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is a common problem in lenses which occurs when colors are incorrectly refracted (bent) by the lens, resulting in a mismatch at the focal point where the colors do not combine as they should.

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posterisation of an image entails conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another.

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Aliasing: a form of distortion that occurs when two elements of the signal being processed to form a digital image become indistinguishable from one another.
Moire Pattern: When odd stripes and patterns appear in your images, this is called a moiréeffect. This visual perception occurs when a fine pattern on your subject meshes with the pattern on the imaging chip of your camera, and you see a third separate pattern.

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Artifacts are the unwanted side-effects of processing an image. In this case, they result from the way data is compressed by the JPEG algorithm.

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Commonly seen on wide angle lenses, barrel distortion happens because the field of view of the lens is much wider than the size of the image sensor and hence it needs to be “squeezed” to fit.
Pincushion distortion is the exact opposite of barrel distortion – straight lines are curved outwards from the center.

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is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C

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A full-frame camera uses a sensor that's the same size as a single frame of traditional 35mm film, measuring 36 x 24mm. This means a full-frame sensor has more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor.

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An image sensor is an electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging device lens into a digital image.

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Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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byte kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte table

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byte kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte table

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1 Kilobyte (K / KB) = 2^10 bytes = 1,024 bytes. 1 Megabyte (M / MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes. 1 Gigabyte (G / GB) = 2^30 bytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes. 1 Terabyte (T / TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes.

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They brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted.

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an avant-garde movement in music characterized by the repetition of very short phrases which change gradually, producing a hypnotic effect.

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1. art based on modern popular culture and the mass media, especially as a critical or ironic comment on traditional fine art values.

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The avant-garde are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society. It may be characterized by nontraditional, aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability, and it may offer a critique of the relationship between producer and consumer.

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1. a 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature which sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images.

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A histogram is a graphical representation of the tonal values of your image. In other words, it shows the amount of tones of particular brightness found in your photograph ranging from black (0% brightness) to white (100% brightness).

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Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior .... or 'Academic' art of the nineteenth century which rejected the basic ambition of art in favour of a semi-photographic illusionism (often prettified)

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Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate.

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In photography and optics, a neutral-density filter, or ND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. It can be a colorless (clear) or grey filter, and is denoted by Wratten number 96.

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Cross processing (sometimes abbreviated to Xpro) is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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The honeycomb grid is a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. Or it can be fixed to an off-camera flash. The light shines through the gridand creates a tight beam of light. The aim is to create a focused beam with little diffusion.

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A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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In photography, a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam.

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A soft box is a type of photographic lighting device, one of a number of photographic soft light devices. All the various soft light types create even and diffused light by transmitting light through some scattering material, or by reflecting light off a second surface to diffuse the light.

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A monolight is a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each monolight has its own independent power source.

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Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them. The use ofappropriation has played a significant role in the history of the arts (literary, visual, musical and performing arts).

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In photography and cinematography, a multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images. The exposure values may or may not be identical to each other.

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Still life photography is a genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects. It is the application ofphotography to the still life artistic style. An example is food photography.

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In a nutshell, commercial photography means takingphotos for commercial use. And by commercial we mean for business, for sales, for money. Commercial photography is often associated with advertisements, sales pitches, brochures, product placements as well as merchandising.

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Aerial photography (or airborne imagery) is the taking ofphotographs from an aircraft or other flying object. ... Mounted cameras may be triggered remotely or automatically; hand-held photographs may be taken by aphotographer.

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Catch lights in a child's eyes.

Catch light or catchlight is a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image.

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In the Curves adjustment, you adjust points throughout an image’s tonal range.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A ring light is a simple lighting tool that is commonly used for beauty shots, portraits, and macro photography. ... When used in photography, it creates an attractive catch light on a subject's eyes while emitting even, diffused lighting that helps eliminate shadows

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Tilt–shift photography is the use of camera movements that change the orientation and/or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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The ambrotype (from Ancient Greek: ἀμβροτός — “immortal”, and τύπος — “impression”) or amphitype, also known as a collodion positive in the UK, is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light

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relating to or denoting a type of camera with internal processing that produces a finished print rapidly after each exposure.

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an image produced from a photographic negative transferred to a metal plate and etched in

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a photographic blueprint

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The chlorophyll process is an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive

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Split lighting is a technique that produces a sense of drama to a portrait. This form of lighting is when half of the subject's face is lit, while the other half is left dark. The light is evenly divided over the subject

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Rembrandt lighting is a lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography. It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment

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Description: Loop lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from about 45 degrees in front of them and above. This creates a nose shadow that 'loops' down at an angle onto their cheek. It is a slightly directional lighting pattern - the light is not flat, but the face is still mostly illuminated.

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Butterfly lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the key light is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly. It's also known as 'Paramount lighting,' named for classic Hollywood glamour photography

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Broad lighting is a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. ... Broad lighting is typically less flattering than short lighting as it widens the look of the face

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Short Lighting for Portrait Photography. by Rob Gray. Short lighting, by definition, refers to when the main light illuminates the side of the face that is turned away from the camera. This lets light fall on the narrow side of the face leaving a shadow on the broad side of the face, which is facing the camera