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Atopic dematitis  (Eczema)
- what happen?
- causes skin rash (dry, itchy)
- commonly among young children --> can last into adulthood

3 stages of eczema:
usually causes red, itchy skin
occasionally becomes blister & peel
overtime causes lichenified (leather like)

risk factors:
- change in weather
- allergens
- stress
- genetic

managements --> ways to break the cycle:
Non-Pharm

allergy-mediated inflammation

identify and avoid trigger

avoid overheating

Itching

Cutting of nails

Dry Skin

frequent moisturization --> apply after warm bath

pharm (extreme cases)

steroids / calcineurin inhibitors --> dampen the immune reaction

antihistamine --> for itching

antibiotics (if needed) --> for infection

*Atopic Dermatitis currently has no cure, however treatment and self care measures can relieve itching and prevent new outbreaks

Visit the doctor if u have these conditions:

uncomfortable skin that the condition is affecting sleep and daily activities

A skin infection — look for red streaks, pus, yellow scabs

Continue to experience symptoms despite trying home remedies

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Atopic Dermatitis [Eczema]
- allergic skin inflammation
- type of skin rash
- usually found in children and can last till adulthood
- immune system attacks the skin causing a dry itchy rash on flexor surfaces of the body such as the crease of wrists, insides of elbows, underarm, back of knees & exposed skin surfaces such as the face hands and feet
Jie Zi

Common symptoms (bryan):
- redness
- swelling
- pain
- itching
- heat

where? (fatin)
in infant : rash on face and scalp
in children: rash on flexor surfaces of extremities (e.g. behind knee)
1. red, itchy skin
2. may blister and peel
3. lichenified.

Jolyn:
- immune systems attack the skin
-  - immune systems attack the skin
-  Hypersensitive: immune system attacking itself (4 types)
- Atop Dermatitis is type 1 and starts off with environmental allergen (such as flower pollen)
-- inflammation will cause skin to be more "leaky"
- allowing more water to escape and more allergen to enter
- causes skin to be dry and scaly
- Atopic Dermatitis can be worsen with allergies such as cigarette smoke, mold and dust mites, change in weather and stress

Non-pharmacological advice:
Inflammation
- Avoid triggers (allergens)
- Avoid overheating
-Wear clothes with softer fabric
-Manage your stress
Dry skin
- Moisturize skin often
Itching
-Keep fingernails short
-Do not scratch the skin especially, children.
Arbanah

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(jeanne)
Atopic (Allergy)
Derma(skin)
Titis (inflammation)

Worsening factors: (jeanne)

Allergens e.g. cigarette smoke, mold, dust mites

Change in weather

With stress

Worst at night (skin)

The immune system attack's the sick causing a dry and itchy rash on the Flexor surface and exposed skin surfaces (eczema).(faz)

Allergens in the environment like flower pollen can easily enter the porous skin. Antigen presenting cells->Naive T-cell->Th2 cell-> B cell-> Ige antiobodies-> which binds toi
-Histamines
-Leukotrienes
-proteases
The combine effect of this blood vessels causes the nearby blood vessels to dilate, become leaky and attract more immune cells to the area causing increase inflammation at the skin tissue.(faz)

Management of atopic dermatitis(khee en)
1) Allergy mediated inflammation
- identify and avoid triggers (such as cigarette smoke, mold etc)
- Avoid overheating
- Dress in soft fabrics
- Manage stress (de-stress through yoga or meditation ...)
2) Dry skin
- Frequent moisturisation (best to be applied after a warm bath)
3) Itching
- Keep fingernails trimmed and short
- Try to prevent children from scratching
Pharmacological treatments
- steroids*
- calcineurin inhibitors*
*dampens immune system
- antihistamines for itching
- antibiotics for infection

Infants : Rash most often on face or scalp
Children : Rash most often on Flex or surfaces of extremities
(Xinyi)

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1.       Atopic dermatitis

-          Starts off with environmental allergen such as flower pollen

-          Antigen presenting cell –> Naïve T-cell –> Th2 Cell –> B cell –> IgE Antibodies –> Binds to Mast cells and Basophils –> Release histamine, leukotrienes and proteases –> Blood vessel dilates and becomes leaky and brings more immune cells –> Allows more allergen to enter and water to escape –> Skin becomes dry and scaly

- Maneesha

2. Atopic dematitis is the inflammation of the skin that is caused by allergens. It happens when the immune system starts attacking the skin.
- common in young children but can last into adulthood
(Glenda)''

3. Atopic dermatitis = inflammation of the skin that results from an allergy
common areas for this
-flexor surfaces such as inside of elbow, creases of wrists, back of knees
-exposed skin such as hands, feet, face

4.  Treatment (Ke Xin)

Non pharmalogical
(ways to break cycle of allergy-mediated inflammation --> dry skin --> itching )

For allergy-medicated infalmmation
- Identify and avoid triggers
- Avoid overheating
- Dressing in soft fabric
- Stress management

For dry skin
- Frequent mosturization (preferbly after bath)

Itching
- Keeping finger nail short to prevent stratching
- For more extreme cases there are steriods and calcineurin inhibitors
- Antihistamines (for itching)
- Antibiotics (infection)

5. Can be a part of the syndrome
Hyper IgE syndrome
- Has an autosomal dominant form commonly called Job syndrome

Phenylketonuria
- A metabolic disorder that is caused by a buildup of the amino acid phenylalanine

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- X-linked recessive disease
- Characterised by a clinical triad of eczema , thrombocytopenia , and immunodeficiency

Nadhira

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Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - Type 1 Hypersensitivity
- risk factors:
family history of asthma,  allergic rhinitis or atopic eczema. infant and children. warm climate and higher humidity

- Eczema is an inflammatory skin disorder
- skin rash
- auto immune mediated process
- common among children --> can last into adulthood
- Starts off with environmental allergen like flower pollen.
Pollen --> slightly porous skin

Things that can worsen Atopic Dermatitis:
-  allergens (e.g. cigarette smoke, mold, dust)
-  change in weather (e.g. hot weather)
-  stress
--> Worse at night

Site of rashes:
infants --> face and scalp
children --> flexor surfaces

Skin tends to be itchy due to the dry skin and this will cause damage to the skin barrier --> more allergen can enter and more water escapes

bacteria can also invade the damaged skin to cause more inflammation

Ways to help:
- Identify and avoid the triggers for allergens that may cause inflammation
- Making use of moisturizers for dry skin
- Keep fingernails short and do not scratch
- Managing stress
- Pharmacological Treatment: Steroids, Calcineurin inhibitor, Antihistamine (for itching), Antibiotics(for infection)