# data[].attributes.body
● Minangkabau is a conjunction of two words, minang (victorious) and kabau (buffalo). Minangkabau people are known as Minang which is an ethnic group of indigenous to the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra, Indonesia.

● They speak in Malay however they have their own dialect that reflects lingual roots in the language of their Indonesian heritage.

● Within Malaysia, Minang people comprise a majority of the state of Negeri Sembilan in Peninsular Malaysia. Minangkabau culture stands out beautifully in Negeri Sembilan’s traditional clothes and Minangkabau culture has its own traditional clothes that are divided into three which are Tengkuluk Tanduak, Baju Kuruang and Sarong.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Project, J. (n.d.-b). Minangkabau, Orang Negeri in Malaysia. Joshua Project.

# data[].attributes.body
● Tanduak is a head cover made from balapak cloth. The headdress is shaped like a double-pointed horn, decorated with either gold ornaments or gilt brass. The symbol of this headdress is to show whether or not the woman is a Bundo Kanduang.

Bundo Kanduang is a woman who is admired, respected, and praised for her charm, intellect, and ability to manage and lead everyone that lives in Rumah Gadang.

● Balapak cloth is classified as a kain songket which is woven with heavy gold or silver design over the entire surface.

Sources:
- Google Image
- F. (2011, August 23). Traditional Minangkabau Costume. Blogger.
- “Tingkuluak Tanduak”, Simbol Kekuatan Hati Perempuan Minangkabau. (n.d.). Sumatrazone.

# data[].attributes.body
● Baju Kuruang is their traditional clothes and it is in black, red, blue, or purple that is decorated with gold thread and has a wide and deep meaning. The primary meaning is to give an overview of the social nature of the wearer.

● Edge stitching called minsie symbolizes the spirit of democracy that is widely accepted in Minangkabau. Other than that, minsie also means that a bundo kanduang and the class must obey custom limits and may not break it.

● Balapak on the right shoulder to the left side is symbolic of a bundo kanduang responsible to continue breeding.

Sources:
- Google Image
- P. (n.d.). tradisional clothes of minangkabau. Yumpu.

# data[].attributes.body
● Sarong of Minangkabau is made from balapak cloth embroidered with gold which is a symbol of policy which means a Bundo Kanduang must be laid in a certain place. The sarong is common wear for women in formal settings with baju kurung or kebaya blouse.

Sources:
- Google Image
- P. (n.d.). tradisional clothes of minangkabau. Yumpu.

# data[].attributes.body
● Dayak is a term used to categorize a fairly large group of non-Muslim indigenous peoples on the island of Borneo, Sarawak most of whom traditionally lived on the banks of the larger rivers.

● All of their languages ​​belong to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian language family (Malay-Polynesian).

● Most of the Dayak are Christian or Kaharingan, a form of indigenous religious practice considered Hindu by the Indonesian government, although it would be considered an animistic religion by Western standards due to its shamanic rituals.

● The culture of the Dayak has its own traditional dresses which are King Baba and King Bibinge.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Minority Rights Group. (2018, January). Dayak.
- Gorlinski, V. (n.d.). Dayak | people. Britannica.

# data[].attributes.body
● King Baba is a Dayak traditional clothes for men. In the Dayak language, King means clothes and Baba means men. These garments are made of ampuro plant or Kapuo wood. Both types of wood are Kalimantan endemic plants that have high fiber content.

● To make the king baba, the bark is pounded with a hammer in the water, so until only the fibers remain. After the bark is flexible, the skin is then dried and paint it with Dayak ethnicity using natural dyes.

● The bark is formed such that it resembles a sleeveless vest and a pair of pants. The headband also inserted with horn-bill ivory feather.

● King Baba is worn on daily basis activities such as hunting and farming, or when performing traditional ceremonies.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Pertoleum, P. J. (2018, May 30). West Kalimantan Traditional Clothes - Paksi Jati Pertoleum. Medium.

# data[].attributes.body
● King Bibinge is a Dayak traditional clothes for women. Made of materials and the same way with men’s clothing.

● The design is more as it have an equipment that cover the chest and the fabric subordinates. There are various other trinkets such as the horn-bill feather decoration and also accessories.

● Both types of clothing are always worn either while undergoing daily activities such as hunting, farming, or when performing traditional ceremonies.

● King Bibinge is worn on daily basis activities or when performing traditional ceremonies.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Pertoleum, P. J. (2018, May 30). West Kalimantan Traditional Clothes - Paksi Jati Pertoleum. Medium.

# data[].attributes.body
● The Murut are one of the largest indigenous groups  in Sabah. Murut includes subgroups such as Baukan, Gana, Kalabakan, Okorodo, Paluan, Slangai, Serdun, Tagalog, Timgon, Beaufort, Kenin Gaumrut.

Murut means "hill people".

● They are mostly shifting cultivators and hunters with some riverine fishing. Formerly, they are fearless headhunters and resident of longhouse, the Murut have now given up on many of the old traditions, especially headhunting.

● Those of Murut origin speak 15 languages and 21 dialects. The language commonly used and understood by the large majority is Tanggal. Their language is also related to the Kadazandusun languages.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Project, J. (n.d.-c). Murut, Tagal in Malaysia. Joshua Project.

# data[].attributes.body
BABARU PUPUTUL

● Babaru Puputul is a bark vest that comes from the puputul tree known as Artocarpus Kunstleri. The vest is cut lengthwise to sleeveless jackets and loincloths. The material of the jackets is strengthened with transverse darning technique.

ABA PUPUTUL

● Aba puputul is a loincloth with two meters long and it is made of inner bark of puputul tree. The fabric is passed between the legs and wound around the waist.  The modern cotton aba or called 'aba ra kain', are cut short with the lengths of cloth attached to front and back like an apron. Red cloth is common because it is symbolize as bravery.

TUPI' SINULATAN

● Tupi' sinulatan is a headgear and it is decorated with feathers, of the tawou from the great argus which is a species of pheasant or a pair of sinikot.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Tan, Y. (2014, July 23). MURUT TRADITIONAL COSTUMES. Blogger.

# data[].attributes.body
PINONGKOLO

● Pinongkolo is a traditional costume of a blouse and a long wrap-skirt of black cotton that decorated with beadwork. The blouse is called babaru linantian and the long wrap-skirt is called tapi' linantian.

PIPIROT

● Pipirot is a belt or waist bands of silver coins called pipirot linggit that decorated with most popular types of beads such as aki' namplur, kotos, bungkas, aki', and olod.

SALUPAI

● Salupai is a headdress that have several rows of beads. When there are many strings, they are shaped into a round skullcap.

SINIKOT

● Sinikot is a set of three hairpins with the sinikot tataun in the middle and two sinikot surai on both sides of the hair bun. The sinikot tataun has the longest strings of tiny beads floating downwards to the middle of the back.

RARANGKOL

● Rarangkol is a necklace with various of beads such as bungkas, kotos, aki' pangungupu', bulul, and olod.

HOLONG

● Holong is a pair of bracelets and it is made from the shell of sea clam called holong sulou. However, there are also round beads that strung together as an alternative.

Sources:
- Google Image
- R. (2011, February 11). The Murut Traditional Costume for Women. Blogger.

# data[].attributes.body
●  Telugus from Malaysia is from Andhra Pradesh and neighboring states of South India. The Telugu who migrated to Malaysia were mostly farmer from the lower caste.

● In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Telugu voluntarily signed a contract to work as a wage worker and left their hometown with the hope of one day becoming rich and returning  to India.

● They lived simply and saved  money. As the years passed, many people decided to stay in Malaysia and returned to their hometown to visit their families or to find a bride they brought with them.

● They used their savings to start a small business. In the 1940's, many Telugu returned to their estates to sell textiles, household goods and food in India.

Source:
- Google Image
- Project, J. (n.d). South Asian, Telugu-speaking in Malaysia. Joshua Project.

# data[].attributes.body
● Dhoti is one of the most famous and most worn dressing styles. It is a large piece of cloth that is wrapped around the waist and is tucked from between the legs. The length of the dhoti can be worn either till knee length or ankle length.

● Dhoti is mostly worn on formal or special occasions, like weddings, religious gatherings and festivals.

Source:
- Google Image
- Rodriguez, E., & Parwani, N. (2018, April 27). dhoti | Hindu dress. Britannica.

# data[].attributes.body
● Kurta is a loose collarless shirt and it usually made up of cotton or silk. Most of it worn plain or with the embroidered decoration such as chikan and it can be loose or tight in the torso.

● The sleeves of a traditional kurta fall to the wrist without narrowing, the end hemmed but not cuffed. Kurta can be worn with pajamas, loose shalwars, and churidas.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Cultural India. (n.d.). Kurta - The Traditional Indian Wear.

# data[].attributes.body
● Lungi or Tahband is a type of sarong and it can be described as an ethnic lower garment and a men's skirt that is wrapped around the lower waist, usually below the belly button.

●Lungi can be worn in different cultural activities from normal daily life to wedding ceremonies. It is particularly popular in regions where the heat and humidity that make it unpleasant and uncomfortable to wear closed and tight garments such as trousers.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Indian Mirror. (n.d.-a). Indian Clothes -Indian lungis, lungi, How to Wear Lungi.

# data[].attributes.body
● Langa Voni or half saree is a traditional dress worn mainly by young girls between puberty and marriage wear this dress. It can be worn on special occasions.

● It comprises a langa or paavadai, a skirt which is tied around the waist using string, and a voni or davani which is a cloth that is drapped diagonally over the choli, a tight fitting blouse that also seen to be worn with a saree.

Sources:
- Google Image
- S. (2018, June 7). 5 Reasons Why Half Saree Is the Best Outfit to Wear At Any Occasion! South India Fashion.

# data[].attributes.body
● Saree is a long length of cloth usually 5½ meters that is wrapped around the body with pleats in the center, the other end draped loosely over the left shoulder, showing the midriff.

● Saree is considered to be the perfect dress for wedding, however, it can also be worn on daily, party or special occasions.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Indian Mirror. (n.d.-b). Indian Clothes -Indian Sarees or Sari, Traditional Sarees, Various types of Sarees.

# data[].attributes.body
● Javanese or 'Orang Jawa' migrated to Malaysia from Central Java, Indonesia between 1880 and 1930.

● Orang Jawa live throughout Peninsular Malaysia, which is part of Perak, Selangor and Kedah. There are also isolated communities in the coastal area of ​​Sabah.

● Today, the Javanese language is becoming less and less among young orang Jawa. Most of them have  never learned it or don't remember how to say it.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Project, J. (n.d.-a). Javanese, Orang Jawa in Malaysia. Joshua Project.

# data[].attributes.body
● Kebaya is traditionally worn by Javanese women. A long-sleeved blouse, usually made of opaque or semi-transparent fine fabrics such as cotton, brocade, silk, lace or velvet patterned with floral stitching, embroidery and sometimes, sequins.

● The front is secured with decorative brooch which is a dokoh, three piece brooch. The lower garment for the outfit is known as sarong, a long piece of cloth wrapped and tucked around the waist or under the armpits, either made out of batik, songket, or tenun.

● There are also traditional hairstyles where you can tie your hair  in a bun with a classic kebaya and sarong combo and wear gold or silver headgear to brighten up the outfit even more.

● Kebaya can be worn  at formal occasions and weddings.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Khor, S. (2020, March 23). The Origin of the Kebaya and How It Became an Asean Icon. Air Asia.

# data[].attributes.body
● Kemben is commonly worn by wrapping an average-sized cloth around the torso, folding the edges and securing it with a soft rope. They covered it with an angkin or a smaller sash around the abdomen.

● This type of kemben are worn by women in the palace of kraton. Moreover, given the hot and humid weather in most of Indonesia, Kemben is a really comfortable outfit.

● Interesting facts, before Kebaya became popular among Javanese women, Kemben was their go-to.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Wikipedia contributors. (2021, June 17). Kemben. Wikipedia.

# data[].attributes.body
● Blangkon is a traditional male headdress that is common to Javanese men. It is usually prepared using batik fabrics and comes in four types: Kedu, Banyumasan, Surakarta and Ngayokyakarta.

● These four categories differ mainly in shape and origin. They wear this as a head protector from the heat of the sun or cold air.

Sources:
- Google Image
- The Spirit of Java. (n.d.). BLANGKON – Solo City Travel. Solo City.

# data[].attributes.body
● Teluk beskap is a combination of Javanese shirt and sarong. The tradition of using Beskap has existed since the days of Mataram at the end of the 18th century.

● Beskap usually uses plain fabric colors and there 4 types of beskap which are Solo, Yogya, Landong, and Kulon.

● Usually they wore teluk beskap when attending formal occasions.

Sources:
- Google Image
- Amideas, A. (2021, November 13). Javanese Traditional Clothing (Beskap). Blogger.

# data[].attributes.body
● The sarong is a traditional Javanese garment. It is a length of a fabric wrapped and tied around the body at the waist. Both men and women in Indonesia wear it. In Indonesia, the sarong is not only a part of everyday wear, but also an important piece of formalized ethnic dress. It is made of a variety of fabrics including woven plaids, batik, warp ikats, songket, or silk plaid and / or silk weft ikats.

● Kain batik is essentially a fabric with an intricate pattern created using traditional techniques. These techniques vary from region to region and create unique patterns and materials.

● For decades, it was worn wrapped around the waist. In order to wear Kemben for women, it requires a batik sarong. While, for men, they have to wear sarong under beskap to complete their look.

Sources:
- Google Image
- AllSarongs. (n.d.). www.allsarongs.com.
- Boehlke, H. (n.d.). Sarong. LoveToKnow.
- Wikipedia contributors. (2021, November 4). Batik. Wikipedia.

# data[].attributes.body
Introduction

Minangkabau

Dayak

Murut

Telugu

Java

Reflection on Cultural Mindfulness

References

# data[].attributes.body
Assalamualaikum and welcome.

My name is Nursharah Haifa Binti Shaiful Bakhri and currrently, I'm in Bachelor of Degree in Applied Language Studies (Hons) English for Intercultural Communication in UiTM Shah Alam.

Here is my assignment about one of the cultural elements in Malaysia and I chose Traditional Clothes on 5 ethnic groups chosen which are Minangkabau, Dayak, Murut, Telugu, and Java. I hope everyone can gain new knowledge through this padlet.