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“Without liberty, law loses its nature and its name, and becomes oppression. Without law, liberty also loses its nature and its name, and becomes licentiousness.”

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But laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths discovered and manners and opinions change, with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also to keep pace with the times.

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“Our new Constitution is now established, everything seems to promise it will be durable; but, in this world, nothing is certain except death and taxes,”

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"The two enemies of the people are criminals and government, so let us tie the second down with the chains of the Constitution so the second will not become the legalized version of the first."

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allowed for development of political parties

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allowed for development of political parties

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central to modern politics

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original intent: limit power of central government

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original intent: limit power of central government

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today-- central more dominant

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straight to the point

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created a flexible structure of government

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created a flexible structure of government

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did not disqualify anyone from voting

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elected by citizens

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central government now with direct power to tax

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central government now with direct power to tax

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the president

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Congress

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the Supreme Court

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aimed at controlling officials' lust for power

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aimed at controlling officials' lust for power

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each branch "checks" another

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elected officials to govern according to law

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elected officials to govern according to law

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temporary & ineffective fix

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a critical period

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people have ultimate authority

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goal: strengthen nat. government while limiting power

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goal: strengthen nat. government while limiting power

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balance between state/national governments

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creating a republican federal system

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focus: protect states from federal government

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focus: protect states from federal government

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states could place taxes on goods from other states

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states could place taxes on goods from other states

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some foreign goods cheaper than state-state goods

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fear of monarchy

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dangerous majorities in state legislation

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dangerous majorities in state legislation

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threat to citizens' freedoms

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refused to evacuate forts on American soil