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Rift Valley Fever

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The Rift Valley Fever disease is caused by RVF virus (RVFV), genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae.

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RVF is an acute fever-inducing viral disease. Symptoms can range from mild ones such as fever and headaches, to more severe symptoms such as loss of sight.

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This disease is most often seen in domesticated animals (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, camels), but it is able to infect humans. It is commonly seen in Africa and the Middle East.

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Infection can occur through contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals (such as slaughter, veterinary procedures, assisting the animal through birth). Infection can also occur through mosquito bits, but this is less common. Spread from person to person has not been documented.

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The disease has an incubation period of 2-6 days. Most people experience mild symptoms including fever, weakness, back pain, dizziness and headaches, recovering within a few days. 8-10% of people experience severe symptoms including ocular disease encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever (1% of patients). Animals experience similar symptoms, noticeably a reduction in milk production.

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Viral isolation of tissues can lead to diagnosis. KEMRI has also developed Immunoline, which can diagnose the disease.

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Most human cases are mild, and specific treatment has not been established. The more serious cases are limited to supportive care. Inflammation of the retina can cause permanent vision loss, which is the most common complication. An inactivated vaccine has been developed, but it is not available yet.

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Chances of contraction can be lowered by taking precautions with contact of infected animals and their blood, body fluids, or tissues. Mosquito repellents and bednets are very effective, as well as protective equipment used for people working close to animals in RVF-endemic areas. There are some veterinary vaccines available for use, with research still ongoing, but no human vaccines available.

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- RVF virus was first identified in 1931 among sheep in on a farm in the Rift Valley in Kenya.
- Until 1975, it was seen as an African animal disease.
- It was first detected outside of Africa in September 2000, in Saudi Arabia and Yemen

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"Facts about Rift Valley Fever." European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 1 Mar. 2019, ecdc.europa.eu/en/rift-valley-fever/facts.

"Prevention Rift Valley Fever CDC." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/vhf/rvf/prevention/index.html.