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1. The Sutton Hoo Archeological Site was discovered to be a burial site. Archeologists infer this burial site was designated for an Anglo-Saxon king based of the surrounding remnants of gold, clothes, and weaponry at grave.
url: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/death-and-memory/anglo-saxon-ship-burial-sutton-hoo

2. "Then fashioned for him the folk of Geats firm on the earth a funeral-pile,
and hung it with helmets and harness of war and breastplates bright, as the boon he asked; and they laid amid it the mighty chieftain, heroes mourning their master dear" (2712 - 2718).

3. Why do you think Anglo-Saxons and other Northern European tribes of this period buried their great kings with boats and treasure?

Anglo-Saxons and other Northern European tribes buried their great kings with boats and treasure to signify the importance and power of the deceased. For example, Archeologist were able to infer the grave at the burial site most likely belonged to a king due to the extensive gold, armory, and other priceless artifacts buried along with the deceased. The quote, "helmets and harness of war and breastplates," is an example of the use of weaponry in Anglo-Saxon burials.

4. Image citation: https://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/secrets-of-sutton-hoo.htm

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1. A torque is a large metal ring made of a single piece of metal of strands twisted together. These can be worn around the neck, wrist, or ankle of a person. These pieces of jewelry exemplified the power a person holds or their place in society. Celts usually wore these.

2. "Far and wide through the world, I have heard, orders for work to adorn that wallstead were sent to many peoples. And soon it stood there,
finished and ready, in full view,
the hall of halls. Heorot was the name he had settled on it, whose utterance was law. Nor did he renege, but doled out rings and torques at the table. The hall towered, its gables wide and high and awaiting a barbarous burning" (74-84).

3. How does the quotation help us understand the place of the torque in the world of Beowulf?
This quotation helps shows that a torque is almost a gift or an offering of much value. In this quote it explains how rings and torques were put out on the table. It also can be seen that torques played a large role in connection to promises as the quote says "Nor did he renege."

4. Image citation: http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/466150

Torque citation:
https://www.kilts-n-stuff.com/why-did-the-celts-wear-torcs/

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1. The Sutton Hoo Helmet...
The Sutton Hoo Helmet was found next to a person's head and wrapped in cloth. It is one of four fully intact helmets from the Anglo-Saxon period. The helmet is very famous because of its artistry and many beautiful patterns. It was used in battle and also possibly as a sign of honor. The helmet is said to represent a dragon above the remarkable face mask.

2.)" He began to remove his iron breast-mail, took off the helmet and handed his attendant the patterned sword" (671-673)

3. Besides protection in battle, what other value might a helmet have had in this culture?

This helmet and others from that time were not only used as protection in battle but also as signs of wealth and honor. It is full of patterns, art, and even looks like a face which is remarkable for that time period. It is comprised of iron, bronze, copper, and gold along with other materials. With that information, it means that it could have been a sign of wealth and honor, not only because of the materials it was made from but also the art.

4. Image citation: http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/schools/primaryhistory/images/worldhistory/sutton_hoo_helmet/ship_burial_helmet.jpg

Sources:
https://smarthistory.org/the-sutton-hoo-helmet/
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/death-and-memory/anglo-saxon-ship-burial-sutton-hoo

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1. The Sutton Hoo harp is a six stringed, medium sized instrument that is associated with early Old English poetry, including Beowulf. The Anglo-Saxons used the term "hearpe" when referring to it, and it is known as a round lyre today. Although the instrument is not large, it can produce a sound loud enough to fill an entire Germanic mead-hall.
https://www.tha-engliscan-gesithas.org.uk/daily-life-in-anglo-saxon-england/the-sound-of-the-sutton-hoo-harp/

2. "Then a powerful demon, a prowler through the dark, nursed a hard grievance. It harrowed him to hear the din of the loud banquet every day in the hall, the harp being struck and the clear song of a skilled poet telling with mastery of man's beginnings . . ." (86-91)

3. How does the quotation establish the importance of singing and harp-playing among the Northern European tribes?
This quote shows how important music and poetry was to the Northern European tribes because it "nursed hard grievances" as said in the quote. The analogy of this music to a prowler through the dark shows how it lifted people's spirits and told  stories of the past.
4. Image citation: http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/schools/primaryhistory/images/anglo_saxons/stories_and_pastimes/as_lyre_from_ship_burial.jpg

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Map of Jutes, Geats, Danes and Swedes [S. Martin]

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Map of Jutes, Geats, Danes and Swedes [S. Martin]

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1. This is a picture showing 5th or 6th Century Scandinavia and the location of Jutes, Geats, Danes, and Swedes. The epic poem, Beowulf is set in Danes, modern day Denmark, and Geats, modern day Sweden. The tribes of the Jutes, Geats, Danes, and Swedes were in constant warfare throughout history.

2 "Then it fell to Beow to keep the forts. He was well regarded and ruled the Danes for a long time after his father took leave of his life on earth" (53-56).

3. Scyld is the wealthy king of the Danes, and when he dies, his famed son, Beow assumes the throne. This quotation demonstrates the Danes government and royal lineage.

4. Image Citation: http://historyofenglishpodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/42-Beowulf-Vikings.png

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Fyrkat in Hobro, Denmark (Mead Hall) [Reagan]

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Fyrkat in Hobro, Denmark (Mead Hall) [Reagan]

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1. Fyrkat is a Viking-age Fortress built by King Harald Bluetooth. There are only five of these found around the world, and it was inhabited by men, women, and children alike. The fortresses were built to maintain royal power, and Fyrkat is located in Denmark
Source:
https://www.followthevikings.com/visit/frykat

2. "So his mind turned to hall-building: he handed down orders for men to work on a great mead-hall meant to be a wonder of the world forever..." (67-70)

3. How does the quotation above help us understand the importance of the mead hall to the Germanic tribes?
This quotation helps us understand the importance of the Mead hall because it was a place that was meant to be "a wonder of the world forever". This could mean that they wanted to make their mark on the world and leave their legacy in the mead hall.

4. Image citation: http://files.guidedanmark.org/files/441/441_308115.jpg?qfix

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1. The Nydam Boat is...

The Nydam boat is the first viking ship that was able to sail smoothly across the ocean's intense waters. Built in Denmark, c. 350-400 C.E, the ship was found by researchers in August 1863. The vessel was equipped with machinery and weapons so it could be used in combat.
https://www2.rgzm.de/navis/ships/ship007/Ship007Engl.htm

2. "A ring-whorled prow rode in the harbor, ice-clad, outbound, a craft for a prince. They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ships well furbished with battle-tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail" (32-40).

3. How does the quotation above about a boat burial expand our understanding of boats' importance to the Northern European tribes of this period?

This quotation expands our understanding of boats' importance to the Northern European tribes because they were used ceremonially and in important events throughout this time period. They were used for princes to ride across seas, and they were also used for expensive gifts to be located elsewhere. Boats where sacred to the Northern European tribes because they allowed them to move place to place by water, giving them ability to explore other places.
4. Image citation: https://www.abc.se/~pa/uwa/nydam-e.htm

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1. A standard in this context is a...

2. “And they set a gold standard up
high above his head and let him drift
to wind and tide, bewailing him
and mourning their loss" (47-50).

3. How might an iron standard and a gold standard differ in importance?

4. Image citation:
http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN01413/AN01413411_001_l.jpg?width=304

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1.The Sutton Hoo Sword was a sword made by the Anglo-Saxons using a special technique where they twisted the iron to the core of the blade. The iron in the blade looked like snakeskin. The sword was found in the Sutton Hoo Ship burying site.

2. "...a rare and ancient sword named Hrunting. The iron blade with its ill-boding patterns had been tempered in blood. It had never failed the hand of anyone who hefted it in battle" (1458-1461).

3. Why do you think a sword might have been an object of mythical or magical importance?
I think a sword might have been an object of mythical or magical importance because of the stories of the people who had the sword before. There might be special stories surrounding the sword because of its makers and because of the people who used it and the stories of their lives.

4. Image citation: http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN00035/AN00035175_001_l.jpg

5. Website citation:
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/sword-from-the-ship-burial-at-sutton-hoo/uQGATpxRArOXnw

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1. The Sutton Hoo Shield, typically used by Anglo-Saxons in battle, was made primarily of lime wood and was covered with animal skin. It also had many metals such as gold heads of animals that had eyes made of garnets. In the middle of the shield, there were red jewels surrounded by gold, and on the back there was a hand grip made of iron. This shield is similar to ones that were used in Sweden.

2. “Swaddled in flames, it came gliding and flexing and racing toward its fate. Yet his shield defended the renowned leader’s life and limb for a shorter time than he meant it to: that final day was the first time when Beowulf fought and fate denied him glory in battle” (2569-2575).

3. How does the passage indicate the importance of the shield?
This passage shows that this shield does not protect Beowulf for the amount of time that he needs it to in order to succeed. This is important because the shield is pushing Beowulf to do something that he probably never thought he would have to do: find a way to escape fate.

4. Image citation: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/90/fe/57/90fe572b832bc2bcc8652b80a7836c71.jpg
Shield Info Link: http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/kids/sutton_shield.html

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The Dancing Warrior Helmet Plate [Campbell W]

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The Dancing Warrior Helmet Plate [Campbell W]

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1. The dancing warrior helmet plate is... a scene performed on the helmet of two men in "civilian or ceremonial dress". Archaeologists have found similar depictions making it seem like this dance was done a lot.

2. "You are free now to move forward to meet Hrothgar in helmets and armor, but shields must stay here and spears be stacked until the outcome of the audience is clear" (395-398).

3. Why do you think the guard allows the Geats to approach with their helmets an armor but not their shields and spears?
Shields and Spears are potentially threatening unlike helmets and armor. This could be a sign of egressing if approached by weapons

4. Image citation:
http://vikingrune.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/sutton_hoo_dancing_warriors.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet#Design_1:_Dancing_warriors

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1. The Sutton Hoo silver bowls...

2. "They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ship so well furbished with battle tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail. The massed treasure was loaded on top of him: it would travel far
on out into the ocean's sway" (34-42).

3. Why do you think the Anglo-Saxons have included bowls in a boat burial?

4. image citation: britishmuseum.org

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1. The Sutton Hoo Purse Lid...
The Sutton Hoo Purse Lid was used as an ornate and protective covering for a leather purse, especially used to protect money. It also depicts many scenes of men and animals within their jewels and gold. Historians are unsure of what they represent exactly, but they believe it's a sign of courage and strength.

https://smarthistory.org/the-sutton-hoo-purse-lid/

2. "Boar-shapes flashed
above their cheek-guards, the brightly forged work of goldsmiths, watching over those stern-faced men. They marched in step,
hurrying on till the timbered hall
rose before them, radiant with gold" (303-308).

3. Why do you think the Northern European tribes were so interested in metals and metalwork?
I think they were interested in metals because it was an interesting form of art that also represented wealth, and it allowed them to preserve their history in a unique way.

4. Image citation:
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/early-medieval/a/the-sutton-hoo-purse-lid

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1. To keen means to mourn or to make a long and loud cry of sorrow. Keening is a form of vocal lament (sorrow) for the dead, in the Irish and Celtic tradition. Keening may sound like singing, rhythmic chants, and wailing.

https://www.libraryireland.com/articles/IrishFuneralCryDPJ1-31/

2. "And they set a gold standard up high above his head and let him drift to wind and tide, bewailing him and mourning their loss" (47 - 50).

3. What do you think it says about a culture that they turn their weeping into a traditional song?
Instead of crying, they put their emotions and feelings into words so that everyone can hear it. Instead of expressing grief by crying, they facilitate it through singing.

4. Image citation: https://maddypaxman.com/2016/08/19/the-loss-of-keening-singing-for-the-dead/

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1. The Sutton Hoo Should Clasp...

2. "The Geat people built a pyre for Beowulf, stacked and decked it until it stood four-square, hung with helmets, heavy war-shields and shining armour, just as he had ordered. Then his warriors laid him in the middle of it, mourning a lord far-famed and beloved" (3137-3142).

3. Do you think these shoulder clasps would have been made for armor warn in battle? Why or why not?

4. Image citation: http://wuffings.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/DSC02926-B.jpg

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Sutton Hoo Gold Coins and Ingots [Bella]

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Sutton Hoo Gold Coins and Ingots [Bella]

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1. The Sutton Hoo Gold Coins were 37 gold coins, 3 blanks that were coin-shaped, and 2 gold ingots. They appear to be deposited after AD 610 and before AD 635. They are important because they help show clues about when the ship and contents were crashed.(https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/gold-coins-and-ingots-from-the-ship-burial-at-sutton-hoo/CAFPKBLU9gAEIw?hl=en)

2. "They marched in step, hurrying on till the timbered hall rose before them radiant with gold" (305 - 308).

3. What seems to drive the Northern European tribes' interest in gold?
It looks like the boat crashing explains drive the Northern European tribes' interest in gold. Due to only this gold being discovered, there was most likely more to be discovered at the spot where the ship was at.
4. Image citation: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/early-medieval/a/the-sutton-hoo-ship-burial

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1. The Sutton Hoo Golden Buckle...

2. "Boar-shapes flashed above their cheek-guard, the brightly forged work of goldsmiths, watching over those stern-faced men" (303-306).

3.Why do you think that the Germanic tribes used animal images such as boars, bears, wolves, eagles, crows, etc., so often in their metalwork?

4. Image citation: britishmuseum.org

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The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornamentation [Elise]

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The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey Ornamentation [Elise]

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1. The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey is...
The Sutton Hoo Bird of Prey ornamentation is a decoration on the shield placed at the head end of the burial. The shield, which was essential for an Anglo-Saxon warrior to have, was one of the more elaborate and lavish items that survived the wars.
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/shield-from-the-ship-burial-at-sutton-hoo-part-reconstruction/zgH7gfc4MqVBqw?hl=en

2. "They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ship so well furbished with battle tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail. The massed treasure was loaded on top of him: it would travel far
on out into the ocean's sway" (34-42).

3. Why do you think that these tribes used animal images such as boars, bears, wolves, eagles, crows, etc., so often in their metalwork?
These tribes most likely used these animals on their metal work because they are all predators. This was probably seen as a power symbol due to the fact that all of the animals were intimidating.

4. Image citation:
http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/anglosaxon-bird-shield-ornament-from-the-suttonhoo-ship-burial-from-picture-id501585757

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1. Mead is an alcoholic drink that consists of fermented water and honey, and sometimes it would have various spices and fruits as well.

2. "So, after nightfall, Grendel set out for the lofty house, to see how the Ring-Danes were settling into it after their drink, and there he came upon them, a company of the best asleep from their feasting, insensible to pain and human sorrow" (115-120).

3. What does it mean that some of the Danes were "insensible to pain and human sorrow"?

This probably means that some of the Danes were drunk from the Mead.

4. Image citation:
https://www.honeycolony.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Mead.jpg

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1. A scop was an Anglo-Saxons poet who entertained Germanic Kings or soldiers, by reading poetry and playing the harp or another stringed instrument. The scop were "messengers of traditional morality", they used their poetry and music to influence people to do good things, and live a better life.

2. "Then a powerful demon, a prowler through the dark, nursed a hard grievance. It harrowed him
to hear the din of the loud banquet every day in the hall, the harp being struck and the clear song of a skilled poet, telling with mastery of man's beginnings..."(86 -91)

3. What does the above quotation tell us about the role of the scop within the Anglo-Saxon and Northern European tribal culture?
This quote tells me that the role of the scop in Beowulf is very important. That the scop has a large influence on peoples actions or decisions and an important job. It also tells me that the scop and their performance might have a deeper meaning and impact on ones life.

4. Image citation: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/4e/93/55/4e93552d1da8a31bb2780489f80cf33e--asatru-anglo-saxon.jpg

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1. Fens are

2. "Grendel was the name of this grim demon haunting the marches, marauding round the heath and the desolate fens; he had dwelt for a time in misery among the banished monsters, Cain's clan, whom the Creator had outlawed and condemned as outcasts" (102-108)

3. How does the fact that Grendel makes his home in a fen help to characterize the monster?

4. Image citation: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/pub/seascience/images/saltmarsh2.jpg

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1.The Descendants of Cain...

2. "[Grendel ] had dwelt for a time
in misery among the banished monsters, Cain's clan, whom the Creator had outlawed and condemned as outcasts. For the killing of Abel the Eternal Lord had exacted a price: Cain got no good from committing that murder, no because the Almighty made him anathema and out of the curse of his exile there sprang ogres and elves and evil phantoms and the giants too who strove with God
time and again until He gave them their reward" (104-114).

3. Why do you think the poet has Grendel be a descendant of Cain?

4. Image
https://www.google.com/search?q=descendants+of+cain&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGtJy34bbWAhVKRCYKHZMdCsAQ_AUICigB&biw=1414&bih=700&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=wKVohg8iIauHqM: