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Hatching the idea

In February 1965 a group of University of Sydney students organised a bus tour of western and coastal New South Wales towns. Their purpose was threefold. The students planned to draw public attention to the poor state of Aboriginal health, education and housing. They hoped to point out and help to lessen the socially discriminatory barriers which existed between Aboriginal and white residents. And they also wished to encourage and support Aboriginal people themselves to resist discrimination. The students had formed into a body called Student Action for Aborigines (SAFA) in 1964 to plan this trip and ensure media coverage.

Charles Perkins, an Arrente man born in Alice Springs, who was a third year arts student at the university, was elected president of SAFA. The group included Ann Curthoys who would later write a history of these events, Jim Spigelman who would later become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and Darce Cassidy, an arts student who was also a part-time reporter for the ABC.

In 1964 a University of Sydney protest against racial segregation in the United States had brought comments from members of the public urging students to look to their own backyard if they wanted to draw attention to racial discrimination. This led to the planning of a fact-finding trip to western New South Wales towns so students could see for themselves the conditions of life for Aboriginal people.

Where the Freedom Ride went

The Freedom Ride, as it came to be called, included visits to Walgett, Gulargambone, Kempsey, Bowraville and Moree. Students were shocked at the living conditions which Aboriginal people endured outside the towns. In the towns Aboriginal people were routinely barred from clubs, swimming pools and cafes. They were frequently refused service in shops and refused drinks in hotels. The students demonstrated against racial discrimination practised at the Walgett Returned Services League, the Moree Baths, the Kempsey Baths and the Boraville picture theatre. They not only challenged these practices, but they ensured that reports of their demonstrations and local townspeople's hostile responses were available for news broadcasts on radio and television. Outside Walgett Jim Spigelman trained his home movie camera on the hostile convoy of cars which followed the bus out of town at night and ran it off the road. Darce Cassidy recorded the angry conversations and filed a report to the ABC.

Captured on tape was the vice-president of the Walgett Returned Service League Club who said he would never allow an Aboriginal to become a member. Such evidence was beamed into the living rooms of Australians with the evening news. It exposed an endemic racism. Film footage shocked city viewers, adding to the mounting pressure on the government.

The central role of the film camera in this campaign demonstrated the growing sophistication of activists who recognised the need to show city dwellers what was happening in country towns. The campaigners drew parallels with civil rights movements elsewhere in the world, especially the United States. The news coverage punctured Australian smugness, borne of ignorance, that racism did not exist in Australia.

At Moree (northern New South Wales), which was known to be a town where segregation was practised, the students focused on the swimming pool. The pool became a scene of tension and aggression as they attempted to assist Aboriginal children from the reserve outside town to enter the pool while locals angrily defended the race-based ban.

Responses to the ride

Crux, a Student Christian Movement periodical, ran a guest editorial on the significance of the Freedom Ride, and cartoonists like John Frith also addressed the issue.

Overseas newspapers such as the New York Times reported on the Freedom Riders and their reception in New South Wales country towns.

Charles Perkins reported these events to a crowd of 200 attending the 1965 Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI) conference in Canberra. Conference goers heard that one positive result of the students' activities was that the NSW Aborigines Welfare Board publicly announced that it would spend sixty-five thousand pounds on housing in Moree.

Aftermath

Later in the year Harry Hall, president of the Walgett Aborigines' Progessive Association, appealed to Perkins and other Aboriginal activists to return to Walgett to assist in the fight against the colour bar applied at the Oasis Hotel. Perkins and others did return to help in Walgett. The Freedom Ride through New South Wales towns and the publicity it gained raised consciousness of racial discrimination in Australia and strengthened the campaigns to eradicate it which followed.

Related resources

People
Charles Perkins
Organisations
Student Action for Aborigines
Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders
Reading

Australian, 16 February, 17 February, 18 February, 19 February, 25 February, 1965
Melbourne Herald, 6 March 1965
Courier-Mail, 18 February 1965
Ann Curthoys, Freedom Ride, Sydney, 2002
Charles Perkins, A Bastard Like Me, Sydney, 1975
Peter Read, Charles Perkins: A Biography, Viking, Melbourne, 1990, pp. 108-9, 111-3, 117
Charles Rowley, Outcasts in White Australia, Penguin, Sydney, 1972, p. 388

See also Peter Read, 'Darce Cassidy's Freedom Ride', Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1988, no. 1, for Cassidy's transcript of a radio show which the ABC did not broadcast as it was 'considered too controversial by the ABC management'.

Link

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies website, Commemorating 40 Years of the Freedom Ride, an online exhibition featuring Ann Curthoys' diary

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Collaborating for Indigenous Rights 1957-1973

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Jim Crow Laws

During Reconstruction, Black people took on leadership roles like never before. They held public office and sought legislative changes for equality and the right to vote.

In 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution gave Black people equal protection under the law. In 1870, the 15th Amendment granted Black American men the right to vote. Still, many white Americans, especially those in the South, were unhappy that people they'd once enslaved were now on a more-or-less equal playing field.

To marginalize Black people, keep them separate from white people and erase the progress they'd made during Reconstruction, " Jim Crow " laws were established in the South beginning in the late 19th century. Black people couldn't use the same public facilities as white people, live in many of the same towns or go to the same schools. Interracial marriage was illegal, and most Black people couldn't vote because they were unable to pass voter literacy tests.

Jim Crow laws weren't adopted in northern states; however, Black people still experienced discrimination at their jobs or when they tried to buy a house or get an education. To make matters worse, laws were passed in some states to limit voting rights for Black Americans.

Moreover, southern segregation gained ground in 1896 when the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Plessy v. Ferguson that facilities for Black and white people could be "separate but equal."

World War II and Civil Rights

Prior to World War II, most Black people worked as low-wage farmers, factory workers, domestics or servants. By the early 1940s, war-related work was booming, but most Black Americans weren't given better-paying jobs. They were also discouraged from joining the military.

After thousands of Black people threatened to march on Washington to demand equal employment rights, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941. It opened national defense jobs and other government jobs to all Americans regardless of race, creed, color or national origin.

Black men and women served heroically in World War II, despite suffering segregation and discrimination during their deployment. The Tuskegee Airmen broke the racial barrier to become the first Black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps and earned more than 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses. Yet many Black veterans were met with prejudice and scorn upon returning home. This was a stark contrast to why America had entered the war to begin with-to defend freedom and democracy in the world.

As the Cold War began, President Harry Truman initiated a civil rights agenda, and in 1948 issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military. These events helped set the stage for grass-roots initiatives to enact racial equality legislation and incite the civil rights movement.

Rosa Parks

On December 1, 1955, a 42-year-old woman named Rosa Parks found a seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus after work. Segregation laws at the time stated Black passengers must sit in designated seats at the back of the bus, and Parks complied.

When a white man got on the bus and couldn't find a seat in the white section at the front of the bus, the bus driver instructed Parks and three other Black passengers to give up their seats. Parks refused and was arrested.

As word of her arrest ignited outrage and support, Parks unwittingly became the "mother of the modern-day civil rights movement." Black community leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) led by Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr., a role which would place him front and center in the fight for civil rights.

Parks' courage incited the MIA to stage a boycott of the Montgomery bus system. The Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted 381 days. On November 14, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating was unconstitutional.

Little Rock Nine

In 1954, the civil rights movement gained momentum when the United States Supreme Court made segregation illegal in public schools in the case of Brown v. Board of Education. In 1957, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas asked for volunteers from all-Black high schools to attend the formerly segregated school.

On September 4, 1957, nine Black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, arrived at Central High School to begin classes but were instead met by the Arkansas National Guard (on order of Governor Orval Faubus) and a screaming, threatening mob. The Little Rock Nine tried again a couple of weeks later and made it inside, but had to be removed for their safety when violence ensued.

Finally, President Dwight D. Eisenhower intervened and ordered federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine to and from classes at Central High. Still, the students faced continual harassment and prejudice.

Their efforts, however, brought much-needed attention to the issue of desegregation and fueled protests on both sides of the issue.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Even though all Americans had gained the right to vote, many southern states made it difficult for Black citizens. They often required prospective voters of color to take literacy tests that were confusing, misleading and nearly impossible to pass.

Wanting to show a commitment to the civil rights movement and minimize racial tensions in the South, the Eisenhower administration pressured Congress to consider new civil rights legislation.

On September 9, 1957, President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law, the first major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It allowed federal prosecution of anyone who tried to prevent someone from voting. It also created a commission to investigate voter fraud.

Sit-In at Woolworth's Lunch Counter

Despite making some gains, Black Americans still experienced blatant prejudice in their daily lives. On February 1, 1960, four college students took a stand against segregation in Greensboro, North Carolina when they refused to leave a Woolworth's lunch counter without being served.

Over the next several days, hundreds of people joined their cause in what became known as the Greensboro sit-ins. After some were arrested and charged with trespassing, protesters launched a boycott of all segregated lunch counters until the owners caved and the original four students were finally served at the Woolworth's lunch counter where they'd first stood their ground.

Their efforts spearheaded peaceful sit-ins and demonstrations in dozens of cities and helped launch the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to encourage all students to get involved in the civil rights movement. It also caught the eye of young college graduate Stokely Carmichael, who joined the SNCC during the Freedom Summer of 1964 to register Black voters in Mississippi. In 1966, Carmichael became the chair of the SNCC, giving his famous speech in which he originated the phrase "Black power."

Freedom Riders

On May 4, 1961, 13 " Freedom Riders"-seven Black and six white activists-mounted a Greyhound bus in Washington, D.C., embarking on a bus tour of the American south to protest segregated bus terminals. They were testing the 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginia that declared the segregation of interstate transportation facilities unconstitutional.

Facing violence from both police officers and white protesters, the Freedom Rides drew international attention. On Mother's Day 1961, the bus reached Anniston, Alabama, where a mob mounted the bus and threw a bomb into it. The Freedom Riders escaped the burning bus but were badly beaten. Photos of the bus engulfed in flames were widely circulated, and the group could not find a bus driver to take them further. U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (brother to President John F. Kennedy) negotiated with Alabama Governor John Patterson to find a suitable driver, and the Freedom Riders resumed their journey under police escort on May 20. But the officers left the group once they reached Montgomery, where a white mob brutally attacked the bus. Attorney General Kennedy responded to the riders-and a call from Martin Luther King Jr.-by sending federal marshals to Montgomery.

On May 24, 1961, a group of Freedom Riders reached Jackson, Mississippi. Though met with hundreds of supporters, the group was arrested for trespassing in a "whites-only" facility and sentenced to 30 days in jail. Attorneys for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP) brought the matter to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reversed the convictions. Hundreds of new Freedom Riders were drawn to the cause, and the rides continued.

In the fall of 1961, under pressure from the Kennedy administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals

March on Washington

Arguably one of the most famous events of the civil rights movement took place on August 28, 1963: the March on Washington. It was organized and attended by civil rights leaders such as A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin and Martin Luther King Jr.

More than 200,000 people of all races congregated in Washington, D. C. for the peaceful march with the main purpose of forcing civil rights legislation and establishing job equality for everyone. The highlight of the march was King's speech in which he continually stated, "I have a dream..."

King's " I Have a Dream" speech galvanized the national civil rights movement and became a slogan for equality and freedom.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964-legislation initiated by President John F. Kennedy before his assassination -into law on July 2 of that year.

King and other civil rights activists witnessed the signing. The law guaranteed equal employment for all, limited the use of voter literacy tests and allowed federal authorities to ensure public facilities were integrated.

Bloody Sunday

On March 7, 1965, the civil rights movement in Alabama took an especially violent turn as 600 peaceful demonstrators participated in the Selma to Montgomery march to protest the killing of Black civil rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson by a white police officer and to encourage legislation to enforce the 15th amendment.

As the protesters neared the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they were blocked by Alabama state and local police sent by Alabama Governor George C. Wallace, a vocal opponent of desegregation. Refusing to stand down, protesters moved forward and were viciously beaten and teargassed by police and dozens of protesters were hospitalized.

The entire incident was televised and became known as " Bloody Sunday." Some activists wanted to retaliate with violence, but King pushed for nonviolent protests and eventually gained federal protection for another march.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

When President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965, he took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 several steps further. The new law banned all voter literacy tests and provided federal examiners in certain voting jurisdictions.

It also allowed the attorney general to contest state and local poll taxes. As a result, poll taxes were later declared unconstitutional in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections in 1966.

Part of the Act was walked back decades later, in 2013, when a Supreme Court decision ruled that Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act was unconstitutional, holding that the constraints placed on certain states and federal review of states' voting procedures were outdated.

Civil Rights Leaders Assassinated

The civil rights movement had tragic consequences for two of its leaders in the late 1960s. On February 21, 1965, former Nation of Islam leader and Organization of Afro-American Unity founder Malcolm X was assassinated at a rally.

On April 4, 1968, civil rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on his hotel room's balcony. Emotionally-charged looting and riots followed, putting even more pressure on the Johnson administration to push through additional civil rights laws.

Fair Housing Act of 1968

The Fair Housing Act became law on April 11, 1968, just days after King's assassination. It prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and religion. It was also the last legislation enacted during the civil rights era.

The civil rights movement was an empowering yet precarious time for Black Americans. The efforts of civil rights activists and countless protesters of all races brought about legislation to end segregation, Black voter suppression and discriminatory employment and housing practices.

Sources

A Brief History of Jim Crow. Constitutional Rights Foundation.
Civil Rights Act of 1957. Civil Rights Digital Library.
Document for June 25th: Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry. National Archives.
Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-In. African American Odyssey.
Little Rock School Desegregation (1957). The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford.
Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford.
Rosa Marie Parks Biography. Rosa and Raymond Parks.
Selma, Alabama, (Bloody Sunday, March 7, 1965). BlackPast.org.
The Civil Rights Movement (1919-1960s). National Humanities Center.
The Little Rock Nine. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior: Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site.
Turning Point: World War II. Virginia Historical Society.

Photo Galleries

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Civil Rights Movement: Timeline, Key Events & Leaders | HISTORY

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The civil rights movement was a struggle for justice and equality for African Americans that took place mainly in the 1950s and 1960s. Among its leaders were Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, the Little Rock Nine, Rosa Parks and many others.

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A Guardian investigation revealed the true number of people killed by law enforcement, told the stories of who they were, and established the trends in how they died. The US government responded

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The Counted: tracking people killed by police in the United States | US News | The Guardian

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The Counted: tracking people killed by police in the United States

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Kendrick Lamar - The Blacker The Berry (Explicit) [Music Video]

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Childish Gambino - This Is America (Official Video)

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Song

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When They See Us - Netflix Series by Ava DuVernay

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When They See Us - Netflix Series by Ava DuVernay

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Episode 1 and Oprah Special

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Triple J Play N.W.A Song 82 times in a row -SMH

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Triple J Play N.W.A Song 82 times in a row -SMH

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By Paul Chamberlin and Jon Casimir

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First published in The Sydney Morning Herald on May 8, 1990
In one of the strangest and most controversial protests in Australian radio history, staff at station Triple J FM secured a management backdown yesterday over last week's suspension of the acting news editor, Mr Nick Franklin.

Straight outta Compton... N.W.A. Credit:Publicity

ABC management reversed a week-long suspension, which followed the partial broadcast of a "banned" song called F ... Tha Police, by the increasingly notorious Los Angeles rap act, N ... With Attitude.

The head of ABC Radio, Mr Malcolm Long, had directed that the song, which had been on the station's playlist for months, be given "a rest".

Mr Franklin was suspended for playing 22 seconds of the song, ironically during a mini-documentary on unsavoury language intended to establish how offensive the song was.

After the backdown by management, normal programs resumed at six last night.

F ... Tha Police has the dubious honour of being the only record in the history of popular music to arouse enough police ire to spur the FBI into urging the public not to buy it.

Not only does it include 64 expletives, but it advocates the use of automatic weaponry, particularly against policemen, with lyrics such as: "A young n ... on the warpath/And when I'm finished/There's gonna be a bloodbath/Of cops dying in LA".

While argument raged at Triple J, the song most often played on Sydney radio yesterday was Express Yourself - another N ... With Attitude tune. This is the only song on their album, Straight Outta Compton, not peppered with swearwords.

From 9am until 4.30pm, Triple J repeated the tune 82 times, preceded on each occasion by a spiel explaining that due to industrial action, normal transmission had been interrupted.

The choice of Express Yourself was something of a shy dig at management by staff - it deals in part with radio censorship:

"Some musicians cuss at home, but are scared to use profanity when they're up on the microphone/Yeah, they want reality, but you will hear none/They'd rather exaggerate/A little fiction ... They ban my group from the radio/Hear NWA and say 'Hell No |'/But you know it aint all about wealth/As long as you make a note to Express Yourself."

After lengthy discussions yesterday, staff at Triple J have agreed not to play F ... Tha Police this week. In return, Mr Franklin's suspension was revoked, he will be paid for time lost, and no record of the suspension will be placed on his personal file pending an internal inquiry this week.

The ABC national officer for the Public Sector Union, Mr Arthur Duncan, said discussions would continue with management over editorial responsibilities at Triple J.

"We spent a lot of time explaining to ABC management that they must give people the opportunity to explain a situation before taking action," he said.
First published in The Sydney Morning Herald on May 8, 1990
Twitter: @FairfaxArchives

Most Viewed in Entertainment

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Express yourself: The day Triple J played the same N.W.A. song 82 times in a row

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By Paul Chamberlin and Jon Casimir Normal text size Larger text size Very large text size First published in The Sydney Morning Herald on May 8, 1990 In one of the strangest and most controversial protests in Australian radio history, staff at station Triple J FM secured a management backdown yesterday over last week's suspension of the acting news editor, Mr Nick Franklin.

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13th - Netflix Documentary by Ava DuVernay

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13th - Netflix Documentary by Ava DuVernay

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Bob Dylan performs "Only A Pawn In Their Game" at March on Washington, Aug. 28, 1963

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Martin Luther King - I Have A Dream Speech at Washington 1963

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Martin Luther King - I Have A Dream Speech at Washington 1963

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I Have a Dream speech by Martin Luther King .Jr HD (subtitled)

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In August last year a 56-year-old man killed Elijah Doughty while trying to recover a stolen motorbike. A Perth court found him not guilty of manslaughter, opting for the lesser charge of dangerous driving occasioning death. He's been sentenced to three years prison.

The day after the 14-year-old Aboriginal boy was killed there was a riot in the main street of Kalgoorlie, in regional Western Australia.

Hundreds of the city's indigenous community protested, clashing with police, but when they reached the courthouse where the man was held tensions boiled over.

Elijah was hit and killed by the man's 4WD drive while riding a stolen motorbike through a dry creek bed on the edge of town.

People were angry. Bottles and rocks were thrown at the local police who'd donned riot gear to keep the peace, the windows of police cars were smashed.

The death of a young boy had exposed an ugly racial divide in regional Western Australia.

Those tensions flared again today as the jury in Perth delivered its verdict, with members of the packed public gallery yelling abuse at the jury and the man who killed Elijah.

Instead of manslaughter, the jury found the man guilty of the lesser charge of dangerous driving occasioning death.

The anger extended to Kalgoorlie, where the verdict was broadcast outside the courthouse. A large group marched down the city's main street and started a chant.

What do we want? Justice. When do we want it? Now."

Killed in a creek bed

Hack visited Kalgoorlie in the weeks after the riot. Albert Doughty, Elijah's grandfather, said the creek bed where the teenager was killed was a playground.

"He's been playing down there - gribble creek - since he was a little kid. He used to swim down there in the summertime, ride motorbikes down there."

The WA Supreme court jury would later hear Elijah was being chased by a man who'd had two motorbikes stolen from him a day earlier and that police had said he might be able to find them in the creek bed, because stolen bikes were often dumped there.

The man said Elijah "veered in front of him" as he chased, but admitted he couldn't avoid hitting the teenager because he was driving too close.

He pleaded guilty to one charge of dangerous driving occasioning death, but not-guilty to the more serious charge of manslaughter.

His lawyer told the court his client never intended to hit Elijah and he "is eternally sorry for being involved in this."

Nothing to do with race

In the weeks after Elijah's death some locals said the town didn't have a race problem, it had a crime problem. Almost 200 vehicles were reported stolen to police in a two week period in summer last year, most of them motorbikes.

The spike riled up people on community Facebook pages and locals spoke about taking the law into their own hands. Some comments even went as far as suggesting thieves should be run off the road.

In a video interview played to the court on Tuesday this week, the accused tells police his wife posted information about the stolen motorbikes on a Kalgoorlie crime Facebook page.

He described himself as "just a family man" in the interview and said the theft of the two bikes that sparked the search for Elijah was the third break-in at his home.

The accused stressed he never meant to hit Elijah. His intention was to find his motorbike and to stop the rider.

A town at boiling point

Darren Forster was the manager of an Aboriginal ranger program in the goldfields when Hack was in Kalgoorlie last year and said you could feel something wasn't right following Elijah's death.

The tension in the town was seemingly building really rapidly."

"There seemed to be an instant kind of divide, you know, in what is quite a small community," he said.

At that time, some people in the community were angry the accused was charged with manslaughter, they thought Elijah's death was deliberate - that it was murder.

"There's a lot of desperation and despair in the Aboriginal community out here and I immediately feared an incident like this may be straw that broke the camel's back.

"There was lots of anger, and lots of sadness and lots of frustration immediately visible."

The court heard that in the days after Elijah's death, the accused's house was burnt down and his wife and children had to leave the state. No-one has been charged over the fire.

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The story behind the death that sparked a riot in Kalgoorlie

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In August last year a 56-year-old man killed Elijah Doughty while trying to recover a stolen motorbike. A Perth court found him not guilty of manslaughter, opting for the lesser charge of dangerous driving occasioning death. He's been sentenced to three years prison.

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Waleed Aly - Black Deaths Matter The Project

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Waleed Aly - Black Deaths Matter The Project

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Rage Against The Machine - Killing In The Name

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Rage Against The Machine - Killing In The Name

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Rage Against The Machine - Killing In the Name (Official Video)

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Student Activity

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Popular resistance to civil rights legislation

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Links to Closing the Gap and disparity between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous life expectancy

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Welcome to the Whitehaven Retirement Home.

If you got a kick out of Briggs' latest single, 'Life Is Incredible', chances are the music video is going to have the same effect.

The single, Briggs' first release since the end of A.B. Original's Reclaim Australia cycle, courted mixed reactions (as expected) when it debuted earlier this month.

Looking past the tongue-in-cheek tone though, there lies a very real and serious message in Briggs' lyricism, one that comes through in the music video.

Directed by Dylan River and featuring appearances from the likes of AFL legend Adam Goodes and actors Nakkiah Lui and Shari Sebbens, the 'Life Is Incredible' takes place at the Whitehaven Retirement Home, where we see some of its younger looking residents meeting an untimely demise.

It's a humorous way of presenting realities of white privilege and as he told triple j, the "disparity in the morality rate between Indigenous Australian and White Australians."

"I'm 32 years old (67 in White Years)," Briggs posted on social media today. "Blackfullas' life expectancy means we should be retiring "early" to enjoy the prime of our lives. So me and some friends checked into Whitehaven to see out our twilight.‬"

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Briggs puts mortality rates under a humorous spotlight with 'Life Is Incredible' video

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Welcome to the Whitehaven Retirement Home. If you got a kick out of Briggs' latest single, 'Life Is Incredible', chances are the music video is going to have the same effect. The single, Briggs' first release since the end of A.B. Original's Reclaim Australia cycle, courted mixed reactions (as expected) when it debuted earlier this month.

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Art of Emory Douglas (Black Panther) - The Guardian

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Art of Emory Douglas (Black Panther) - The Guardian

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Emory Douglas was an integral part of the Black Panther Party, joining as minister of culture in 1967 and designing artwork that became potent symbols of the movement. Although the party ceased to function from 1980, its legacy goes on, as does Douglas's work in an exhibition at Urbis, Manchester. The collection of newspaper illustrations, posters and pamphlets, of which this is just a selection, all bear his trademark imagery, and hard-hitting slogans, which inspired many to act.

Read an interview with Emory Douglas here

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The revolutionary art of Emory Douglas, Black Panther

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Emory Douglas was an integral part of the Black Panther Party, joining as minister of culture in 1967 and designing artwork that became potent symbols of the movement. Although the party ceased to function from 1980, its legacy goes on, as does Douglas's work in an exhibition at Urbis, Manchester.