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Years: Pre-1607
Major Elements: Native Americans,  Religion, Tradition and Culture, Disorder, Cruelty
Major Historical Events: U.S. policy involving making treaties with Native Americans gets terminated (1871), Sitting Bull was killed (1890), and Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
Major Authors: Members of the Sioux and Members of the Arapaho Tribes

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Time Period: Pre-Colonialism
Dates: Published in 1894 and Set in 1890
Point of View: First Person
Themes: Pity, Vision towards the future, Hopefulness
Connection: The “Ghost Dance Songs” represent  Native American thoughts about the increasing conflict with the colonists such as the Wounded Knee Massacre. The Arapaho state, "I have now put him aside-- / I have no more sympathy with him" (22-23). They Arapaho lost all sympathy and became more fearful of the white men because of their known cruelty. The Sioux claim, "They are coming with the buffalo, they say. / They are coming with the new earth, they say" (29-30). The Sioux know there will be changes within their society and they are staying hopeful that they can continue their culture and traditions.

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Years: 1607-1775
Major Elements: American Colonists, Puritans, Slaves, God, Hard work
Major Historical Events: Jamestown was founded (1607), Pilgrims came over in the Mayflower (1620), Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693), French and Indian War (1754-1763), Boston Massacre (1770), Boston Tea Party (1773)
Major authors: William Bradford, John Winthrop, Anne Bradstreet, Johnathan Edwards

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Time Period: Colonialism
Dates: Published and set in 1741
Point of View: Second Person
Themes: Religion, Hell, Fire, Suffering, Misery
Connection: Jonathan Edwards utilizes Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God show the ideologies of Colonialism. Edward's states, "thus it is that natural men are held in the hand of God, over the pit of hell” (Edwards 1). Edwards describes hell as a real place where sinners are destined to go which shows how influential God is to everyone during this time period. Edwards later claims, "That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone, is extended abroad around you" (Edwards 2). This highlights the misery and suffering aspects of their lives such as the French and Indian War.

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Years: 1776-1820s
Major Elements: Rationalism, Deism, Patriotism, Freedom, Reason, Natural Rights

Major Historical Events: Declaration of Independence (1776), The American Revolution (1765-1783), The Articles of Confederation (1781), Bill of Rights (1791)

Major authors: John Locke, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Abigail Adams, Phillis Wheatley, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

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Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

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Time Period: Enlightenment
Dates: Published in 1848
Point of View: First Person
Themes: Equality, Suffrage, Women's Rights, Law and Order, Truths
Connection: Elizabeth Stanton is a social activist that fought for women’s suffrage through reasoning and natural rights. Stanton states, "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal" (Stanton 1). The Declaration of Independence finished publishing during this era and Stanton uses the first line to show how women deserve equal freedom. Stanton claims, "the law, in all cases, going upon the false supposition of the supremacy of man, and giving all power into his hands" (Stanton 2). Stanton defends her argument by connecting it to the power that men have over women in court.

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Romanticism / Dark and Gothic Romanticism

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Romanticism / Dark and Gothic Romanticism

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Years: 1820s-1860s
Major Elements: Nature, Independence, Morality, Freedom, Sin, Human Fallibility, Evil, Self-destruction, anti-utopia, judgment, punishment

Major Historical Events: The Missouri Compromise, The Second Great Awakening, Indian Removal Act, The Liberator begins publication, The Trail of Tears

Major authors: Washington Irving, William Cullen Bryant, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Henry Longfellow

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Time Period: Dark Romanticism
Dates: Set in 1641-1649 and Published in 1850
Point of View: Third Person
Themes: Alienation/isolation, appearance vs. reality, breaking society rules, guilt, sin, intolerance and non-forgiveness, obsession with revenge, suffering, punishment

Connection: Nathaniel Hawthorne uses The Scarlet Letter to highlight the importance of nature, freedom, and sin during Dark Romanticism. Hester Prynne states, "It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and inclosing her in a sphere by herself" (Hawthorne 5). This quote expresses the independence and isolation throughout the novel. Hawthorne states, "I charge thee to speak out the name of thy fellow-sinner and fellow-sufferer" (Hawthorne 56). This quote relates to the Trail of Tears which occurs from 1831-1838 where the Indians are forcefully moved out of Oklahoma.

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Years: 1840s-1860s
Major Elements: Human reasoning, Individuality, Simplicity, Intuition, Nature, Truth, Self-reliance, Inspiration
Major Historical Events: Annexation of Texas (1845),  Mexican American War (1846), Annexation of California (1846), Kansas Nebraska Act (1854),  Freeport Doctrine (1858)
Major authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson,  Margaret Fuller, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Lowell,  Holmes, Whittier

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Time Period: Transcendentalism
Dates: Published in 1890
Point of View: Third Person
Themes: Truth, Simplicity, Hopefulness, Nature, Inspiration

Connection: Emily Dickinson incorporates many of her Transcendentalist ideas into her writing, specifically nature. Nature’s role in this poem is to show the simplicity of life for Dickinson. Dickinson states, "Too bright for our infirm Delight / The Truth's superb surprise" (3-4). These lines show the inspiration that leads to beliefs for Transcendentalists. The bright future relates to the Freeport Doctrine that states that slaves could be excluded from certain territories. Dickinson later states, "As Lightning to the Children eased / With explanation kind" (Dickinson 5-6). Dickinson incorporates nature into these lines to add to the depth of her poem.

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Years: 1820s-1865
Major Elements: Violence, Inequality, Abuse, Rebellion, Cruelty, Salvation
Major Historical Events: Civil War (1861-1865), Emancipation Proclamation (1863), Abolitionist Movement (1770s-1830s), 13th Amendment (1865)

Major authors: Fredrick Douglas, Olaudah Equiano, Sojourner Truth

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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

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Time Period: Slave Narrative
Dates: Published in 1845
Point of View: First person
Themes: witness to violence, unspeakable/sayable events, Justice vs Injustice, Human cruelty, Suffering, Innocence vs Experience, Truth vs Deception, escapism through music, physically, education
Connection: Frederick Douglass paints the most accurate painting of slavery with the story of his life since he experiences every characteristic of slave narratives. Douglass states, "raised his musket to his face, taking deadly aim at his standing victim, and in an instant poor Demby was no more" (Douglass 14). Douglass’s owner murders a slave which is an example of the cruelty and abuse that the slaves experience. Douglass claims, "those wild notes always depressed my spirit, and filled me with ineffable sadness: (Douglass 8). This statement shows how slaves felt about the Abolitionist Movement from the 1170s to the 1830s.

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Years: roughly 1901-1950
Major Elements: loss of faith / doubt, fragmentation of belief, globalization, isolation / alienation,
technological advancements (rapid-firing machine guns, trench warfare, science fiction), "moral
degradation" (bootlegging, flappers), urbanization
Major Historical Events: World War I (1914-1918), The Great Depression (1929-1939), World War II (1939-1945, America entered 1941), the Holocaust (1941-1945), Harlem Renaissance (1918-1937),
airplanes (1903)
Major authors: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zora Neale Hurston, Gertrude Stein, Ralph Ellison, Ernest
Hemingway, William Faulkner, etc.

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Time Period: Modernism
Dates: Published in 1925 and Set in 1922
Point of View: First person
Themes: Class / Wealth / Materialism, Past / Nostalgia / Grails, Misinformation / Gossip / Miscommunication, Distortion / ignorance / obliviousness / transience / lights on or off, Disillusionment / fracturing of the American Dream / decaying moral society

Connection: F. Scott Fitzgerald utilizes The Great Gatsby to show life in the roaring 1920's. Tom states, "’Something was making him nibble at the edge of stale ideas as if his sturdy physical egotism no longer nourished his peremptory heart’" (Fitzgerald 18). Tom's statement shows the doubt and fragmentation of belief during Modernism. Nobody in the 1920's were content with their realistically bland lives. Nick claims, "She wanted her life shaped now, immediately — and the decision must be made by some force” (Fitzgerald 118). This quote connects to both World Wars that occur in this era.