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Morphine is a naturally occurring substance found in the Asian poppy plant.

It has been used for over 6000 years as a way to treat pain and for its euphoric effects. Morphine is highly habit forming. Using the drug recreationally or in larger amounts or for longer periods of time than prescribed by a physician can lead to addiction.

Morphine is an opioid pain reliever and changes the way the brain perceives pain. Morphine acts on the opioid receptors in the brain and central nervous system.

It reduces the perception of pain and the emotional response to pain.

Morphine has been used in American society since before Civil War, where it was used to treat soldiers’ pain from their battle injuries. While morphine has been used for centuries, the following are some surprising facts you may not have heard before.

Because morphine addiction was at epidemic levels in the mid-1800’s, German scientists worked to develop a new drug to combat the problem. Heroin, also an opium derivative was thought to be an effective way to wean morphine addicts off of the drug. But the use of heroin to treat morphine addition simply created a new kind of addict.

Morphine was developed from opium in 1810 as a painkiller. It was considered a wonder drug, as it eliminated pain and gave the user feelings of euphoria that left him in a dream-like state. A German pharmacist named F.W.A. Serturner named the drug for the Greek god Morpheus.

It can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injection under the skin, intrevenously, into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally. Maximum effect is around 20 minutes when given intravenously and 60 minutes when given by mouth, while duration of effect is 3–7 hours.Long-acting formulations also exist.

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Molecular Weight | 321.801 g/mol
Melting point 491°F
Boiling Point 190 deg C

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Morphine & Heroin - Periodic Table of Videos

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Morphine and heroin are among the strongest painkillers known to science.

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‎1.32 at 20 deg C/4 deg C

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190 deg C

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491°F

255°C

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How is it Obtained, Made, And synthesized?

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How is it Obtained, Made, And synthesized?

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Opiates, originally derived from the opium poppy, have been used for thousands of years for both recreational and medicinal purposes. The most active substance in opium is morphine—named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. Morphine is a very powerful painkiller, but it is also very addictive.

In the sixteenth century, laudanum, opium prepared in an alcoholic solution, was used as a painkiller.

Morphine was first extracted from opium in a pure form in the early nineteenth century. It was used widely as a painkiller during the American Civil War, and many soldiers became addicted.

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With the development of transport networks and the dawn of industrialization in America, many Asians fled to America to work. They brought with them the opium that was so common in their country and the use of the drug became common. Opium addiction rose in alarming proportions and the drug was frequently found in people's homes throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Alternatives to opium were soon sought. Scientists wanted to preserve the medicinal properties of opium such as pain relief and cough suppression but they also wanted to modify the drug so that it was less addictive. Between 1805 and 1816, a pharmacist's assistant called Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner managed to isolate a yellowish-white crystalline compound from crude opium after immersing it in ammoniated hot water. He first tested this compound on a few dogs which resulted in their death. He then tested smaller doses on himself and some boys and found that the effects were pain relief and euphoria. He also noted that high doses of the drug could lead to psychiatric effects, nausea, vomiting, depression of the cough, constipation and slowed breathing. Pain relief with the use of this compound, however, was ten times that experienced with opium use. Serturner named his compound morphine, after the Greek God of dreams, Morpheus.

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Morphine, like all the opioids, have a high heritability. Those with first degree relatives who experienced a morphine use disorder are significantly more likely to develop the same disorder or another opioid use disorder than individuals without a similar family history. Morphine effects the amount of certain pleasure inducing chemicals in the brain. By stimulating the structures that release these chemicals, morphine acts to increase the amount circulating in the brain.
Side Effects
-Nausea

-Dizziness

-Loss of appetite

-Dry mouth

-Constipation

-Difficulty swallowing

-Sleep apnea

-Respiratory distress

-Circulation problems

-Inhibited cough reflex which can lead to choking

-Low blood pressure

-Headache

-Dehydration

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Relief of pain caused by heart attack. This pain is often described as severe and excruciating chest pain in the areas from the inner side of the left arm, the neck, the back and strong headache. The feeling is as if something heavy was placed on the chest of the patient. Heart attack pain is often accompanied by stress and fear of dying that can easily cause damage to the heart, but morphine can help decrease the intensity of these symptoms.

Before and after surgery, morphine can be administered to patients to relieve acute pain, especially when bigger organs are removed or treated.

Car accidents victims are treated with morphine at the scene of the accident. But, injuries in the head areas can not be treated in these cases because morphine can decrease pain caused by injury in the respiratory center in the brain and depress breathing.

Morphine can be used as a cough suppressant in cases of severe cough, or to relieve strong diarrhea. Yes, morphine has also unexpected medicinal uses, however there may be more suitable and less addictive opioids that can be used for the same purpose.

Morphine is used to address rheumatic pain in the extremities.

Morphine is used to sedate patients prior to surgery, with local epidural and spinal injection.

Terminal cancer patients under on-going morphine therapy over a longer period of time, face immense pain on a daily basis. End-of-life cases luckily find some comfort and calmness thanks to morphine.

Treatment of acute pain caused by broken bone and/or twisted joint.

Treatment of kidney stones through the urinary pathways is described as sharp and disabling pain in the lower back area. Doses of morphine are prescribed to decrease the strong pain.

Treatment of water collected in the lungs can lead to highly controlled morphine therapy to deal with the striking pain.

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Morphine is used on the medical field to help patients.

Used primarily to treat both small and chronic severe pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains.

It's duration of analgesia is about three to seven hours.

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Morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by friedrick Serturner. This is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active  ingredient from a plant. Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. Morphine soon began to gain popularity as a pain reliever. The drug was commercially produced in the mid-19th century and was used as an alternative to opium and also as a substitution therapy to help cure opium addiction. In 1853, the first hypodermic needle was perfected providing an enhanced mode of administration where the drug could be delivered directly to the bloodstream. Serturner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, as it has a tendency to cause sleep. Between 1805 and 1816, a pharmacist's assistant called Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner managed to isolate a yellowish-white crystalline compound from crude opium after immersing it in ammoniated hot water. He first tested this compound on a few dogs which resulted in their death. He then tested smaller doses on himself and some boys and found that the effects were pain relief and euphoria. He also noted that high doses of the drug could lead to psychiatric effects, nausea, vomiting, depression of the cough, constipation and slowed breathing. Pain relief with the use of this compound, however, was ten times that experienced with opium use.

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Covalant Bond

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C₁₇H₁₉NO₃

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white solid

White, crystalline alkaloid

Small rhombic prisms or needles from dilute alcohol as the monohydrate

odorless

tastes bitter