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Continental Congress First meeting (1774)

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Continental Congress First meeting (1774)

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The congress was established before the 13 colonies broke ties with England. The meeting took place on September 5thin Philadelphia to discuss common concerns between colonies. This group ran until 1781.

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As the Virginian delegate representative on June 7thhe “introduced a resolution that declared the “United Colonies” to be “free and independent states, that they are absorbed from all allegiances to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be totally dissolved”” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017).

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Was drafted (for the majority) by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th. The purpose of the declaration was to explain and declare full separation from Great Britain for the colonies. The document was signed by 56 delegates.

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Articles of Confederation & Perpetual Union (1781)

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Articles of Confederation & Perpetual Union (1781)

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Was embraced by the colonies which replaced the Continental Congress with Confederation Congress. The new congress did not hold authority over state level political entities. This became the first Constitution: “under the Articles of Confederation, the national government was responsible for negotiating treaties with foreign governments” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017). This also gave the national government the power of declaring war. Although they had these authorities’ taxes on trades and armies were under state level control.

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Daniel Shay led a Massachusetts group of farmers enraged with local government restrictions and regulations: “the rebels-angered by the poor state of economy, the imprisonment of small farmers who could not pay their debts, and court-ordered land forfeitures-took control of a number of courts and prevented them from operating” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017). Due to lack of control and formalities there were no response mechanisms to a rebellion. This showed massive national issues within the system.

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There was a growing need for the national authority will little political flexibility on the state level. The meeting was held in Philadelphia as past meetings had been and began on May 25 about 11 days behind schedule. Only 55/74 invited delegates attended the meeting that was result in the New Constitution. The meetings continued until September 17th when the New Constitution as signed by 39 delegates. There was a concern for individual rights to be included which resulted in the Bill of Rights “which ensured that government would not encroach upon civil liberties” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017).

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State Level Ratification Conventions (November 1787-May 1790)

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State Level Ratification Conventions (November 1787-May 1790)

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Each state would have the chance to read though the documents created and declare if they were for or against them implementing on the New Constitution. It was decided by the delegates that only 9/13 for votes were needed for the New Constitution to pass. By 1790 all sates were ratified.

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John Jay an author of the Federalist Paper was the first chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1789-1795. John Rutledge was also set to become a chief justice also in 1789 but never showed and later took the place of John Jay. Next Oliver Ellsworth took the rains from 1796-1800. The ruling from this period on the case of Chisholm v. Georgia led to the 11thAmendment.

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The states disapproved that the Bill of Rights were not included in the documents they received from the delegates. On November 3rd, 10/12 revisions made were officially ratified. The Bill of Rights protected individuals’ rights.

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John Marshall served as a Chief Justice on the Supreme Court. During his time on the Supreme Court Marshall he was “known for establishing the supremacy of the national government over the state government” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017). Marshall court took on many vital court cases.

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Roger Taney took over for John Marshall after his death in 1835. During his time in the Supreme Court the view point changed where “the courts philosophy changed from strongly nationalist to one favor the stats’ rights” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017).

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This was the time period directly after the Civil War where salves were freed and given legal status in the United States. Amendments were made to the Constitution: “the Thirteenth Amendment, was ratified in1865, forbids slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, has four sections, but the first is the most significant, as it provides that every state shall extend to all persons due process and equal protection of the law” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017).

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The next individuals to hold a chair on the Supreme Court was (in chronological order) Salmon Chase, Morrison Waite, Melville Fuller, Edward White, and William Taft. The viewpoint and philosophy changed during their time as chief justices: “the Fourteenth Amendment was used to limit the power of the states to regulate intrastate commerce” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017).

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This era took place during the Great Depression-the United States was in great economic distress. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to help correct the crisis. His plan knows as The New Deal “included significant federal government involvement in economic matters. A number of programs were created with the intention of stimulating the economy” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017). During this time Roosevelt became frustrated with the judicial system and the ruling being made which lead to the his “court-packing” plan: “in an effort to “pack” the Court with justices sympathetic to his objectives” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017). Eventually his motives and ideas towards to court system were seen has him trying to control the system and outcomes which was then shut down by Congress. This brought out issues that could occur in the system.

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Earl Warren became the new chief justice in 1953 and was known for protecting civil rights. During this time “much constitutional law was established” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017

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Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Ruling (1954)

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Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Ruling (1954)

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The result of the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka where given on May 17thand resulted on the ruling of “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” (N/A, 2020). This overruling the results from a previous court case Plessy vs. Ferguson and was one of their first major steps to diversifying the educational system.

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After Earl Warren retired Warren Burger took over. Burger Court was seen as “more conservative than the Warren Court, it was not activist in its approach” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017). The Burger Court was seen to continue on the same path as Warren Court protecting civil rights at the beginning but that soon ended as it “maintained the status quo, neither disturbing precedent nor engaging in social engineering” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017). Many important cases occurred during Burger Court pertaining to “freedom of speech, the rights of racial minorities, and the rights of women” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017).

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The Bilingual Act or the Title VII became a law. The law followed these guidelines: “'A) individuals who were not born in the U.S. or whose native language is a language other than English; B) individuals who come from environments where a language other than English is dominant; and C) individuals who are American Indian or Alaska Natives and who come from environments where a language other than English has had a significant impact on their level of English language proficiency; and who, by reason thereof, have sufficient difficulty speaking, reading, writing, or understanding the English language to deny such individuals the opportunity to learn successfully in classrooms where the language of instruction is English or to participate fully in society” (Kipp, 2002). It was later replaced by the No Child Left Behind Act.

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The Rehabilitation Act became a law in 1973. The law ensures that all “civil rights for people with disabilities in the context of federally funded institutions and requires accommodations in schools including participation in programs and activities as well as access to buildings” (N/A, 2020). This law is still used today to protect students who need assistance but do not qualify for special education programs.

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William Rehnquist took on the role of associate justice in 1972 and followed Warren Burger as chief justice in 1986. This era the courts became more conservative than the past specifically for cases focused on economic and state rights. Once major case that the Rehnquist Court took on pertained to women’s rights to abortions based on situational standings.

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In 2005 John G. Roberts took over as chief justice for William Rehnquist. There have been many changes justices during this court making it hard to grasp a full read. Eventually “the court was evenly split between conservative and liberal justices with one moderately conservative “swing” justice” (Feldmeier & Hall, 2017).

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The Higher Education Opportunity Act (2008)

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The Higher Education Opportunity Act (2008)

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This is a revisional Act to the Higher Education Act “and includes major changes in student loan eligibility for people with cognitive disabilities as well as other changes to federal financial aid programs” (N/A, 2020). This law also required schools to have response notification systems in place to communicate emergences taking place on campus grounds. This law doesn’t take away the impactful aspects on the original Higher Education Act but increases its value and protective nature.

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Coronavirus is deemed as a pandemic on March 11thby the World Health Organization which is soon translated into a national emergency. State officials close all non-essential business and schools of all levels transition to complete to year through virtual education classes. Schools are also required to submit their plans for the upcoming school year of how they plan to instill social distancing in the classrooms and safety precautions for all students and staff.