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"Paranoid Schizophrenia On Flipboard." Flipboard.Com, 2017, https://flipboard.com/@aleyshachen/paranoid-schizophrenia-dcp4ttp9z.

Deep, and Neal Shusterman. "Challenger Deep." Goodreads.Com, 2017, https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18075234-challenger-deep.

"Paranoid Schizophrenia: Overview Of Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments." Psycom.Net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1986, 2017, https://www.psycom.net/paranoid-schizophrenia.

Brazier, Yvette, and CRNP Timothy J. Legg. "Paranoia And Schizophrenia: What You Need To Know." Medical News Today, 2017, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621.php.

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"Schizophrenia Facts And Statistics." Schizophrenia.Com, 2017, http://www.schizophrenia.com/szfacts.htm.

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"Schizophrenia.Com - Schizophrenia Fact And Schizophrenia Statistics." Schizophrenia.Com, 2017, http://www.schizophrenia.com/szbrainimage.htm.

"The Importance Of Early Treatment For Schizophrenia And Psychosis | Schizophrenia.Com." Schizophrenia.Com, 2014, http://schizophrenia.com/?p=406.

"Schizophrenia Symptoms, Signs, And Coping Tips: How To Recognize Schizophrenia And Get The Help You Need." Helpguide.Org, 2017, https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-disorders/schizophrenia-signs-and-symptoms.htm.

Belmarrahealth.Com, 2017, https://www.belmarrahealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/paranoid-schizophrenia-300x199.jpg.

"I Illustrated Mental Illness And Disorders For Inktober." Bored Panda, 2017, https://www.boredpanda.com/for-inktober-i-focused-on-mental-illness-and-disorders/.

I.Pinimg.Com, 2017, https://i.pinimg.com/originals/53/8a/ac/538aac9a02f9ef68c9c0ab4383f0e5d5.jpg.

Jekyll, Dr. "The Brains Of Patients With Schizophrenia Vary Depending On The Type Of Schizophrenia." Lunatic Laboratories, 2016, https://loonylabs.org/2016/01/31/patient-brain-depends-type-schizophrenia/.

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1. Schizophrenia is a serious disorder of the mind and brain but it is also highly treatable. Although there is no cure (as of 2007) for schizophrenia, the treatment success rate with antipsychotic medications and psycho-social therapies can be high.

2. Schizophrenia is a devastating disorder for most people who are afflicted, and very costly for families and society. The overall U.S. 2002 cost of schizophrenia was estimated to be $62.7 billion, with $22.7 billion excess direct health care cost ($7.0 billion outpatient, $5.0 billion drugs, $2.8 billion inpatient, $8.0 billion long-term care).

3. Schizophrenia ranks among the top 10 causes of disability in developed countries worldwide.

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Schizophrenia.com - Schizophrenia Fact and Schizophrenia Statistics

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Figure 1. Rates of Gray Matter Loss in Normal Adolescents and Matched Subjects with Schizophrenia (All Males and Females Pooled). [Larger Image] Figure 2. Maps of Significant Progressive Gray Matter Loss in Normals, Schizophrenic Patients, and Significant Group Differences (All Males and Females Pooled). [Larger Image] Figure 3.

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Why is it important to solve this issue? 

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Why is it important to solve this issue? 

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It is very important to find a solution because things can become worse if there isn't treatment to help the mentally ill person. The hallucinations can become more vivid and cause problems in the real public world (job/career/school).

One way we can help solve this problem is by giving sympathy and have the right information about the illness (Schizophrenia) and get help for the individual right away before it's too late. Talk to the ill person and give them reassurance that things will get better rather than getting upset and making them feel worse. Constant support is a big factor to helping because then they won't feel like they have to go through the battle alone.

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Research over the decade has confirmed repeatedly that the earlier that people get treatment for the early signs of mental illness (especially schizophrenia) the better the long term outcome for the person. The first suggestive signs of psychosis are now well known. A person might become suspicious, or start to hear a voice, but still recognize that these things are not tethered to reality. They may withdraw from friends and family, or have trouble focusing at school or work. The criteria for this 'at risk' category differ slightly between researchers, but they all require that a person is sufficiently distressed by their symptoms. We have our own " Schizophrenia screening test" here on the site to help people with this directly.

Important questions remain. How do we address prodromal (early) symptoms, when the adolescent doesn't really meet the criteria fully for a psychiatric illness? What we do in terms of the social support and pharmacologic support, if necessary?"

Patrick McGorry, MD, PhD, psychiatrist and professor of youth mental health at the University of Melbourne, Australia, will give a lecture addressing these issues titled, "Youth Mental Health: The Case for Transformational Reform in Mental Health Care."

Here is a brief overview of this important area by Dr. McGorry at this week's APA (American Psychiatric Association) conference and trade show:

You can read more about this important topic at the following links:
Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK Cochrane, Early Intervention, and Mental Health Reform Dr. McGorry's Blog

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The Importance of Early Treatment for Schizophrenia and Psychosis

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Research over the decade has confirmed repeatedly that the earlier that people get treatment for the early signs of mental illness (especially schizophrenia) the better the long term outcome for the person. The first suggestive signs of psychosis are now well known.

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schizophrenia
Recognizing the signs of schizophrenia or paranoid schizophrenia in yourself or a loved one can be frightening. But with the right treatment and self-help, you can manage the disorder and lead a fulfilling life.

What is schizophrenia or paranoid schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is a challenging brain disorder that often makes it difficult to distinguish between what is real and unreal, to think clearly, manage emotions, relate to others, and function normally. It affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world.

People with schizophrenia tend to have an altered perception of reality. They may see or hear things that don't exist, speak in confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they're being constantly watched. This can cause relationship problems, disrupt normal daily activities like bathing, eating, or running errands, and lead to alcohol and drug abuse in an attempt to self-medicate.

Many people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion and fear, and are at an increased risk of attempting suicide, especially during psychotic episodes, periods of depression, and in the first six months after starting treatment.

While schizophrenia is a chronic disorder, many fears about the disorder are not based in reality. Most people with schizophrenia get better over time, not worse. Treatment options are improving all the time and there are plenty of things you can do to manage the disorder.

Schizophrenia is often episodic, so periods of remission are ideal times to employ self-help strategies to limit the length and frequency of any future episodes. Along with the right support, medication, and therapy, many people with schizophrenia are able to manage their symptoms, function independently, and enjoy full, rewarding lives.

Take any suicidal thoughts or talk very seriously...

If you or someone you care about is suicidal, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline in the U.S. at 1-800-273-TALK, visit IASP or Suicide.org to find a helpline in your country, or read Suicide Prevention.

What is paranoid schizophrenia?

The terms paranoid schizophrenia or schizophrenia with paranoia refer to the most common subtype of schizophrenia, one with pronounced paranoia and delusions. However, paranoid schizophrenia is no longer a recognized diagnosis in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and the term is rarely used by medical professionals.

Common misconceptions about schizophrenia

Early warning signs of schizophrenia

In some people, schizophrenia appears suddenly and without warning. But for most, it comes on slowly, with subtle warning signs and a gradual decline in functioning, long before the first severe episode. Often, friends or family members will know early on that something is wrong, without knowing exactly what.

In this early phase of schizophrenia, you may seem eccentric, unmotivated, emotionless, and reclusive to others. You may start to isolate yourself, begin neglecting your appearance, say peculiar things, and show a general indifference to life. You may abandon hobbies and activities, and your performance at work or school can deteriorate.

The most common early warning signs include:

1. Depression, social withdrawal.

2. Hostility or suspiciousness, extreme reaction to criticism.

3. Deterioration of personal hygiene.

4. Flat, expressionless gaze.

5. Inability to cry or express joy or inappropriate laughter or crying.

6. Oversleeping or insomnia; forgetful, unable to concentrate.

7. Odd or irrational statements; strange use of words or way of speaking.

While these warning signs can result from a number of problems-not just schizophrenia-they are cause for concern. When out-of-the-ordinary behavior is causing problems in your life or the life of a loved one, seek medical advice. If schizophrenia or another mental problem is the cause, getting treatment early will help.

With over 25,000 licensed counselors, BetterHelp has a therapist that fits your needs. It's easy, affordable, and convenient.

Online-Therapy.com is a complete toolbox of support, when you need it, on your schedule. It only takes a few minutes to sign up.

Teen Counseling is an online therapy service for teens and young adults. Connect with your counselor by video, phone, or chat.

Symptoms

There are five types of symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and the so-called "negative" symptoms. However, the symptoms of schizophrenia vary dramatically from person to person, both in pattern and severity. Not every person with schizophrenia will have all the symptoms, and the symptoms of schizophrenia may also change over time.

Delusions

A delusion is a firmly-held idea that a person has despite clear and obvious evidence that it isn't true. Delusions are extremely common in schizophrenia, occurring in more than 90% of those who have the disorder. Often, these delusions involve illogical or bizarre ideas or fantasies, such as:

Delusions of persecution - Belief that others, often a vague "they," are out to get you. These harassing delusions often involve bizarre ideas and plots (e.g. "Martians are trying to poison me with radioactive particles delivered through my tap water").

Delusions of reference - A neutral environmental event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, you might believe a billboard or a person on TV is sending a message meant specifically for you.

Delusions of grandeur - Belief that you are a famous or important figure, such as Jesus Christ or Napoleon. Alternately, delusions of grandeur may involve the belief that you have unusual powers, such as the ability to fly.

Delusions of control - Belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by outside, alien forces. Common delusions of control include thought broadcasting ("My private thoughts are being transmitted to others"), thought insertion ("Someone is planting thoughts in my head"), and thought withdrawal ("The CIA is robbing me of my thoughts").

Hallucinations

Hallucinations are sounds or other sensations experienced as real when they exist only in your mind. While hallucinations can involve any of the five senses, auditory hallucinations (e.g. hearing voices or some other sound) are most common in schizophrenia. These often occur when you misinterpret your own inner self-talk as coming from an outside source.

Schizophrenic hallucinations are usually meaningful to you as the person experiencing them. Many times, the voices are those of someone you know, and usually they're critical, vulgar, or abusive. Visual hallucinations are also relatively common, while all hallucinations tend to be worse when you're alone.

Disorganized speech

Schizophrenia can cause you to have trouble concentrating and maintaining your train of thought, which may manifest itself in the way that you speak. You may respond to queries with an unrelated answer, start sentences with one topic and end somewhere completely different, speak incoherently, or say illogical things.

Common signs of disorganized speech include:

Loose associations - Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next.

Neologisms - Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to you.

Perseveration - Repetition of words and statements; saying the same thing over and over.

Clang - Meaningless use of rhyming words ("I said the bread and read the shed and fed Ned at the head").

Disorganized behavior

Schizophrenia disrupts goal-directed activity, impairing your ability to take care of yourself, your work, and interact with others. Disorganized behavior appears as:

A decline in overall daily functioning

Unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses

Behaviors that appear bizarre and have no purpose

Lack of inhibition and impulse control

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia (absence of normal behaviors)

The so-called "negative" symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the absence of normal behaviors found in healthy individuals, such as:

Lack of emotional expression - Inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions.

Lack of interest or enthusiasm - Problems with motivation; lack of self-care.

Seeming lack of interest in the world - Apparent unawareness of the environment; social withdrawal.

Speech difficulties and abnormalities - Inability to carry a conversation; short and sometimes disconnected replies to questions; speaking in a monotone.

Daniel's story

Daniel is 21 years old. Six months ago, he was doing well in college and holding down a part-time job in the stockroom of a local electronics store. But then he began to change, becoming increasingly paranoid and acting out in bizarre ways.

First, he became convinced that his professors were "out to get him" since they didn't appreciate his confusing, off-topic classroom rants. Then he told his roommate that the other students were "in on the conspiracy." Soon after, he dropped out of school.

From there, his condition got worse. Daniel stopped bathing, shaving, and washing his clothes. At work, he became convinced that his boss was watching him through surveillance bugs planted in the store's TV screens. Then he started hearing voices telling him to find the bugs and deactivate them.

Things came to a head when he acted on the voices, smashing several TVs and screaming that he wasn't going to put up with the "illegal spying" any more. His frightened boss called the police, and Daniel was hospitalized.

Treatment for schizophrenia

As upsetting as a diagnosis of schizophrenia can be, ignoring the problem won't make it go away. Beginning treatment as soon as possible with an experienced mental health professional is crucial to your recovery. At the same time, it's important not to buy into the stigma associated with schizophrenia or the myth that you can't get better. A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not a life-sentence of ever-worsening symptoms and recurring hospitalizations. With the right treatment and self-help, many people with schizophrenia are able to regain normal functioning and even become symptom-free.

Treatment basics

The most effective treatment strategy for schizophrenia involves a combination of medication, therapy, lifestyle changes, and social support.

Schizophrenia requires long-term treatment. Most people with schizophrenia need to continue treatment even when they're feeling better, in order to prevent new episodes and stay symptom-free. Treatment can change over time, though. As your symptoms improve, your doctor may be able to lower the dosage or change your medication.

Medication for schizophrenia works by reducing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disordered thinking. But it is not a cure for schizophrenia. It is also much less helpful for treating symptoms such as social withdrawal, lack of motivation, and lack of emotional expressiveness. Finding the right drug and dosage is also a trial and error process. While medication should not be used at the expense of your quality of life, be patient with the process and discuss any concerns with your doctor.

Therapy can help you improve coping and life skills, manage stress, address relationship issues, and improve communication. Group therapy can also connect you to others who are in a similar situation and are able to offer valuable insight into how they've overcome challenges.

Self-help

Medication and therapy can take time to take full effect but there are still ways you can manage symptoms, improve the way you feel, and increase your self-esteem. The more you do to help yourself, the less hopeless and helpless you'll feel, and the more likely your doctor will be able to reduce your medication.

Schizophrenia: The 7 keys to self-help

Seek social support. Friends and family vital to helping you get the right treatment and keeping your symptoms under control. Regularly connecting with others face-to-face is also the most effective way to calm your nervous system and relieve stress. Stay involved with others by continuing your work or education. If that's not possible, consider volunteering, joining a schizophrenia support group, or taking a class or joining a club to spend time with people who have common interests. As well as keeping you socially connected, it can help you feel good about yourself.

Manage stress. High levels of stress are believed to trigger schizophrenic episodes by increasing the body's production of the hormone cortisol. As well as staying socially connected, there are plenty of steps you can take to reduce your stress levels. Try adopting a regular relaxation practice such as yoga, deep breathing, or meditation.

Get regular exercise. As well as all the emotional and physical benefits, exercise may help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia, improve your focus and energy, and help you feel calmer. Aim for 30 minutes of activity on most days, or if it's easier, three 10-minute sessions. Try rhythmic exercise that engages both your arms and legs, such as walking, running, swimming, or dancing.

Get plenty of sleep. When you're on medication, you most likely need even more sleep than the standard 8 hours. Many people with schizophrenia have trouble with sleep, but getting regular exercise and avoiding caffeine can help.

Avoid alcohol, drugs, and nicotine. Substance abuse complicates schizophrenia treatment and worsens symptoms. Even smoking cigarettes can interfere with the effectiveness of some schizophrenia medications. If you have a substance abuse problem, seek help.

Eat regular, nutritious meals to avoid symptoms exacerbated by changes in blood sugar levels. Omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish, fish oil, walnuts, and flaxseeds can help improve focus, banish fatigue, and balance your moods.

Causes

While the causes of schizophrenia are not fully known, it seems to result from a mix of genetic and environmental factors.

Genetic causes

While schizophrenia runs in families, about 60% of schizophrenics have no family members with the disorder. Furthermore, individuals who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia don't always develop the disease, which shows that biology is not destiny.

Environmental causes

Studies suggest that inherited genes make a person vulnerable to schizophrenia. Environmental factors then act on this vulnerability to trigger the disorder.

More and more research points to stress-either during pregnancy or at a later stage of development-as being a major environmental factor. Stress-inducing factors could include:

Prenatal exposure to a viral infection.

Low oxygen levels during birth (from prolonged labor or premature birth).

Exposure to a virus during infancy.

Early parental loss or separation.

Physical or sexual abuse in childhood.

Abnormal brain structure

In addition to abnormal brain chemistry, abnormalities in brain structure may also play a role in schizophrenia development. However, it is highly unlikely that schizophrenia is the result of any one problem in any one region of the brain.

Diagnosing schizophrenia

A diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on a full psychiatric evaluation, medical history assessment, and physical exam. Lab tests can also help to rule out other medical causes of your symptoms.

Criteria to diagnose schizophrenia

The presence of two or more of the following symptoms for at least 30 days:

1. Hallucinations

2. Delusions

3. Disorganized speech

4. Disorganized or catatonic behavior

5. Negative symptoms (emotional flatness, apathy, lack of speech)

Other diagnosis criteria:

Have had significant problems functioning at work or school, relating to other people, and taking care of yourself.

Shown continuous signs of schizophrenia for at least six months, with active symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc.) for at least one month.

Have no other mental health disorder, medical issue, or substance abuse problem that is causing the symptoms.

Authors: Melinda Smith, M.A., Lawrence Robinson, and Jeanne Segal, Ph.D.

References

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. (2013). In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x02_Schizophrenia_Spectrum

Patel, Krishna R., Jessica Cherian, Kunj Gohil, and Dylan Atkinson. "Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options." Pharmacy and Therapeutics 39, no. 9 (September 2014): 638-45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159061/

Ganguly, Pronab, Abdrabo Soliman, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. "Holistic Management of Schizophrenia Symptoms Using Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment." Frontiers in Public Health 6 (2018): 166. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00166

Aquino, Patrick. "Diagnosing and Treating Schizophrenia." AMA Journal of Ethics 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.1.cprl1-0901

Gage, S. H., H. J. Jones, S. Burgess, J. Bowden, G. Davey Smith, S. Zammit, and M. R. Munafò. "Assessing Causality in Associations between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study." Psychological Medicine 47, no. 5 (April 2017): 971-80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716003172

Chien, Wai Tong, Sau Fong Leung, Frederick KK Yeung, and Wai Kit Wong. "Current Approaches to Treatments for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Part II: Psychosocial Interventions and Patient-Focused Perspectives in Psychiatric Care." Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 9 (2013): 1463-81. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S49263

Stępnicki, Piotr, Magda Kondej, and Agnieszka A. Kaczor. "Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia." Molecules: A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry 23, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082087

Catts, Stanley Victor, and Brian Ignatius O'Toole. "The Treatment of Schizophrenia: Can We Raise the Standard of Care?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1128-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867416672725

Knight, Edward L. "Self-Help and Serious Mental Illness." Medscape General Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2006): 68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1681955/

"Self-Management: The Experiences and Views of Self-Management of People with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia - Social Care Online." Accessed November 2, 2021. https://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/self-management-the-experiences-and-views-of-self-management-of-people-with-a-diagnosis-of-schizophrenia/r/a11G00000017tP5IAI

Sensky, T., D. Turkington, D. Kingdon, J. L. Scott, J. Scott, R. Siddle, M. O'Carroll, and T. R. Barnes. "A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia Resistant to Medication." Archives of General Psychiatry 57, no. 2 (February 2000): 165-72. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.2.165

Pilling, S., P. Bebbington, E. Kuipers, P. Garety, J. Geddes, G. Orbach, and C. Morgan. "Psychological Treatments in Schizophrenia: I. Meta-Analysis of Family Intervention and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 5 (July 2002): 763-82. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702005895

Turkington, Douglas, David Kingdon, and Peter J. Weiden. "Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Schizophrenia." The American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 3 (March 2006): 365-73. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.365

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Schizophrenia Symptoms and Coping Tips - HelpGuide.org

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schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a challenging brain disorder that often makes it difficult to distinguish between what is real and unreal, to think clearly, manage emotions, relate to others, and function normally. It affects the way a person behaves, thinks, and sees the world. People with schizophrenia tend to have an altered perception of reality.

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The real world issue in my book was Paranoid Schizophrenia, a mental disorder.

The main character Caden, was the one who was affected with it. In the book, he had a chance to witness what other different illnesses looked like since he was in a mental hospital with other patients.

In the book, it was portrayed as a bad thing because Caden's parents and friends wanted him to get help because he wasn't acting the same and was getting out of control.    "He was using words like psychosis and schizophrenic. Words that people feel they have to whisper, or not repeat at all" (Shusterman, 213).

This issue needed to be solved because it was affecting his life at home and at school too.       "I start getting louder. I can't help myself. It's not what he's done---it's what he's going to do! I can read it in him! I know! I know!"
"Alright, just calm down"
"Are you even listening to me?"
"Dad stands up, finally maybe taking this as seriously as he should" "Caden, your mother and I are worried" (Shusterman, 95).

It was beginning to also impact his little sister, who looks up to him and his friends.                         "Caden, what's going on with you? That seems to be the question of the month. Maybe it's what's going on with you?" (Shusterman, 99).

His behavior was starting to affect his family and friends because of how he reacted and started saying things that were worth worrying about.             "They're telling me it's the end of the world if I don't stop whatever is going to happen. 'Who's telling you? your mother asks.' But you don't answer. 'You don't want your parents to know about the voices, so you just moan, and think about all the movies where one person is chosen to save the world" (Shusterman, 127).

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PsyCom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1986

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Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. These debilitating symptoms blur the line between what is real and what isn't, making it difficult for the person to lead a typical life.

Schizophrenia occurs in about 1.1 percent of the population, while paranoid schizophrenia is considered the most common subtype of this chronic disorder. 1 The average age of onset is late adolescence to early adulthood, usually between the ages of 18 to 30. It is highly unusual for schizophrenia to be diagnosed after age 45 or before age 16. Onset in males typically occurs earlier in life than females. ²

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Take Schizophrenia Quiz
Symptoms

Early symptoms of schizophrenia may seem rather ordinary and could be explained by a number of other factors. This includes socializing less often with friends, trouble sleeping, irritability, or a drop in grades. 3 During the onset of schizophrenia - otherwise known as the prodromal phase - negative symptoms mount. These negative symptoms might include an increasing lack of motivation, decreasing inability to pay attention, or social isolation. ⁴

Warning signs that psychosis may be imminent include: ⁵

Seeing, hearing, or tasting things that others do not.

Suspiciousness and a general fear of others' intentions.

Persistent, unusual thoughts or beliefs.

Difficulty thinking clearly.

Withdrawing from family or friends.

A significant decline in self-care.

Displaying all these symptoms doesn't necessarily indicate the presence of schizophrenia, but these are indications that a mental health evaluation is advised. If the person is experiencing the onset of schizophrenia, early intervention is the best chance of a positive outcome. ⁶

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia - things like hallucinations and delusions - are less likely to go unnoticed. After the prodromal phase, the patient enters the active phase of schizophrenia, during which they experience debilitating thoughts and perceptual distortions. They may experience impaired motor or cognitive functions, including disorganized speech and disorganized or catatonic behavior.

The paranoia in paranoid schizophrenia stems from delusions - firmly held beliefs that persist despite evidence to the contrary - and hallucinations - seeing or hearing things that others do not. Both of these experiences can be persecutory or threatening in nature. A patient may hear a voice or voices in their head that they do not recognize as their own thoughts or internal voice. These voices can be demeaning or hostile, driving a person to do things they would not do otherwise.

Odd, untypical behavior flows as a result of these delusions and hallucinations. Someone with schizophrenia may be convinced that the government is surveilling them in an attempt to harm them in some way. This can lead to boarding up their home, blacking out windows, putting objects in front of doors to impede entry, and otherwise blocking or removing items they believe contain listening devices or cameras. They may stay up late at night to catch culprits.

Someone with active paranoid schizophrenia is consumed by their delusions or hallucinations. The vast majority of their energy and attention is focused on keeping to and protecting their falsely held beliefs or perceptual distortions. ⁷

The most common time a person seeks initial treatment for schizophrenia is during the active phase, when psychosis often makes a dramatic disruption in one's life and the lives of those around them.

After the active phase, the patient enters the residual phase of schizophrenia. Much like the residual subtype, hallucinations and delusions attenuate at this point (usually with the help of antipsychotic medication and other forms of treatment), and the patient experiences primarily negative symptoms.

Medication

When schizophrenia is diagnosed, antipsychotic medication is most typically prescribed. This can be given as a pill, a patch, or an injection. There are long-term injections that have been developed which could eliminate the problems of a patient not regularly taking their medication (called "medication noncompliance"). This is a common concern in schizophrenia because of the symptom of anosognosia. Anosognosia is the lack of insight and an unawareness of the presence of a disorder. Someone with schizophrenia may not recognize that their behavior, hallucinations, or delusions are unusual or unfounded. This can cause a person to stop taking antipsychotic medication, stop participating in therapy, or both, which can result in a relapse into active phase psychosis.

While antipsychotic medication is effective in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, it does not address negative symptoms. 8 In addition, these drugs can have unwanted side effects including weight gain, drowsiness, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, dry mouth, and lowered white blood cell count. They can also lead to the development of movement disorders, like tremors and tics, but these are more common with older generation antipsychotics (typicals), not newer generation antipsychotics (atypicals).

Psychotherapy also plays an important role in the treatment of schizophrenia. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to help patients develop and retain social skills, alleviate comorbid anxiety and depression symptoms, cope with trauma in their past, improve relationships with family and friends, and support occupational recovery. ⁹

Team care known as Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) has shown promise in the treatment of schizophrenia. This utilizes a team of mental health professionals to perform case management, family support and education, medication management, education and employment support, as well as provide peer support. ¹⁰

Signs that immediate medical attention is needed

If the patient is a danger to himself or others and is unwilling to seek treatment, they can be involuntarily committed to a hospital and held for a period of evaluation usually lasting three to seven days. A court order is required for involuntary commitment to be extended. ¹¹

Film and news media have characterized schizophrenia as a violent condition, however the majority of people with schizophrenia are not violent. The majority of violent crime is committed by individuals who do not suffer from this disorder. The risk of violence in schizophrenia drops dramatically when treatment is in place. ¹²

Schizophrenia is associated with a higher risk of suicide. ¹³ If the patient is suicidal contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255) or call 911 immediately.

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Paranoid Schizophrenia: Overview of Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments

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Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. These debilitating symptoms blur the line between what is real and what isn't, making it difficult for the person to lead a typical life. Schizophrenia occurs in about 1.1 percent of the population, while paranoid schizophrenia is considered the most common subtype of this chronic disorder.

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What does Schizophrenia look like in drawings?

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The main character Caden Bosch, was the one who went through the journey of getting help because of the illness. "I lie on my bed, trying to make sense out of chaos, examining the mystery ashtray that holds the remains of my life"(Shusterman,104).

Caden begins to experience signs of Schizophrenia, "There are thoughts in my head, but they don't really feel like  mine. They're almost like voices. They tell me things. Today, as I gaze out of my bedroom window, the thought-voices tell me that the people in a passing car want to hurt me (Shusterman,104).

Caden teached us that despite going through all the meds and therapy sessions, there is going to be an end to the suffering of confusion with constant treatment and support from his family. This really impacted his family and they have now  have seen the worst side of him which isn't who he really was. This made their family have a stronger connection and made them more understanding.   "We stand before the exit. The inner door opens, and we step into the little security air lock. My mom puts her arm around me, and I realize she's doing it as much as for herself as for me. She needs the comfort of finally being able to comfort me; something she hasn't been able to do for a long time" (Shusterman, 304).

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A person who has a condition on the schizophrenia spectrum may experience delusions and what is commonly known as paranoia.

These delusions may give rise to fears that others are plotting against the individual. Everyone can have a paranoid thought from time to time. On a rough day, we may find ourselves saying "Oh boy, the whole world is out to get me!" But we recognize that this is not the case.

People with paranoia often have an extensive network of paranoid thoughts and ideas.

This can result in a disproportionate amount of time spent thinking up ways for the individual to protect themselves from their perceived persecutors. It can lead to problems in relationships and at work.

Fast facts on paranoia in schizophrenia

Here are some key points about paranoia in schizophrenia. More detail is in the main article.

People with schizophrenia often experience confusion and fear and they may have delusions that someone is plotting against them.

Since 2013, the subtype "paranoid schizophrenia" is not separate but a part of schizophrenia.

Medications and other treatment enable many patients to manage their condition.

Lifelong treatment is usually needed to stop symptoms from returning.

Overview: Paranoia and schizophrenia

Schizophrenia can cause fear, confusion, and delusions. The person may believe someone is persecuting them.

Before 2013, paranoid schizophrenia was considered a type of schizophrenia, but in 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) reclassified paranoia, or delusions, as a symptom rather than a subtype.

The subtypes were removed from the diagnosis criteria because of their "limited diagnostic stability, low reliability, and poor validity."

They were not seen as stable conditions, and they were not helping to diagnose or treat conditions related to schizophrenia.

The DSM is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to help standardize diagnoses of different types of mental illness.

Signs and symptoms

Schizophrenia is a chronic, or long-term, psychiatric condition. It affects the person's thought processes and makes it difficult to think clearly.

It will impact the individual's feelings and their ability to communicate, to focus, to complete tasks, to sleep, and to relate to others.

This can lead to fear, confusion, and suicidal thoughts and behavior.

Symptoms can include:

hallucinations and delusions

disorganized thinking

lack of motivation

slow movement

changes in sleep patterns

lack of attention to hygiene

changes in body language and emotions

lack of interest in social activities

low libido, or sex drive

Not everyone with the condition will have all these symptoms.

Symptoms often emerge between the ages of 16 and 30 years.

A person with schizophrenia may feel detached and isolated.

The person may notice changes in sleep patterns, emotions, motivation, communication, and ability to think clearly. This is the early, or "prodromal phase" of the illness.

An acute episode is more severe. There may be feelings of panic, anger, and depression. This can be frightening for the individual, who most likely does not expect it to happen.

Appropriate treatment and support can help people cope with schizophrenia. Medications can stabilize the condition, and many live and work as they would without the condition. However, if the person stops taking the medication, symptoms often return.

Delusions are a common feature. A delusion is something the person believes is true, even when strong evidence suggests that it is false. For example, the person may believe that someone they know is planning to harm them.

Along with delusions, there may be auditory hallucinations, or hearing things that are not there, and perceptual disturbances. Visual hallucinations sometimes occur.

This can lead to physical and emotional detachment, social withdrawal, anger, and anxiety. Many people with symptoms of paranoia will be fearful and seek to avoid others.

Some people express their fears and frustration through aggression and violence, but many become a target for violence or exploitation.

Causes and risk factors

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder. The exact causes are unclear, but it probably involves a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers.

Symptoms may result from an imbalance of dopamine and possibly serotonin, both of which are neurotransmitters.

Risk factors include:

Genetics: Having a family history of schizophrenia increases the risk of developing it.

If there is no family history, the chances of developing schizophrenia are below 1 percent. If a parent had the condition, there is a 10-percent chance of developing it.

Other factors that may contribute are:

a viral infection in the mother while she was pregnant

malnutrition before birth

stress, trauma, or childhood abuse

problems during delivery

Stressful experiences often occur before a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Before acute symptoms appear, the person may start to experience bad-temper, anxiety, and a lack of focus. This can trigger relationship problems.

These factors are often blamed for the onset of schizophrenia, but it may be that early symptoms triggered the crisis.

It is difficult to know whether schizophrenia causes certain stresses, or if it happens as a result of them.

Parental age may be a factor, as people with schizophrenia are more often born to older parents.

Use of drugs that affect the mind and mental processes has been linked to schizophrenia.

It is not clear whether this is a cause or an effect.

One argument is that using psychoactive drugs may trigger symptoms in those who are susceptible.

People with the condition may use cannabis because they enjoy it more. Some say it helps them cope with their symptoms.

Diagnosis

A doctor will ask about the patient's medical and family history and carry out a physical examination.

Diagnostic tests may include a blood test to rule out other potential causes of symptoms, such as thyroid dysfunction, alcohol, and drug use.

Imaging scans such as an MRI or a CT scan may reveal brain lesions or any abnormalities in the brain structure. An electroencephalogram (EEG) can assess brain function.

There will also be a psychological evaluation.

The psychiatrist will ask the patient about their thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns and about their symptoms, when they began, severity, and their impact on daily life.

They will try to find out how often and when episodes have occurred, and whether the patient has had any thoughts about harming themselves or others.

Talking to friends and family can be helpful.

Diagnostic criteria

To confirm a diagnosis, specific criteria, set out by the DSM-5, must be met.

The person must have at least two of the following symptoms:

1. Delusions

2. Hallucinations

3. Disorganized speech

4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

5. Negative symptoms, such as emotional flatness, lack of pleasure in everyday life

The two symptoms must include least one of the first three listed: delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.

The following criteria are also necessary:

social and occupational dysfunction

symptoms must present for at least 6 months

no diagnosis of another mood disorder or drug or alcohol abuse.

It can take some time to reach a diagnosis.

Treatment

Counseling can help a patient develop and maintain social, work, and life skills.

Schizophrenia and paranoia can be lifelong, but treatment can help relieve symptoms.

Treatment must continue, even when symptoms seem to have receded.
If treatment stops, symptoms often reappear, especially if they have already returned after previously stopping medications.
Options depend on the severity and type of symptoms, age, and other factors.

Medications

Antipsychotics can reduce the disturbing thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions. They may be given as pills, as liquids, or as a monthly injection. There may be some side effects.

Other drugs may include antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, and a mood-stabilizing medication, depending on the individual's symptoms.

Hospitalization

A person with severe symptoms may need hospitalization. This can help keep the person safe, provide proper nutrition, and stabilize sleep. Partial hospitalization is sometimes possible.

Compliance or adherence in medicine can be difficult for people with schizophrenia. If they stop taking their medication, the symptoms can return. Hospitalization can help people get back onto their medication while keeping them safe.

Psychosocial treatment

Psychotherapy, counseling, and social and vocational skills training may help the patient live independently and reduce the chance of relapses. Support can include improving communication skills, finding work and housing, and joining a support group.

Electroconvulsive therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves sending an electric current through the brain to produce controlled seizures, or convulsions. The seizure is thought to trigger a massive neurochemical release in the brain. Side effects may include short-term memory loss. ECT is effective in treating catatonia, a syndrome which occurs in some people with schizophrenia.

ECT may help patients who have not responded to other treatments.

Patients often stop taking their medication within the first 12 months of treatment, so lifelong support will be necessary.

Caregivers and family members can help the person who has a diagnosis by learning as much as possible about schizophrenia and by encouraging the patient to adhere to their treatment plan.

complications

Complications

If the patient with paranoid symptoms of schizophrenia does not receive treatment, there is a serious risk of severe mental health, physical health, financial, behavioral, and legal problems.

These can impact every part of the individual's life.

Possible complications may include:

depression

suicidal thoughts and behavior

malnutrition

unemployment

homelessness

prison

inability to study

being a victim of crime

illnesses related to substance abuse and tobacco smoking

A significant number of people with schizophrenia smoke heavily and regularly. Some medications may clash with tobacco ingredients and other substances.

What schizophrenia is not

A popular misconception is that schizophrenia means a "split personality." This is not true and does not describe the condition

It is also thought that people with schizophrenia are violent.
Just as some people without schizophrenia commit violent acts, the same is true of people with schizophrenia, but there is not an inevitable link. They are more likely to endanger themselves than others.
Understanding a person with schizophrenia can help them to find a solution and to cope with the ways in which they are different.

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Paranoia and schizophrenia: What you need to know

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A person who has a condition on the schizophrenia spectrum may experience delusions and what is commonly known as paranoia. These delusions may give rise to fears that others are plotting against the individual. Everyone can have a paranoid thought from time to time.

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Bel Marra Health - Breaking Health News and Health Information

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By: Dr. Victor Marchione | Mental Health | Monday, October 17, 2016 - 02:30 PM

Paranoid schizophrenia is a type of schizophrenia in which the patient experiences delusions that somebody may be plotting against them or their family or friends. This is the most common form of schizophrenia. These patients may also experience auditory hallucinations, meaning they hear things that are not real.

Patients may spend majority of their time thinking of ways they can protect themselves or their loved ones from these delusions or hallucinations.

Compared to patients with other types of schizophrenia, patients with paranoid schizophrenia often have fewer memory problems, dulled emotions, and concentration difficulties. This allows these patients to think more clearly and have a higher level of functioning.

Paranoid schizophrenia is a chronic condition. And because it's there for life, it does increase the risk of complications later on.

Signs and symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia

Signs and symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia include:

Auditory hallucinations - hearing things that are not there

Delusions - false beliefs

Anxiety - this may appear in periods of high levels of anxiety

Anger - may start mild but range in severity. Anger can raise blood pressure, heart rate, and adrenaline.

Detachment - either physically or emotionally detached from others

Aggression and violence - aggression may contribute to violent outbursts

Quarrels

Condescension - patient may believe they know stuff that others do not, so they come off as patronizing

Suicidal thoughts and behavior - patient may say phrases such as "I wish I was never born," or go out of their way to find weapons or pills to kill themselves with. Early warning signs of suicide include social withdrawal, mood swings, obsession with dying or violence, feeling trapped or desperate, illicit drug usage, changes in eating or sleeping patterns, getting one's affairs in order, and saying goodbye to people in a specific way.

Causes and risk factors for paranoid schizophrenia

Like with other types of schizophrenia, the exact cause of paranoid schizophrenia is unclear. Some studies have shown that brain dysfunctions can contribute to the onset of schizophrenia, but why this brain dysfunction occurs is undetermined.

Environmental triggers have been speculated to contribute to the development of schizophrenia, too.

Furthermore, an imbalance of dopamine has also been found to contribute to schizophrenia. Even serotonin, another neurotransmitter, has been found to play a role in causing schizophrenia.

The researchers have identified some risk factors for the condition, including genetics, viral infections, fetal malnutrition, stress during early life, childhood abuse or trauma, parental age of conception, and drug abuse.

Complications of paranoid schizophrenia

If treated, a person with paranoid schizophrenia can live a very fulfilling life, but if left untreated, the condition raises the risk of complications. Complications resulting from paranoid schizophrenia include depression, suicidal thoughts, suicidal behavior, malnutrition, hygiene problems and lack of personal care, substance abuse, homelessness, delinquent behavior leading to imprisonment, inability to study or perform work, or illnesses related to tobacco use - many schizophrenics smoke heavily and regularly which increases the risk of smoking-related complications.

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Related Reading: Schizophrenia stages: Different phases and risk factors of schizophrenia Catatonic schizophrenia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621.php
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192621.php?page=2#possible_complications

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Paranoid schizophrenia: Causes, symptoms, and complications

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
By: Dr. Victor Marchione | Mental Health | Monday, October 17, 2016 - 02:30 PM Paranoid schizophrenia is a type of schizophrenia in which the patient experiences delusions that somebody may be plotting against them or their family or friends. This is the most common form of schizophrenia.