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We form the passive voice with the appropriate tense of to be and the past participle of the
main verb.
We use by + agent if we want to show who does the action.
Future simple
Present continuous
will be + past participle
am/are/is being + past participle
The piano is being cleaned at the moment.
The Eurovision Song Contest will be shown on TV.
Past continuous
Be going to
am/are/is going to be + past participle
was/were being + past participle
The students were being taught a new song.
Classical music is going to be played at the
concert.
Present perfect simple
have/has been + past participle
Modals
can/could/must/should/etc be + past participle
Steven has been given an electric guitar.
Tickets can be bought from most music stores.
Past perfect simple
had been + past participle
The songs had been copied on a CD.
2 Read these sentences and underline the passive verb forms. Which tenses have been used? Why
does sentence c use the word by?
à The songs have been recorded already.
b Concert tickets are being sold online.
The singer will be interviewed by Terry Blake.
Read 10.2 of the Grammar Reference before you do the tasks.

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Mavi Pembe ve Sarı Çemberler Hoş Geldin Kart

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We use can for our general abilities in the present.

-Tom Cruise can fly a plane.
-I can ride a bike.

We use could for our general abilities in the past.

-She could play the piano.

For our future abilities, we use "be able to". Also we use be able to for our present and past abilities.

-Professor Strange will be able to use magic.

NOTE: We can't use could for single completed actions.
I was able to see RDJ, it was a perfect day. (could)

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We can use can to ask for permission in the present or future.

You can play computer games in the weekend.
Can I go out?

To refuse permission, we use can not or can't

You can't go bed late at night.
We can't open the window, it is cold outside.

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To offer something, we use Can..... , Shall..... , Would you like...... or Will......?

-Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
-Would you like me to bring your glasses?
-Don't worry, I'll help you to carry your bags.
-Can we start to set our tents?

To make suggestions, we use Let's....., Shall we.... or We can/could....

-Let's give a party to celebrate your birthday.
-Shall we ride our bikes?
-We can read our books in the free class.
-We could go our homes instead.

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OBLIGATION / NECESSITY / PROHIBITION / ADVICE

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OBLIGATION / NECESSITY / PROHIBITION / ADVICE

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If something is not allowed, we use mustn't.

-You mustn't talk during the lessons.
-You mustn't go out without a mask.

To express obligations, we use must, have to and need to;

*Must for present or future
*Have to and need to for the present, past and future.
-I must do my homework.
-Sally has to tidy her room.
-My mother needs to go to the hairdresser.
-Our teacher must check our exams.

In the present or future, if something is not necessary; we use don't have to or don't need to.

In the past, if something was necessary; we use didn't have to or didn't need to.

-You don't need to go to the supermarket now.
-I don't have to clean my room for a week.

-My father didn't have to call the police.
-My aunt didn't need to go to the hospital.
-I didn't have to bring my books.

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We use could, will or can to ask someone politely to do something for us.

Can you bring the TV remote?
Could you please help me?
Will you open the window?

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Steve                             Tony

1.90 m                         1.85 m

80 kg                          80 kg

BMW                          Audi

Flat (95m2)                Villa (550 m2)

€  1.000.000               € 990.000.000

Steve is taller than Tony.
Tony is as fat as Steve.
Tony's car is faster than Steve's car.
Steve's car is not as fast as Tony's one.
Tony's house is bigger than Steve's house.
Steve is poorer than Tony.
Tony is richer than Steve.
(If we add someone who is Sam
150 cm
70 kg
Honda
Flat
€8.000.000
It would be like:

Sam is the shortest.
Sam's car is the cheapest.
Steve is taller than Sam.
Sam is lighter than Tony.
Sam is the poorest.
Tony is the richest.)

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We comparative to campare two things or two people.

for one syllable adjectives we use -er than

fat-fatter   small-smaller   big-bigger  large-larger
Example: - My grandma is older than your grandma.
- Your shirt is prettier than mine.
- I am lighter than you.

for two or more syllable adjectives we use -more …. than

expensive-more expensive than   interesting-more interesting than   handsome-more handsome

Example: -Susan is more beautiful than Ann.
- Our car is more expensive than yours.
-That chair is more comfortable than this one.

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We use superlative form to compare three or more things.

for one syllable adjectives we use the ......-est

good- the best    tall-the tallest   fast-the fastest  old-the oldest
Example: -I am the best basketball player in this school.
-Marie is the tallest person in the world.
-John is the happiest in our group.

for two or more syllable we use the most ......

dangerous-the most dangerous  beautiful-the most beautiful  expensive- the most expensive
Example: -Porsche is the most expensive car in the world.
-She is the most beautiful woman I have ever seen.
-War is the most dangerous way to peace.

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To say two thing are the same, we use as ....... as
Example:
Melanie: 60kg          Jack:60 kg
Melanie is the same weight as Jack.

Sue: 195 cm        Wanda:195 cm
Wanda is the same height as Sue.

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Sütlü Kahverengi Babyshower Tebrik Kartı (1)

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We use PAST PERFECT to express the actions which are in-line.

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AFFIRMATIVE: I had done my homework.
NEGATIVE: I hadn't done my homework.
QUESTION: Had you handed your homework before the teacher got out of the classroom?

ACTIVE VOICE: S+had+V3+O
Bucky had gone to the war before (by) 1945.

PASSIVE VOICE: O+had+been+V3
Steve’s shield had been given to Sam.

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We use this phrase to link two lined sentences with AFTER.
After HAD V 3/V 2
After HAD 3,2

Examples;

After Scott had fought with someone , he went to the prison.

I went to bed after I had had a shower.

After Tony had finished his work, he made a time machine.

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Before
When           ----→     V2, HAD 3
By the time

Before Clint talked to his girlfriend, he had bought a flower.

By the time Natasha found Yelena, she had escaped.

When Peter arrived at the school, He couldn't show his homework because he had forgotten his notebook at home.

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We also use realise with PAST PERFECT.
V2 ….. realised ….. HAD3
Steven got out and realised he had slept for 70 years.

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We also use PAST PERFECT for the action that happened in the past before another event in the past. We use Past Perfect for the first and Simple Past for the second.

After I had finished my padlet, I gone to bed.

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We use reason-result sentences like this;
Simple Past because HADV3

Examples:

I couldn't get on the bus because I had forgotten my money at home.

Sally went to the dentist because she had had a toothache.