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Ratio (n-6:n-3)

More in freshwater fishes

marine water fishes has more n-3 requirement = less ratio

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Herbivore - Consume plants

Live in warm freshwater

Require dietary lipids of both n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

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Carnivore - consumes meat/flesh from other animals

Lives in cold marine waters

Require dietary lipids of n-3 fatty acids that is met by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahemaenoic acid (DHA)

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n-6: Arachidonic acids (20:4n-6)

n-3

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5n-3)

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3)

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n-6: Linoleic acids (18:2n-6)

n-3:

alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)

Stearidonic acid (18:4n-3)

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Different species of fish or different fish in general have different types of feeding habits as seen from the table above, there are 5 different types. It is important to consider the different types because the feed depends on the feeding habits of the different fishes. If you feed fishes that are grazers a type feed that usually is for predators, a lot of energy would be wasted to finish the feed and this also will cause the food to go to waste and might cause ammonia spikes. Therefore, there is not specific feed for all feeding types so it is important to look for feed that are suitable for the species.

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EAA is essential in diet as they cannot be synthesized de novo (produced by the body)
Can only be supplied by diet.

Amino acids = building blocks of protein
Protein needed for growth, repair, energy

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As temperature increase, the metabolism of the fish increase as well so more food is consumed as metabolism is faster as well

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Different species of fish are different in size,live in different environments, and require hunting for their food. All this needs energy, the bigger the fish more energy required, if for example salmon live in faster waters, they would require more energy.

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The higher the water temperature, the higher the metabolic rate of the fish, energy use goes up as bacteria and enzymes in the digestive tract has their own optimum temperature. Warmer waters also have lesser dissolved oxygen, which causes the fish to gasp for air, increasing the blood circulation, causing more energy use to pump the blood.

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The larger the fish size, the larger the amount of food they need to eat to maintain the energy needed for their daily activities such as cellular activities and for growth. Energy use goes up

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An example, this can be referring to the shape of the fish’s body if its streamlined. If the fishes’ body is not as streamlined, the fish will have more drag force, having the need to use more energy compared to fishes with a more streamlined body shape to swim.

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The amount of light exposure helps to indicate the “daytime” for the fish. If light exposure is long, the period of “day time” is long, meaning the fish would be awake for a longer time, and thus, needing more energy.

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Which fatty acids are essential for fish?

Omega 3 (n-3) & omega 6 (n-6)

Omega 3

essential in cold & marine water fishes

lower melting point

Allow membrane fluidity for cellular activities and movement

Omega 6

for warm & freshwater fishes

lower salinity = higher n-6 from terrestrial sources (animal waste, nutrients)

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Younger fish require more proteins in percentage in the diet for growth. so they require higher energy. The older the fish, the lesser amount of proteins in terms of percentage

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If a diet has high protein or mineral, metabolism increases, in order for fish to eliminate waste products that could possibly build up and become toxic. Energy use goes up.

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Factors affecting the energy used by fish

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Factors affecting the energy used by fish

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What biomolecules are essential in their diet?

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What biomolecules are essential in their diet?

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Protein and fatty acids

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Firstly, the two fishes live in different habitats with different diets and that causes differences in biomolecules requirements between the two fishes.

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What biomolecules are needed for energy?

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What biomolecules are needed for energy?

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Proteins & lipids

Carbohydrates are not their nutrition in nature.

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Lower temperature = higher Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

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Can the same feed be used for both rainbow trout and tilapia?

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Can the same feed be used for both rainbow trout and tilapia?

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No

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Why do trout needs more food as temperature goes up? 

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Why do trout needs more food as temperature goes up? 

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Only a portion of energy is used on growth

Energy loss at:

faecal energy

urine energy

gill energy

heat increment

maintenance energy

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Carnivores - meat eaters (Trout)
Herbivores - plant eaters (Tilapia)
Omnivores - plant and meat eaters

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Eg finding digestible energy (DE)
DE = Food intake gross energy (GE) - faecal energy

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Have numerous sharp teeth that are proposed to cling onto its food to suck body fluids after rasping a hole in the sides of the body.
E.g. Lamprey

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Has a ventrally oriented mouth adapted for grazing on algae and other objects that can grow on a submerged surface. Typically bottom feeding fishes have this mouth type.
e.g. carps, sturgeon

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Has the ability to filter the waters for phytoplankton by opening their mouths and allowing water to pass through.
E.g: whale sharks, paddlefish

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Teeth are strong and flat as grazers consume their foods by biting and continual browsing.
E.g. parrot fish

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They have well developed teeth and acts a means of holding the prey. Some predators rely primarily on sight to hunt, whereas others rely on the senses of taste and touch or on later-line sense organs.
E.g. Sharks, Dolphins

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How to read the chart:
Digestible Energy = Gross Energy - Faecal Energy
Metabolizable Energy = Digestible Energy - Urine Energy - Gill Energy
Net Energy = Metabolizable Energy - Heat Increment
Production Energy = Net Energy - Maintenance Energy