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Parts of Northern Canada, green land Sweden, Russia, Iceland and Finland are in the arctic and takes up 1/6 of earth’s surface. The icebergs and glaciers from the arctic is where 20% of earth’s fresh water is kept. The lowest temperature ever recorded in the artic id -68 degrees. In winter, the sky is dark with no sun and in summer it receives a light for 24 hours for 6 months. There is around 1700 species of plants in the arctic, some being flowers, herbs grasses and mosses. All sorts of marine species, animals and insects live in the arctic including humans, there is currently 4 million people living in the arctic most of them being indigenous people.

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Antarctica is the largest cold desert in the world with an area of 14 milllion kilometers squared. Although it does not snow or rain often, the desert receives around 166 mm of rainfall each year.  After the rainfall, the snow does not melt and will keep on layering to form ice sheets. The average temperature ranges from -40 to -90 degrees depending on the season and the highest temperature ever recorded is -17.5. Ice sheets have risen up by over 0.5 degrees losing 11% of snow every decade due to climate change making our sea levels rise. Around 235 marine species live in Antarctica including the most common ones, penguins, seabirds whale seals (etc…), no human has yet to live in Antarctica permanently but has only visited by scientists who can live throughout the year

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Great Ocean Road, Wongarra VIC, Australia

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Great Ocean Road, Wongarra VIC, Australia

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Great Ocean Road, Wongarra VIC, Australia

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The great ocean road is a popular tourist destination that is 2 hours and 32 minutes away from Melbourne. It is famous for its beautiful beaches, waterfalls and bays including the 12 apostles, the great southwest walk the Otways and more! The most popular tourist destination is the 12 apostles, The 12 apostles were created 10-20 million years ago by the erosion (wind and waves) of limestone’s, where the cliffs were eroded to formed caves which eventually formed arches, overtime some collapsed which leaves us with eight left. The temperature in warmer months are 22 degrees and in the colder months, the average is 17 degrees.

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Great Victoria Desert Nature Reserve, Western Australia, Australia

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Great Victoria Desert Nature Reserve, Western Australia, Australia

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Great Victoria Desert Nature Reserve, Western Australia, Australia

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The great Victoria desert Is the largest desert in Australia with an area of 42,000,000 hectares (420000 square kilometers). The desert receives 200 to 250mm of rainfall each year making the land very dry. Instead, sand dunes, grass plains, pebbles (packed tightly together), small sand hills and water lakes characterize it. The great Victoria desert is located in Western Australia and Southern Australia and is shared among each other. Wallabies, snakes, birds and lizards live in the Victoria desert despite the lack of water and hot weather. Not only do animals live in the desert but aboriginal people who have lived in the desert for more than 24,000 years. The desert is scattered with Eucalyptus Gongylocarpa, Eucalyptus Youngiana and Mulga that can survive the harsh weather. The great Victoria desert has been used to test nuclear weapons which have affected the desert ecosystem with radiation. The average temperature in summer ranges from 32 to 40 degrees and in winter, the temperature ranges from 18 to 23 degrees. The great Victoria desert receives thunderstorms quite often with 15 to 20 each year.

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Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA

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Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA

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Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA

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Lake Cave, Conto Road, Forest Grove WA, Australia

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Lake Cave, Conto Road, Forest Grove WA, Australia

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Lake Cave, Conto Road, Forest Grove WA, Australia

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Mt Everest is located on the borderline of china (Tibet) and Nepal and is the tallest above sea level at a height of 8848 meters . The weather at Mt Everest can reach up to -60 degrees on colder days and in the warmer months it can reach up to -19 degrees depending where how high or low you are. Even with the harsh freezing weather around 4000 people have attempt to climb Mt Everest, 660 being successful and 307 people who passed away due to the harsh weather, unstable cliffs and health reasons. Mt Everest has many names for example ‘chomolung ma’ meaning “goddess of the word/vally” or ‘Sagarmatha’ in Sanskit meaning ‘peak of heaven’

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Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia

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Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia

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Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia

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The blue mountains are a popular tourist place that has 3 million people visiting every year, the mountain is said to be around 450 million years old near the bottom and gets younger as it gets higher. The highest peak in the blue mountains is Mt Piddington with a height of 1094 meters. The blue mountains air is blue because of the oil from eucalyptus trees in the atmosphere that is mixed together with water vapor and dust making it look blue. The blue mountains hold the famous three sisters, which was named by the aboriginals. They believed that 3 sisters named Meehni, Wimlah and Gunnedoo fell in love and married the three brothers from the Nepean tribe. Other than the three sisters you can take a stroll through the bush walks or go to shopping and stay for accommodation. The mountain receives around 850 mm of rainfall in the lower areas and in the upper area, they receive around 1050 mm each year. The average temperature is 16 degrees in colder months and in the hotter months the average temperature is 29 degrees, in winter, snow will fall on the upper part of the mountain for around 5 days and has generally gained a reputation for the snow.

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The Sahara desert is the largest hot desert in the world with an area of 9,000,000 square kilometers. It covers parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia, which takes up 31% of Africa. Despites Sahara’s hot weather and limited amount of water some animals have adapted to it, this includes 500 different types of species out in the Sahara desert, 70 being mammals, 90 being part of the avian species and 100 being part of the reptilian species along with insects. Around 2.5million humans live in the desert but are clustered together whenever there is fertile soil, water and some vegetation. The average temperature in the Sahara desert is 30 degrees but can exceed up to 50 degrees. The Sahara desert contains two main rivers the Nile and Niger river and 20 seasonal lakes. The Nile starts at central Africa then moves south through the desert, the Niger river goes through many country’s but is very important to the Sahara desert because it provides a huge amount water for the desert.

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The Yarra river is important to Melbourne as it is 242 km long and provides 70% of our piped water, it is also used to host cultural and sport events for the city. It was a major food source for the indigenous people in the prehistoric time and was also a meeting place for them. Many people may think that the Yarra river is much polluted due to the water colour, in fact it is the muddy water that has been eroded by clay soils. The Yarra river has several species of fish near the lower reaches of the river along with some jellyfishes. The name was originally called ‘Birrarung’ meaning ‘place of mist and shadows’ named by the Wurundjeri people but was changed to Yarra Yarra  by John Wedge meaning  ‘everflowing’ in the Warajari language. Along the banks of the Yarra river you can cycle, have a barbeque,  enjoy a picnic, or even go fishing.

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Halong bay is a bay located in northeastern Vietnam with around 7 million people visiting each year. The average temperature in Halong bay ranges from 15-25 degrees with two seasons hot and wet or cold and dry. Halong bay translates to “bay of descending dragon” which is a story about invaders entering Vietnam and a dragon saving them. The cliffs around the bay are made of limestone that give the place a breath taking view. The bay was formed by the erosion of limestone rocks. When the bay was first formed limestone rocks would reach a height of 1000 meters, then would started to erode, after erosion the rocks would have reduced in size making them what they are today. Many locals rely on the river for food and transportation.