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https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health/index.shtml

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/chronic-illness-mental-health/index.shtml

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/men-and-depression/index.shtml

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The Catcher in the rye illustrates a young teen gerascophobia and depression caused by trauma early on in his life. Holden is afraid to grow up. He has been struggling with the death of his brother Allie .  Salinger touches on many of the different effects of depression including isolation,irritability, anger, lack of pleasure, fatigue, not being able to sleep, thoughts of death and suicide. We also see holden go through substance as he is using the alchohol as a crutch and escape from his mental health and real life.

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Thesis Statement:
Throughout the book, we learn a lot about Holden Caulfield and how he is going through a lot of difficult things in life. OCD is one thing that Holden shows lots of signs of in the novel, as he tends to continue to overthink lots of thoughts, which are primarily negative. He likes to have things understandable for him and for things to go his way. I also think Holden shows signs of depression.
Evidence/Reasoning:
One example of OCD is when he continues to see the "F*** You" signs at Phoebe's school, and instead of seeing it as a funny thing that kids do, it really bothered him and made him really mad and uncomfortable when he continued to see it. This shows me some signs of OCD, as Holden likes things in ways that make him feel satisfied and comfortable. A sign of depression in the novel that Holden shows is when he tells us about Ackley and Stradlater and his life at Pencey and how he doesn't really get along with them and doesn't feel like he fits in with the others there, and this shows a sign of loneliness that he's going through.
Sources: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/index.shtml
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-when-unwanted-thoughts-take-over/index.shtml

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Borderline personality disorder can be caused by multiple things in their childhood like "traumatic life events, such as abuse, abandonment, or adversity during childhood." The symptoms can include problems with relationships, variation in moods, and interests and values change quickly. Episodes containing anger, depression, and anxiety are part of the symptoms and can make it hard to understand which illness the person has. The symptoms usually show in early adolescence but can rarely show in childhood.  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml#pub3

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Holden suffers from depression and extreme mood swings. These are some of the most common symptoms of Bipolar disorder.

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Overview

Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (less extreme than mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy or unusually irritable. These mood swings can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment, behavior and the ability to think clearly.

Episodes of mood swings may occur rarely or multiple times a year. While most people will experience some emotional symptoms between episodes, some may not experience any.

Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, you can manage your mood swings and other symptoms by following a treatment plan. In most cases, bipolar disorder is treated with medications and psychological counseling (psychotherapy).
Bipolar disorder care at Mayo Clinic
Symptoms

There are several types of bipolar and related disorders. They may include mania or hypomania and depression. Symptoms can cause unpredictable changes in mood and behavior, resulting in significant distress and difficulty in life.

Bipolar I disorder. You've had at least one manic episode that may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may trigger a break from reality (psychosis).

Bipolar II disorder. You've had at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but you've never had a manic episode.

Cyclothymic disorder. You've had at least two years - or one year in children and teenagers - of many periods of hypomania symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms (though less severe than major depression).

Other types. These include, for example, bipolar and related disorders induced by certain drugs or alcohol or due to a medical condition, such as Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis or stroke.

Bipolar II disorder is not a milder form of bipolar I disorder, but a separate diagnosis. While the manic episodes of bipolar I disorder can be severe and dangerous, individuals with bipolar II disorder can be depressed for longer periods, which can cause significant impairment.

Although bipolar disorder can occur at any age, typically it's diagnosed in the teenage years or early 20s. Symptoms can vary from person to person, and symptoms may vary over time.

Mania and hypomania

Mania and hypomania are two distinct types of episodes, but they have the same symptoms. Mania is more severe than hypomania and causes more noticeable problems at work, school and social activities, as well as relationship difficulties. Mania may also trigger a break from reality (psychosis) and require hospitalization.

Both a manic and a hypomanic episode include three or more of these symptoms:

Abnormally upbeat, jumpy or wired

Increased activity, energy or agitation

Exaggerated sense of well-being and self-confidence (euphoria)

Decreased need for sleep

Unusual talkativeness

Racing thoughts

Distractibility

Poor decision-making - for example, going on buying sprees, taking sexual risks or making foolish investments

Major depressive episode

A major depressive episode includes symptoms that are severe enough to cause noticeable difficulty in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social activities or relationships. An episode includes five or more of these symptoms:

Depressed mood, such as feeling sad, empty, hopeless or tearful (in children and teens, depressed mood can appear as irritability)

Marked loss of interest or feeling no pleasure in all - or almost all - activities

Significant weight loss when not dieting, weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite (in children, failure to gain weight as expected can be a sign of depression)

Either insomnia or sleeping too much

Either restlessness or slowed behavior

Fatigue or loss of energy

Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt

Decreased ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness

Thinking about, planning or attempting suicide

Other features of bipolar disorder

Signs and symptoms of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders may include other features, such as anxious distress, melancholy, psychosis or others. The timing of symptoms may include diagnostic labels such as mixed or rapid cycling. In addition, bipolar symptoms may occur during pregnancy or change with the seasons.

Symptoms in children and teens

Symptoms of bipolar disorder can be difficult to identify in children and teens. It's often hard to tell whether these are normal ups and downs, the results of stress or trauma, or signs of a mental health problem other than bipolar disorder.

Children and teens may have distinct major depressive or manic or hypomanic episodes, but the pattern can vary from that of adults with bipolar disorder. And moods can rapidly shift during episodes. Some children may have periods without mood symptoms between episodes.

The most prominent signs of bipolar disorder in children and teenagers may include severe mood swings that are different from their usual mood swings.

When to see a doctor

Despite the mood extremes, people with bipolar disorder often don't recognize how much their emotional instability disrupts their lives and the lives of their loved ones and don't get the treatment they need.

And if you're like some people with bipolar disorder, you may enjoy the feelings of euphoria and cycles of being more productive. However, this euphoria is always followed by an emotional crash that can leave you depressed, worn out - and perhaps in financial, legal or relationship trouble.

If you have any symptoms of depression or mania, see your doctor or mental health professional. Bipolar disorder doesn't get better on its own. Getting treatment from a mental health professional with experience in bipolar disorder can help you get your symptoms under control.

When to get emergency help

Suicidal thoughts and behavior are common among people with bipolar disorder. If you have thoughts of hurting yourself, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately, go to an emergency room, or confide in a trusted relative or friend. Or contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use the Lifeline Chat. Services are free and confidential.

If you have a loved one who is in danger of suicide or has made a suicide attempt, make sure someone stays with that person. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Or, if you think you can do so safely, take the person to the nearest hospital emergency room.

Causes

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but several factors may be involved, such as:

Biological differences. People with bipolar disorder appear to have physical changes in their brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain but may eventually help pinpoint causes.

Genetics. Bipolar disorder is more common in people who have a first-degree relative, such as a sibling or parent, with the condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing bipolar disorder.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder or act as a trigger for the first episode include:

Having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with bipolar disorder

Periods of high stress, such as the death of a loved one or other traumatic event

Drug or alcohol abuse

Complications

Left untreated, bipolar disorder can result in serious problems that affect every area of your life, such as:

Problems related to drug and alcohol use

Suicide or suicide attempts

Legal or financial problems

Damaged relationships

Poor work or school performance

Co-occurring conditions

If you have bipolar disorder, you may also have another health condition that needs to be treated along with bipolar disorder. Some conditions can worsen bipolar disorder symptoms or make treatment less successful. Examples include:

Anxiety disorders

Eating disorders

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Alcohol or drug problems

Physical health problems, such as heart disease, thyroid problems, headaches or obesity

Prevention

There's no sure way to prevent bipolar disorder. However, getting treatment at the earliest sign of a mental health disorder can help prevent bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions from worsening.

If you've been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, some strategies can help prevent minor symptoms from becoming full-blown episodes of mania or depression:

Pay attention to warning signs. Addressing symptoms early on can prevent episodes from getting worse. You may have identified a pattern to your bipolar episodes and what triggers them. Call your doctor if you feel you're falling into an episode of depression or mania. Involve family members or friends in watching for warning signs.

Avoid drugs and alcohol. Using alcohol or recreational drugs can worsen your symptoms and make them more likely to come back.

Take your medications exactly as directed. You may be tempted to stop treatment - but don't. Stopping your medication or reducing your dose on your own may cause withdrawal effects or your symptoms may worsen or return.

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Bipolar disorder causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

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The attached brochure outlines how men might exhibit depression differently than women, specific symptoms related to depression in men, and types of depression. Might be helpful in gathering information for your essays!

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Multiple events in the book can lead the reader to come to the conclusion that Holden suffers from PTSD, depression, and quite possibly bipolar disorder. PTSD comes from traumatic experiences which can include abusive relationships, fighting in wars/battles, and deaths. Holden never seems stable in the book, and mentions Allie, his deceased brother, repetitively. This could be one of the leading causes to his mental illnesses. Salinger shows this by very clearly demonstrating Holden's outbursts, and his breakdowns regarding his brother.

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Holden Caufield shows signs of bipolar disorder throughout the novel, "The Catcher in the Rye". Through the author's choice of first person point of view, readers are able to see what Holden is thinking. Holden's thoughts and actions seem to be like those of one with bipolar disorder.

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Holden Caufield seems to have a few things going on in his head. His actions and thoughts can relate to a borderline personality disorder. The symptoms can tie into many different mental illnesses which can make it hard to identify at times. The symptoms can relate to how he can feel at times though. This disorder tend to make it problematic to form relationships with others, making them unstable and the person tends to avoid closeness. In the text, he tends to lie to others or simply push them away.

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According to the National Institute of Mental Health, PTSD occurs when a traumatic event occurs in someone's life and then can cause people to feel lonely and have very little motivation to do things that make people happy. Another symptom is having negative thoughts about oneself or the world. In the CATR there are multiple signs of Holden being unhappy and thinking about suicide. One example is when he is at his hotel after being beat up, he is angry and sad towards some of the people in his life and at the world and says that he wants to commit suicide. Some signs of depression in people are suicide, similarly to PTSD, but also extreme feelings of loneliness or doubt which can be seen in Holden as he can't decide what he wants in life and feels that nobody supports him, which prevents him from feeling happy.

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Holden Caulfield has symptoms of PTSD and depression. These disorders are connected and have many similar symptoms, including lack of sleep, fits of sadness or loneliness, and lack of motivation to do anything, especially activities that Holden has previously enjoyed.

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is very common and is often caused to do horrific events that may have been stressful to the person. These things include family passing away, war, and fights with people as well. We learn in the beginning of the novel that his brother Allie died early in his life and the fact that this was one of the only people Holden mentions he likes a lot could be him leading deeper.

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Holden Caufield seems to show symptoms of both PTSD and bipolar disorder. In this novel Holden tells us about experiences he has with losing his brother. this could have caused him to become the negative confused person that he is.

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From the book: Salinger's narration through first person point of view demonstrates the use of passive voice to prove that Holden is feeling isolated and it's a way to show protection. Salinger confirms that it's a coping mechanism and it illustrates that Holden has so many thoughts that his mind wanders off.
Other sources:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-the-basics/index.shtml
-From reading and gathering information on the symptoms of ADHD, Holden often gets distracted easily and doesn't always have a clear state of mind. He institutes some big goals/dreams when only being 16 years old and thinks he always has to be doing something so he doesn't become bored such as spending money, going on a date, or being kind and helping out someone who is in need.

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Thesis Statement/Evidence - Adam Boudrero

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Thesis Statement/Evidence - Adam Boudrero

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Holden Caufield shows very strong symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, including but not limited to, loss of interest in previous activities, feeling socially isolated, and negative thoughts about oneself and the world.
Evidence from book:
Holden Caufield has an entire discussion with Phoebe about his lack of motivation and interest in anything. She asks him to say one thing that he likes, and he can't come up with one for the longest time until he says Allie, his dead brother.
Reasoning:
This is likely alluding to the source of his PTSD, and his internal denial and struggle against his own mind. He is in a depressive state and is unable to apply himself or enjoy the things in life because his mind is preoccupied with his PTSD. Holden is in pain, these symptoms almost directly match his character traits and prove that he has PTSD.

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Many events in the book show signs of Holden having early signs of psychosis and PTSD.
From the book: The novel's narration through first person shows how quickly Holden moves to different topics. He his a hard time concentrating or thinking clearly about one topic, he tends to ramble about things.
He shows uneasiness with others when it comes to going on a date with Sally or even his acquaintances from school.
Holden also talks heavily about his deceased brother, and reminisces about the past with him. He even goes as far as pretending like he is talking to Allie while crossing the street.
Other sources: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/understanding-psychosis/index.shtml
-Holden shows many of the symptoms of this illness and can teeter in and out of reality towards the end of the book especially while crossing the streets of NYC and talking to his dead brother.

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Holden Caulfield is a complex character that struggles with various illnesses and disorders throughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye.  As the reader, I think Holden is experiencing PTSD from losing his brother, is on the brink of schizoprenia with Borderline Personality Disorder, and struggles with a less severe form of ADHD.

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Holden Caulfield develops symptom factors that indicate he has been undergoing ADHD throughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Salinger reveals his case of ADHD through the interactions he has with several characters, the diverse symbols such as the red hunting cap and the ducks in the Lagoon, as well as first person point of view.

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Holden Caulfield shows signs of early psychosis throughout his trip back home, in the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Salinger displays many symptoms of psychosis through Holden's narration in the first-person point of view, Holden's challenges with others, and his obsession with the past and continuing to try and live in it.

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Evidence EXAMPLE: Type your evidence brainstorm in the same format as below.  

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Evidence EXAMPLE: Type your evidence brainstorm in the same format as below.  

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Evidence that Holden is suffering from Bipolar Disorder

FROM THE NOVEL:
-POV: Salinger uses stream of consciousness (SoC) to showcase Holden's roller coaster of emotions, going from extreme highs to extreme lows when talking about different aspects of his life.
FROM OTHER SOURCES:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml
-After reading through this list of symptoms, I feel like holden really exhibits a manic depressive state of mind. He often talks about how depressed or lonely he is, and we can see that he experiences very little sleep while he's in NYC.

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Thesis statement EXAMPLE: Type your thesis in the format seen below.

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Thesis statement EXAMPLE: Type your thesis in the format seen below.

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Holden Caulfield is experiencing early symptoms of bipolar disorder throughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Salinger showcases his symptoms through the use of first person point of view, the inclusion of symbols such as the red hunting cap and the ducks in the Central Park Lagoon, and through the interactions Holden has with several minor characters.
--Lilly Wadding