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Contaminated water going into a larger water body (potentially a river)

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Damming the rivers
Dams modify the way rivers function. They have the ability to trap sediment, burying rock riverbeds where fish breed. Dams can also trap gravel, logs, and other critical food and habitat characteristics. This has a negative impact on the downstream formation and maintenance of more complex habitat (e.g., riffles, pools).

Pollutants in our water
There are four main categories of water pollution: pathogens, inorganic compounds, organic material and macroscopic pollutants.

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factory emitting noxious gases into the atmosphere

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Air Pollution

- Air pollution is defined as contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical, or biological agent that alters the natural properties of the atmosphere.
- Considered the world's worst environmental health risk

- Caused by emission of gases from factories, machinery and vehicles.

- Estimated that about 3.5 million people die every year from inhaling polluted air

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Barren landscape caused by land degradation

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Definition: the loss of productivity and decline in fertility of land-based environment as a result of human activities.

The three main types of land degradation:
Soil degradation, Soil erosion and Ecosystem decline.

Soil Degradation
- refers to the physical, chemical, and biological deterioration of soil quality.

- Caused by being compacted by large machinery and hard-hooved animals such as cattle and sheep

- Can also be caused by soil becoming acidic due to build-up of fertiliser

Soil Erosion
- the displacement of the soil's upper layer; it is a type of soil degradation.

- Caused by human activities such as clearing trees and farming

Ecosystem Decline

- The degradation of ecosystems such as forests and streams

- Caused by loss of vegetation, invasion of "alien plants" or pests, or decline in water quality.

- Can lead do desertification (predominantly in areas close to deserts)