pitch

For the first time in history, two Japanese players were on opposing teams in La Liga as Eibar played Getafe. The league decided that this was the chance they needed to get a little love from the land of the rising sun. At each end there was a huge Japan flag with "Hello Japan" written across it, while the same message was flashed up on the advertising boards. Before the game there was an honorary kick-off involving Eibar's Inui and Getafe's Gaku and the match was shifted to prime time in Tokyo.

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Celta's Iago Aspas fired in 22 league goals this season, and fired a broadside at one referee in particular. Photograph: Salvador Sas/EPA

Most cunning plan

Iago Aspas, unimpressed with referee Munuera Montero again, had a brilliant idea. "Next time we'll play in our third kit so that he doesn't know it's Celta," he said.

Best protest

One night an unhappy fan spray-painted his feelings all over the wall of Lucas Pérez's house. There was just one flaw: the next day a note had been taped over the graffiti accusing the Deportivo striker of being a "money-grabber" and telling him to "go now!", which read: "Lucas doesn't live here any more, dickhead."

Best put down

Before the Galician derby, after Luisinho claimed that Dépor were the "big team" in the region and that Celta were nothing. "It's true that Deportivo were big once," Aspas responded. "But they're not any more. If they were, Luisinho wouldn't be playing for them."

Best signing

Nine Saudi players were signed and handed out to managers that didn't know who they were - they played 13 minutes between them.

Best dad

Mr Maffeo, father of Girona man-marker Pablo, asked what he made of his son following Messi round everywhere, replied: "And what makes you think it wasn't Messi following him?"

Best partnership

This sadly short-lived pairing.

Most creative player

Luka Modric.

Most dangerous player

Ruben Semedo. Signed by Villarreal, he racked up as many arrests as starts in Spain. He was accused of pulling out a pistol at a brothel and later sent to jail without bail on suspicion of attempted murder, kidnap, armed robbery and assault.

Most melodramatic player

Deportivo defender Juanfran, tears in his eyes, describing the "worst day of my life", a day that's "fucked up for me, my wife, my daughter, and my parents". A terrible day in which he got a red card. Oh, the pain!

Most realistic player

"After two years I said I would jump off a bridge for Luis Enrique; I'd jump off a ladder for Valverde, it's still very early." Ivan Rakitic, not getting carried away just yet.

Dirtiest player

Sergio Ramos, of course - the man who, as Zidane put it, "crapped himself a bit" at Eibar.

Best touch

This. It's just a pity Clarence Seedorf is a manager now, and not a midfielder.

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Clarence Seedorf couldn't translate his playing skills to management. Photograph: Cesar Cebolla/Lagencia/Rex/Shutterstock

Best shot

During Athletic Bilbao's 1-1 draw at Espanyol, goalkeeper Iago Herrerín hit the Spider Cam. Sadly, it was fine.

Best goal

Nolito's against Eibar was tasty, so was the touch on this from Aritz Aduriz, and this was as delicate as it was deadly from José Campaña - the goal that saw Levante survive and effectively sent Las Palmas down. Team-mate Chema Rodríguez scored this absurd volley while Morales did this at San Mamés. Over at the Coliseum, the ball was flying in from everywhere: here's Gaku, Damián Suárez, and Iñaki Williams. "I've told him, if anyone asks, say you meant it," Athletic keeper Herrerín laughed but Williams admitted that his cross-shot was "a bit of both." Then there are those overhead-kicks of course: first Ronaldo and then Bale.

But this season's best goal came from the second division, an unstoppable 65-metre shot hit first time that flew right into the corner, from Lugo's Juan Carlos. Lugo's goalkeeper Juan Carlos.

Zidane is latest proof coaching Spain's super-clubs can be intolerable

Best goal celebration

Valencia's Rodrigo Moreno and his orange wig.

Best game

Three 2-2s, three 3-2s, two 5-3s, a 6-3, a 4-0, two 5-0s, a 4-4 and a 1-0 win at the Bernabéu. If there was one rule to follow this season it was: always watch Betis. The best might just have been their 6-3 defeat to Valencia, a match that had nine different goal scorers and might have had 10 but for a penalty save from Neto.

Yes, it was all about Betis. But then, suddenly, it was about Barcelona, just when it seemed to be all over. "We couldn't believe it; we were a bit stunned," Levante's José Luis Morales said after his team defeated the team that had not lost all season. 5-1 down, Barcelona made it 5-2, then 5-3, and then 5-4. There were 20 twenty minutes left, but it wasn't to be. Nine times they had come from behind this season; the 10th was beyond them. On the penultimate weekend of the season, they were Invictus no more.

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Antonio Sanabria celebrates his winner for Real Betis at the Bernabéu. Photograph: Javier Lopez/EPA

Best manager

"This is the worst team I have ever coached." Somehow, motivational genius Paco Jémez, with his fat pink ties and testicular talk, never managed to get the best from his players, so best to go elsewhere for this award. Seville, say? "I've looked at the players' eyes and at their bollocks, which are red and white," Joaquín Caparrós said, which kind of suggests that Sevilla's squad might have been better off seeing a doctor than a new manager.

Zinedine Zidane won the Champions League again - making him the club's most successful European manager ever- and Ernesto Valverde took Barcelona to the double, giving them a collective mission albeit one led by Messi. Asked what he did, he replied: "Tried not to get in the way", which was typical of him but not entirely accurate. Marcelino brought Valencia back, a welcome return for a genuinely huge club. The winner though is Quique Setien, the man who said his Betis team had done in one year what they hoped to do in three and who just makes football fun.

Player of the year

"If we took the Barcelona shirt off Messi and put him in an Atlético shirt, we might have won," Diego Simeone said, pretty much speaking for everyone. "It is clearly visible just how decisive Messi is in this competition," Atletico's coach added. Among the many moments this season there was one against Betis when he did something so silly, even for him, that you could hear the intake of breath all around the stadium, then a roar, then baffled applause. Afterwards, Joaquín stood analysing the match. "When you're up against Messi, who ... well, there's nothing you can say about him any more." Betis goalkeeper Antonio Adan put it more neatly: "he makes this sport better."

Quick guide
Sid's La Liga team of the season
Show Hide

First XI
GK: Jan Oblak (Atlético)RB: Sergi Roberto (Barcelona)CB: Samuel Umtiti (Barcelona)CB: Marc Bartra (Betis)LB: Jordi Alba (Barcelona)M: Joaquín (Betis)M: Ivan Rakitic (Barcelona)
M: Geoffrey Kongdobia (Valencia) - pictured
F: Lionel Messi (Barcelona)F: Antoine Griezmann (Atlético)F: Iago Aspas (Celta)

Substitutes

Fabián (Betis), Gabriel (Leganés), Marcelo, Modric, Ronaldo, Nacho (Madrid), Parejo, Guedes (Valencia), Saúl (Atlético), Piqué, Sergi Roberto, Busquets, Suárez, Ter Stegen, (Barcelona), Rodri, Fornals (Villarreal), Portu, Stuani (Girona), Moreno (Espanyol), Morales (Levante), José Ángel (Eibar).

Photograph: Ander Gillenea/AFP

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5 part YouTube video about Basque Gastronomy.

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5 part YouTube video about Basque Gastronomy.

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A mix of English & Spanish - Good for Listening

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Tradition Meets Molecular Gastronomy: MUNCHIES Guide to the Basque Country (Episode 1)

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In the Munchies Guide to the Basque Country, host Irene Peralta explores the culinary offerings of one of the world's greatest food destinations. With over 40 Michelin-starred restaurants serving a population the size of Bucharest, the passion for gastronomy here is tangible.

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Link for B2 Modular Class

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Quizlet is a lightning fast way to learn vocabulary.

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From legendary filmmaker Orson Welles

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The Land of the Basques - Orson Welles Full documentary with Basque subs

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Listening and Reading

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Peek inside Boise, Idaho’s vibrant Basque community | CNN

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Basque country, in northeastern Spain, is one of Europe’s most intriguing places. Now you can soak in Basque culture in Boise, Idaho.

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Practise Listening through song

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LyricsTraining is the new way to learn English and other languages through music and the lyrics of your favourite songs

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From These Football Times

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How a Basque derby brought about the legalisation of the Basque flag

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The Basque derby held between Real Sociedad and Athletic Club on 5 December 1976 was one of the most memorable in the history of the fixture, but not for the 5-0 drubbing dished out by the side from San Sebastián. No, that Sunday's derby stays in the memory for the act that took place before kick-off.

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The Week's weirdest news stories

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Strange, Stranger, Strangest - CBBC Newsround

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Daily Listening Practice

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Watch the latest news summary from BBC World News. International news updated 24 hours a day.

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Listening Exercise

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24 PERFECT Hours in BILBAO | BASQUE COUNTRY

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Article in English on the Real Sociedad - Athletic rivalry

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Article in English on the Real Sociedad - Athletic rivalry

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Real Sociedad are keen to erase Inigo Martinez from their memory after the 26-year-old central defender signed for their Basque rivals, Athletic Bilbao, during the winter transfer window. The San Sebastian-based club released a statement inviting their fans to return Real Sociedad jerseys with Martinez's name on them. It has promised to replace each one for free as part of the club's "It's already history" campaign, per .

In a similar spirit, Onati, a town of about 10,000 people in the Basque Country heartland, has " dismantled " its Inigo Martinez supporters club in a fit of pique. Martinez's suggestion at his unveiling as an Athletic Bilbao player that he has joined " a great club " that isn't content to be "mid-table" hurts, too.

"Of course Real Sociedad fans are browned off, but it has to be taken relatively speaking," author Phil Ball said. Ball wrote , a book on Spanish football rivalries, and has been living in San Sebastian since 1991. "This isn't Morbo Celtic vs. Rangers or the Barca vs. Real Madrid rivalry. Basques are Basques. There is a healthy rivalry. You would never get any violence between the clubs' supporters nowadays, but there have been times in the past when Real Sociedad fans have felt that Athletic Bilbao have lorded it over them.

"Real Sociedad have always been in Athletic Bilbao's shadow financially due to Bilbao being a bigger city. The Martinez transfer is a good example. Real Sociedad were paying Martinez a salary of a couple of million euros, but now he's getting around €5 million at Athletic. There's an idea in Bilbao that 'the best Basque players in the end come to play for us.' That's a phrase that goes down badly here."

Ball said it was inevitable Martinez was going to leave the club, mentioning that he has previously been linked with moves to Manchester City, Juventus and Barcelona. What is galling for Real Sociedad fans is that he has gone to Athletic Bilbao.

"This is the shock-that he has gone to Bilbao, especially after the announcements he's made over the last few years like, 'I would never go to the other side,' and as a representative of the club's 'I don't have a second team' advertising campaign; he was probably going to be made captain next year if Xabi Prieto retires," Ball said. "It has taken everyone by surprise. Then again he is from Ondarroa, which is a coastal town in Vizcaya, so he is Biscayan. He does belong to that region; he was a Bilbao supporter as a boy."

The Martinez transfer is part of a pattern. It is the 13th time Athletic Bilbao have lifted a player from Real Sociedad's ranks. The first time it happened was in 1989, when Athletic made a grab for Lorenzo Juarros Garcia, known as Loren, a central defender-cum-striker. Loren later returned to play for Real Sociedad and is currently the club's sporting director. Curiously, the move to Athletic pleased no one-neither Loren, nor the clubs' sets of fans.

La Liga en Imágenes @Ligahistorica
#RealSociedad vs #AthleticClub - Lorenzo Juarros "Loren". En la Real (1986-89 y 1993-2002) y en Bilbao (1989-91) http://t.co/U1prgOFSIw
2014-1-5 12:14:24

"I was 14 when it happened. I remember well when he moved," said professor Angel Iturriaga, author of the Dictionary of Athletic Club Players. "It caused a lot of tension. Real Sociedad fans and directors were irate because Athletic had signed one of their stars without telling them.

"Equally, among the fans of Athletic, many weren't content because the club had spent so much money-300 million pesetas, a record for a Spanish player. He wasn't an international. They felt it was money squandered. I remember talking to socios (members) of Athletic, like my father, who preferred players from the youth academy at Athletic who were performing as well as Loren, like (Jose Angel) Uribarrena.

"In the end, the transfer didn't satisfy anyone. Loren didn't have success at the club. He suffered a lot of pressure from the press and the fans, and he never performed. He ended up signing for Burgos. He didn't triumph at Athletic."

Athletic Bilbao's policy of only signing Basque players, or players who have trained at the club's youth academy, limits their pool. It is a misconception, however, to think that the club's identity is more Basque than Real Sociedad's. If anything, Real Sociedad have a stronger claim in that regard, according to Ball.

"If you look at the clubs' canteras (youth academies), Real Sociedad have produced far more Basque players over the last decade who have gone on to play at the top level than Athletic. In terms of Basque-ness, San Sebastian is a much more Basque city. You can go to the butcher or baker here and you can speak Basque, but you've got to go and look for it in Bilbao. San Sebastian is also a more radical city politically, where Real Sociedad is more associated with left-wing nationalism, whereas Bilbao is associated with right-wing nationalism."

Relations between the clubs deteriorated badly in the summer of 1995, when Athletic Bilbao filched the 17-year-old Joseba Etxeberria. The young winger had only played a handful of games for Real Sociedad, but he was earmarked for greatness, having just finished as the tournament's top scorer in the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship, in a glittering Spain team that also featured Raul and Fernando Morientes up front.

Real Sociedad were furious because Athletic Bilbao breached a gentleman's agreement that neither club would swoop for each other's youth academy players, per FourFourTwo magazine.

"The Etxeberria transfer almost started a civil war," Ball said. "I remember Etxeberria came back to Real Sociedad's stadium, Anoeta, after he'd been transferred, and fans threw bottles of water at him." The Royal Spanish Football Federation fined Real Sociedad 100,000 pesetas for their fans' behaviour.

"Athletic has always taken players from Real Sociedad, like Etxeberria, Bittor Alkiza, Iban Zubiaurre, Andoni Imaz, Loren," said former Athletic Bilbao defender Andoni Goikoetxea, who managed Etxeberria on the Spain team at the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship. "Real Sociedad must sometimes feel upset at this, but it has no other option. Sometimes it inserts an 'anti-Athletic' clause in its contracts, a clause which restricts players from signing for Athletic. The relationship between the clubs is sometimes harsh and sometimes affectionate, I think."

Goikoetxea, who is immortalised for his on-field duels with Diego Maradona during the early 1980s when the Argentinian played with Barcelona, is correct when he says there is an ambivalent strand to the clubs' relations. They've had their good and bad days together, including a notorious match in 1918 during the Basque championship at Atocha, Real Sociedad's old stadium.

"It was a very serious confrontation," Iturriaga said. "There was a pitch invasion. Fans threw stones at Belauste, a mythical player of this era for Athletic. A boy from San Sebastian got badly injured. There have been confrontations like that between the clubs during their history. They're like brothers who don't get on well sometimes."

Goikoetxea fondly recalls playing the day when Athletic Bilbao defeated Real Sociedad 2-1 at San Mames to secure the league title in the final game of the 1983-1984 season. It concluded a four-year run in which Athletic Bilbao won back-to-back championships after Real Sociedad had won consecutive titles. "They were happy about each other's success in the 1980s," Ball said. "There is less affection for neighbouring Osasuna, for example, which is seen as semi-Spanish and not quite so Basque."

Goikoetxea was also part of the most notable incident in the clubs' shared history, in December 1976. In only the second Basque derby since the death of General Francisco Franco a year earlier, Spain was transitioning from a fascist dictatorship; freedoms were still curtailed.

Iñaki Errazkin @Errazkin
Hoy se cumplen 41 años de esta fotografía en la que se ve a Iribar y Kortabarria portando una ikurriña aún ilegal. https://t.co/IyB1aURfoT
2017-12-5 21:15:53

One of Real Sociedad's squad players, Jose Antonio de la Hoz Uranga-who was later sentenced to eight years in prison for his part in Basque separatist organisation ETA's 1987 kidnapping of a Basque businessman Andres Gutierrez Blanco, per La Informacion-hatched a plan to display the Basque nationalist flag, la ikurrina , at the match. As the flag was outlawed, he had to get his sister to sew one for him, and he smuggled it into the stadium, past police surveillance, in his kitbag.

"It wasn't legal under Franco to display the flag, so there was a lot of tension and nervousness," Goikoetxea said. "The ikurrina was taken out by the two teams' captains, Jose Angel Iribar from Athletic and Real Sociedad's Inaxio Kortabarria. The national police were there on the pitch. There was great fear. Nobody knew what would happen. Fortunately, nothing happened.

"It was the first time the ikurrina was shown in public. The dictatorship hadn't finished, but at least the Basque flag could be shown, and that was a positive thing. It was the bravery of Iribar and Kortabarria, the captains who brought the flag out together. It was a beautiful thing, and I remember it with great emotion."

The match, which Real Sociedad won 5-0, was almost an afterthought. Today, the makeshift flag resides in Real Sociedad's museum, an erasable symbol of the two clubs' rich Basque history.
All quotes and information obtained firsthand unless otherwise indicated. Follow Richard on Twitter: @Richard_Fitz

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Exploring the Sociedad-Athletic Rivalry in the Wake of Inigo Martinez's Transfer

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Real Sociedad are keen to erase Inigo Martinez from their memory after the 26-year-old central defender signed for their Basque rivals, Athletic Bilbao, during the winter transfer window. The San Sebastian-based club released a statement inviting their fans to return Real Sociedad jerseys with Martinez's name on them.

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