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The first treaty in 1851 set the boundaries of the Lakota Nation. This essentially marked the beginning of the reservation system. The Native American nations were meant to be completely sovereign, but this agreement was never really honored.

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Along with the first Fort Laramie Treaty, the Indian Appropriations Act created the reservation system. More specifically, the act forbade Native Americans from leaving their reservations without permission. Reservations were basically a way for the federal government to better supervise and control Indigenous populations.

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The Homestead Act gave land away for free to settlers. This was key in encouraging immigration to the western parts of the country. Most of the land given away, after all, was west of the Mississippi.

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An American militia massacred some four hundred Native Americans at Sand Creek. They had been apparently promised immunity. Such atrocities were a fairly persistent pattern in conflicts with Native Americans.

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Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad - 1869

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Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad - 1869

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The transcontinental railroad was incredibly beneficial to American commerce and colonization, as it improved transportation. However, its construction also decimated the buffalo herds that tribes on the plains relied on. This further spurred their decline.

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The Battle of Little Bighorn was one of the notable military victories of the Native Americans. It's the site of George Custer's famous last stand, where his calvary was crushed. In response, the American army relentlessly hunted the Native Americans who defeated him.

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The American government sought to wipe out Native American culture and assimilate them into society. Boarding schools were key in what was essentially cultural genocide. The most famous of these was the Carlisle Indian school, founded in 1879.

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The Dawes Act dissolved many tribes and divided up Indigenous land into small, 160-acre holdings. However, Native Americans weren't granted full control over their land until 25 years after receiving it. The rest of the land was sold for railroads and settlers.

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Wounded Knee reflects both the brutality of the US Army-Native American conflicts and the government's attitude towards Indigenous cultural traditions. The sacred Sun Dance had been outlawed thanks to pressure from Christian missionaries. Native Americans who were participating in the dance at Wounded Knee in 1890 were then massacred.

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United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians - 1980

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United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians - 1980

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The Supreme Court rules that the second Fort Laramie Treaty was violated when the government opened up land on the Sioux Nation to homesteaders. The court said that the Black Hills were illegally taken and the Sioux should be compensated. The tribe refused the money.