# data[].attributes.body
Présentation du chapitre. Photo de New York, brainstorming sur les personnalités/monuments connus par les élèves. L’ambiance de NY, la ville de rêve : travail sur la chanson Empire State of Mind.

# data[].attributes.body
Worksheet

# data[].attributes.body
Best of New York

# data[].attributes.body
Top 10 places to visit in NYC

# data[].attributes.body
Boardgame

# data[].attributes.body
New York City food specialties

# data[].attributes.body
Multilinguism in New York City !

# data[].attributes.body
What makes a NYC kid ?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1. Some ride the subway alone. Others cannot leave home unescorted. They hang out on Broadway and at Target. They play on the swings with the little kids, then bike home in the dark through traffic-choked streets. They exchange daily pleasantries with doormen and bodega owners and grapple with the incomprehensible fact that some people sleep on the sidewalk.

They are New Yorkers of a certain age: 13, give or take a year or two, straddling the border of childhood and adolescence. And as they move toward independence, the city's opportunities and diversions, challenges and frustrations come into focus. This is an unusual place to grow up - sometimes magical, sometimes impossible. But it is home.

There are nearly half a million New Yorkers ages 11 to 15. If they were their own city, it would be bigger than Atlanta or Miami. They are more like their own planet. We spent several weeks there, exploring what makes a New York kid a New York kid.

In many ways, of course, children in New York are like their counterparts elsewhere. Their lives are filled up with school and screens and friends and sports and siblings and parents. Backpacks are essential. They are partial to fast food and chain restaurants, and when we asked several dozen of them their favorite place in the city, the most popular answer by far was Times Square.

But there are differences, too. New York kids seem to worry about their safety more than most. They deal with a competitive high school admissions process that can be as nerve-racking as picking a college. They often have a hard time finding places to play, or simply a place of peace and quiet amid the cramped city's unceasing roar.

Sonia Smith, 11, lives in a second-floor apartment overlooking the Grand Concourse, the Bronx's main thoroughfare. All night long, the traffic thrums, the whoosh broken up by occasional honks and sirens and slamming doors.

Yet it brings her comfort.

"I like the noise; it helps me sleep at night," Sonia said. "I feel like I know the city is still awake and protecting me."

2. It's 6:15 a.m. and still dark in the South Bronx when Fanta Diop and her mother leave their 14th-floor apartment in the Melrose Houses. Their only companions on the elevator ride down are a scatter of junk-food wrappers and a suspicious puddle.

On chilly Courtlandt Avenue, Fanta's pace quickens as they cross 151st Street. "My mom likes to go that way, but I don't," she says. Her caution is well founded. A man was murdered on the block in May. Another man was killed right in front of Fanta's building in August.

Fanta and her mother head for 149th Street, a boulevard coming awake. Here there are people. Fanta's mom gives her a hug at the top of the subway stairs.

"My job is finished," she says. "Good luck with your test. Love you."

The No. 2 train comes quickly. No seats, but not sardines yet either. Fanta finds a spot by the door between a tall man in construction boots gripping a coffee and a woman glued to her phone.

I don't like to be alone, because I don't feel safe."

Fanta is 13 and has been taking the train alone to De La Salle Academy in Manhattan since she was 11. Like any seasoned commuter, she leans against the "Do not lean on door" sign. She is the only child on the train.

She pulls out a workbook on Greek and Latin roots and starts memorizing and mouthing words. Nuntiare and vocare. Enunciate, renounce, pronouncement, invoke, provocative, revoke.

At 135th Street, she fishes out a composition book and pores over her notes from her adolescent psychology class.

"I learned about solitary confinement, that it raises anxiety," Fanta says, "and that is why I don't like to be alone, because I don't feel safe." Coming home after school, there is no one to meet her at the train. Her mother is at work, as a food server at a hospital.

Fanta gets out at 42nd Street. Up the escalator, and now it's morning in Times Square, the lights of McDonald's and Crumbs Bake Shop flashing and dancing.

She calls her mom. "I'm walking," she tells her.

Fanta buys a bagel at a deli on Eighth Avenue. "How's your day going?" she asks the familiar face behind the counter. "So far so good," the man says.

Fanta says goodbye and rounds the corner, drawn to the warmth of school.

3. This is what's in Layah Jones's neon-rainbow backpack with butterfly wings: day planner, language arts binder, math notebook, Spanish and math and drama and work and study skills folders, copy of " The Giver" by Lois Lowry, Rubik's cube, wallet, combination lock, plastic pouch of pens and pencils and stapler and white-out and highlighters.

This is what's in her rubber swim bag: swimsuit, towel, swim cap, goggles, flip-flops.

This is what's crammed into her little pink lunch bag to sustain her for a day that starts at 7 a.m. and ends after 8 p.m.: red grapes, Twinkie, potato chips, chocolate pudding, Jell-O with fruit, zipper bag of Lucky Charms, snack mix.

This is what else she is taking when she leaves her apartment in Canarsie, Brooklyn, bound for Mark Twain Middle School eight miles away: a takeout container of leftover chicken teriyaki in an Arden B. shopping bag, one Thermos of lemonade and, finally, a huge binder for science and social studies that doesn't fit in any of her other bags.

"Wait, Mom, did you pack the pretzels?" Layah asks the blur running around the kitchen.

One seat for each of us and one seat for our stuff."

"No, I didn't."

Layah, who is 12 and in seventh grade, checks to make sure she did all of her homework. She peeks in on Licorice the gerbil. "Bye, Licorice!"

Layah is getting a ride to school from her mother, but after school she has to take a shuttle bus and then a one-hour city bus ride to swim practice near her home. These are the logistics of life in New York, where parents (and kids) go the extra mile - many extra miles - to find a good school. Mark Twain, in Coney Island, draws bright kids from all over the city.

"Me and my friend take up three seats on the bus," Layah says. "One seat for each of us and one seat for our stuff."

She doesn't mind the long hours and the armfuls of supplies. "I carry this through the school day," she says with a shrug. She likes the bus ride because she gets to talk to her friend.

On her way out of the apartment, Layah puts a long blue open sweater over her T-shirt and leggings.

Her mom gives her a scowl.

"What?" Layah asks. "It's O.K."

"That's my sweater."

4. On Tuesdays, Edward Sherman has class outside.

He climbs to the top of Great Hill in Central Park and meets up with two dozen other kids, and they spend a couple of hours playing Wayfinders - smacking each other with foam swords.

Then he takes the subway home. Or he might go hang out with a friend at Starbucks.

Other days he can be found taking a philosophy course at a church in Harlem, or studying Revolutionary history at the New-York Historical Society, or going to logic class or the math tutor.

Edward, 13, has been home schooled ever since he dropped out of preschool. The city is his classroom. He has been navigating it by himself since he was 10 or 11, and he cannot imagine life any other way.

If I get lost, it means I haven't been there before."

"I really like being independent, being able to say to my parents, 'I'm going outside and I might be back at 4 or I might be back at 6,'" he says. "I might go to the gym, or I might go to the movies, or I might go skating in the winter." He has a job, too, taking a younger home-school student to a class.

He does get lost sometimes traveling around the city. But that is part of the fun. "If I get lost," he says, "it means I haven't been there before."

Edward also does four or five hours of homework a day - an online math class, English assignments, a science course, "reading analytically about Harry Potter from a philosophical standpoint and writing little essays that I email to my mom" (who is a playwright).

And he is writing a book, about the "pretty weird" month and a half he spent attending seventh grade in his local public middle school in Inwood to prepare himself for high school next year.

Edward knows it will be a change, but he is looking at high schools that offer students wide latitude to choose their classes. Going to high school, he says, "leads to greater options looking at colleges - I'm just thinking ahead a little bit."

5. Nicholas Lo and his friends Zejun and Devin are crossing Allen Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.

Nicholas, 13, holds his skateboard in his right hand and manages to eat a slice of pizza off a paper plate he holds in his left. "It's a skill," Zejun says. "A New York kid skill."

Nicholas's friends are still in the uniforms of the charter school where they're all in eighth grade. Nicholas, taller, has changed into T-shirt and sweatpants.

They cut down Essex to Canal to East Broadway to Jefferson, three kids traipsing through Chinatown, back to Nicholas's old stamping grounds: the Little Flower Playground.

By the swings there are little one-person merry-go-rounds. Nicholas hops on one and accelerates - until his phone and keys go flying out of his pocket. He stumbles off, wobbling across the playground. "I spun too fast!"

For almost his whole life, Nicholas has lived with his extended family in the great immigrant tradition: first in a tenement on Market Street with many relatives ("maybe 10?"), then above this playground, in an apartment with his grandmother and mother and aunt and uncle and two cousins.

A couple of months ago, he and his mother got their own place, two neighborhoods away, in public housing along the East River in Alphabet City. "Our first home," says Nicholas's mother, Sam Lee, a hotel housekeeper.

It is newly renovated, clean and as quiet as Grandma's apartment was crowded and full of life.

Nicholas has not quite gotten used to it.

"My mom comes home from work and she's too tired to do anything but cook," he says. "Then she just watches her computer while I sit around and do my homework."

Devin goes up to a friend's apartment and comes down with Nerf dart guns. As the light fades, the boys shoot and dodge and run around the bust of Fiorello H. La Guardia.

Dusk settles. Zejun and Devin head for their apartments a few blocks away.

Nicholas gets on a CitiBike and pedals home to Alphabet City, skateboard laid across the front basket.

6. Dorothy Maskara of Sunnyside, Queens, was 3 when she saw the Broadway musical "Legally Blonde" for the first time. "When the curtains go up, I was like, Oh, my gosh, it's like a whole house on the stage!"

Dorothy saw the show nine more times.

At age 12, she has seen 40 or 50 shows (it helps when your mother worked for a company that designs theater merchandise, as hers did).

It is a Wednesday afternoon. Dorothy pauses on her way to singing lessons in the theater district and offers a whirlwind tour of some of her favorite spots.

She walks among the crowds as dazzled as a first-timer. "I love Times Square because it's so loud, and I'm really loud," she yells. "I can relate to Times Square."

Past the marquees showing "Matilda" ("loved it!") and "Phantom of the Opera" ("loved it!") to her favorite place that isn't a theater, the Theater Circle gift shop.

The store sells Lights of Broadway trading cards. Dorothy collects them. "I actually have my binder with me just in case I meet another theater nerd." She got her Jonathan Groff card signed at Broadway Con during the January snowstorm. ("Oh, my gosh it was so crazy!")

Around the corner from Theater Circle, Dorothy presses a buzzer of a worn tenement building. She follows her voice teacher up the stairs to his small studio, which is also his living quarters. The setting is, in its own way, thrillingly glamorous.

For auditions at performing arts high schools, Dorothy is learning " My New Philosophy," Sally's showcase from "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown." Most of her lesson, though, is warm-ups and exercises. "Think think think think," Dorothy sings in descending arpeggio.

"Now this time get bratty and give me more space," her teacher says.

"Oh, I don't like bratty."

"You have to do bratty."

Dorothy squinches up her face and her "thinks" take on a sour-apple quality.

"Can you do bratty but without bratty face?" the teacher asks.

"Think think think think," Dorothy sings. "Think think think think."

"Yes!"

7. "Natassia & Michael's Garden," reads the green sign with the cutout flowers on it.

It marks a small, verdant plot inside Pleasant Village Community Garden in East Harlem. "This is my dinosaur kale," says Natassia Rodriguez, the girl behind the sign (Michael is her little brother). "Here we have the ruby red chard. This is cilantro. This is a type of lettuce. This is more carrots."

Natassia, 12, has been tending this patch since last year. "I eat a lot of herbs that come from my plot," she says, "like basil, oregano, dill. I can't remember the last time I bought herbs from a supermarket."

She goes to another part of the garden, a rectangle of space facing 118th Street with an open grassy area and a little field of wildflowers. Grape vines hang above lounge chairs.

I eat a lot of herbs that come from my plot like basil, oregano, dill. I can't remember the last time I bought herbs from a supermarket."

"This is the back space," Natassia says. "I had my birthday party here. One night we came here looking at fireflies."

Lately, she has gotten involved in politics.

"Now the city is maybe going to take the land and build skyscrapers," Natassia says. The back space has been designated for an affordable housing project.

"They look at the gardens and all they see is vacant lots," she says. "There's a lot of other places they can build. I don't know why they want to build here."

She attends local community board meetings now. "You can find stuff going on before it happens," she says, "because I don't like stuff coming at me at random."

Last year, she stood out on Pleasant Avenue to collect signatures for a petition to save the back space.

"People said they basically signed because of me, because I'm a kid," Natassia says. "They said, 'For you, yes.'"

8. Joe Pacheco walks, pauses, shoots, walks, pauses, shoots.

It's Columbus Day, and he is one of 10 children at a photography workshop offered by the Bronx Documentary Center, a community resource and gallery in Melrose, one of the city's poorest neighborhoods. "At first I was forced to come here, by my mom," says Joe, who is 14. "Then I realized I liked it."

The kids have been given fancy Fuji cameras and instructions to simply photograph whatever catches their eye.

A young man in a white hooded sweatshirt leans against a light post at 149th Street and Third Avenue. Click. Joe shows him the picture. "I don't like it," the young man says. "It's ugly."

"I don't care, it's him," Joe says as he crosses the street.

Most of the kids hang together, shooting the same scenes or taking pictures of one another. Joe wanders off, drawn by details the others don't notice.

A black Mercedes drives slowly by, followed by a white BMW. Click. "See that?" Joe says. "That's not going to happen again. Oh! Look at those children playing." Little kids behind a wrought-iron gate across the street are climbing the gate.

A scraggly plant resembling a miniature tree sprouts from a sidewalk crack. Click. Why did you shoot that? "It's all alone," Joe says.

He shoots a streetscape: tall buildings receding into V-shape infinity beneath a wedge of brilliant blue sky. "It's the New York City version of the never-ending road," Joe says. "The yellow brick road."

The workshop group walks past a little plaza at a bus stop on Bergen Avenue where people are gathered, some looking strung out. Joe stops, turns back, clicks on a man breathing into his hands in the chill, hunkered, waiting for a bus or something else.

"I didn't want to get too close," Joe says. "Looks like he's having a bad day."

9. Revon Bailey throws open his arms toward the wall of blaring TV screens.

"This," he says, "is my favorite part of Target."

Revon is at the Target at the Atlantic Terminal mall in Brooklyn, across from Barclays Center. It is after school on a Friday. He has already shot hoops at the Y and visited his mother at her job at Lane Bryant in Downtown Brooklyn.

He doesn't have to be home until 8:30. He doesn't particularly like hanging out near his apartment in Bedford-Stuyvesant.

So he wanders the electronics department, grazing among the gaming stations. He plays Pokemon Tournament on Xbox, Lego Marvel's Avengers on PS4, Super Mario Maker on Wii.

His older sister Raven has come, too. She has a box of Pepperidge Farm Tahoe cookies and offers them around. She sits down on an empty shelf. "It's relaxing and quiet and calm here," she says.

Revon comes to Target two or three times a week, sometimes for a couple of hours. The red-shirted clerks don't pester him. Some nod to him. He rarely buys anything.

On the way to the toys section, Revon is intercepted by a tall girl in braids, Shaniece. She shakes his hand: "I know it was your birthday the other day." Revon just turned 15, just started at Cobble Hill High School for American Studies.

Shaniece heads off to an aisle where a group of girls have pulled beanbag chairs off the shelf and are hanging out on the floor.

Revon sticks with the toys. He pushes the button on a Star Wars Imperial Storm Trooper. "Ready for action!"

He drifts in the aisles, touching toys for a second, examining them, and moving on.

"A lot of things here I wish I had."

Material to spiritual: A week later, Revon is at his church. He changes out of his skatewear T-shirt into one that says Elite Mime Ministry.

He jockeys for space at a dressing-room mirror with about 10 other kids in the mime ministry of Pleasant Grove Tabernacle Baptist Church. They are all putting on whiteface makeup. "I'm proud of myself," Revon says as he dabs his on, a clean, oval mask. "Never did this so perfect before." A girl named Aaliyah puts black lipstick on his lips and eyebrows to make them stand out.

Then it is showtime in the church, housed in an old movie palace on Fulton Street. Soaring gospel music pounds from the speakers. The mime dancers bring it to life. Revon takes a solo, grappling the air and lofting his white-gloved hands in prayer to the sky-blue ceiling.

10. One of Alyssa Dass's favorite things to eat is katahar curry. Made with the flesh and seeds of a large green spike-covered fruit, it is thick and green-gold and dense with spice, and tastes like the homeland Alyssa has never seen, a country on the north end of South America.

"It reminds me of my Indian heritage and my Guyanan heritage," says Alyssa, 12, as she dabs some up at Three Sisters and Shanta's Bakery and Restaurant in the heart of Little Guyana in Queens.

Alyssa's ancestry has not always been just a source of pride. For years, she went to a private school where she was bullied for how she looked and who she was.

"They pulled my hair because my hair was different and because I was Indian," she says. "They would make jokes about Indian people working at 7-Eleven." It did not help her that she was also the smallest girl in class and had two rows of teeth because her baby teeth were late to fall out.

It's so stressful that in seventh grade you have to start studying for high school."

This year, Alyssa transferred to a public school where, despite her parents' worries, no one is picking on her. Her teeth are fixed now, and she has become an antibullying activist - an interest that helped her win the International Junior Miss Preteen pageant this year.

Now she is free to focus on the concerns that her classmates worry about, like where she will go to high school. For New York City middle school students, that means extra exams on top of the usual standardized tests, scouting trips to prospective schools, and sometimes auditions, all while maintaining the grades that help determine admissions.

"It's so stressful that in seventh grade you have to start studying for high school," Alyssa says. "My mom is from Long Island and she was talking about how easy it is. Wherever you live, you just move from one school to the next."

11. In deep center field, five boys stand under the lights on an October school night, taking their turns.

The coach, 250 feet away, hits high fly balls that disappear in the lights and descend somewhere in the vicinity of a glove.

Alex Miller, a 13-year-old with big glasses, waits for the ball to drop.

The field is in the middle of Staten Island, but it feels like anywhere. The grass is real. Big mushrooms sprout from it. Beyond the left-field line is a parking lot with pickup trucks and S.U.V.s. Behind the outfield fence are thick woods. The sky is empty except for the half-moon. This, too, is New York City.

The boys wear yellow-gold shirts with a big P for the New York Prospects of the United States Amateur Baseball League. Alex's number is 28. The ball finds his glove with a satisfying pock.

I think all my work is going to help me get better."

Alex's team has a game coming up, but tonight is about fundamentals. The coach calls the boys in to practice leads and steals. "When my head goes home," the coach says, "you push, push, push, go!" The coach throws toward first base. Alex and two other boys dive back to the bag.

Alex has been working on fundamentals since he was 5. Hours in his garage smacking home runs off a batting tee into a blanket hung on a hook, crouching in a catcher's stance as his father pitches to him on the front lawn.

"I think all my work is going to help me get better, to play for my high school team, hopefully college, and hopefully the major leagues," he says. If baseball doesn't work out, he might be an architect.

The coach is on the pitcher's mound now. This is Alex's first year on a field with big-league dimensions. It has been an adjustment. Alex takes his cuts. Grounder. Line drive. "Nice," the coach says. Line drive. "Nice." Pop fly to second. Pop fly to second.

At the game three days later, Alex hits a double and a triple. His team wins 5-4.

12. Thanks to these organizations for their help with this project: the Bronx Documentary Center; the Children's Aid Society; Fannie Lou Hamer Freedom High School; Girl Scouts of Greater New York; Great Oaks Charter School - New York City; Greater New York Councils - Boy Scouts of America; the Jewish Community Center of Staten Island; the New York Public Library Great Kills branch on Staten Island; the Queens Museum; and the Y.M.C.A. of Greater New York.

Produced by Angelica McKinley, Jacky Myint and Amy Zerba.

Yousur Al-Hlou, Jeffrey E. Singer and Amy Zerba contributed reporting.

Correction: Oct. 21, 2016

An earlier version of this article misstated the grade that Edward Sherman attended for part of last school year. He attended seventh grade, not eighth grade.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Some ride the subway alone. Others cannot leave home unescorted. They hang out on Broadway and at Target. They play on the swings with the little kids, then bike home in the dark through traffic-choked streets. They exchange daily pleasantries with doormen and bodega owners and grapple with the incomprehensible fact that some people sleep on the sidewalk.

# data[].attributes.body
Worksheet

# data[].attributes.body
Tâche intermédiaire : travail d'écriture

# data[].attributes.body
Ellis Island

# data[].attributes.body
PRL le prétérit

# data[].attributes.body
Exercices

# data[].attributes.body
Irregular verbs raggae

# data[].attributes.body
9.11

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
World Trade Center

On September 11, 2001, at 8:45 a.m. on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City.

The impact left a gaping, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors.

As the evacuation of the tower and its twin got underway, television cameras broadcasted live images of what initially appeared to be a freak accident. Then, 18 minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767-United Airlines Flight 175-appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and sliced into the south tower near the 60th floor.

The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning debris over surrounding buildings and onto the streets below. It immediately became clear that America was under attack.

Osama bin Laden

The hijackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by the al Qaeda terrorist organization of Saudi fugitive Osama bin Laden, they were allegedly acting in retaliation for America's support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military presence in the Middle East.

Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and had taken flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. Others had slipped into the country in the months before September 11 and acted as the "muscle" in the operation.

Where Did the 9/11 Planes Take Off From?

The 19 terrorists smuggled box-cutters and knives through security at three East Coast airports-Logan International Airport in Boston, Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C. and Newark International Airport in New Jersey-and boarded four early-morning flights bound for California, chosen because the planes were loaded with fuel for the long transcontinental journey. Soon after takeoff, the terrorists commandeered the four planes and took the controls, transforming ordinary passenger jets into guided missiles.

Pentagon Attack

As millions watched the events unfolding in New York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., before crashing into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m.

Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete building, which is the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense.

All told, 125 military personnel and civilians were killed in the Pentagon, along with all 64 people aboard the airliner.

Twin Towers Collapse

Less than 15 minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke.

The structural steel of the skyscraper, built to withstand winds in excess of 200 miles per hour and a large conventional fire, could not withstand the tremendous heat generated by the burning jet fuel.

At 10:30 a.m., the north building of the twin towers collapsed. Only 18 people in the World Trade Center towers at the time of the collapse survived. Most were with a group of FDNY firefighters in the North Tower's Stairwell B, which remained intact. One woman survived after the stairs she was rushing down disintegrated around her. Almost 10,000 others were treated for injuries, many severe.

Flight 93

Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane- United Flight 93-was hijacked about 40 minutes after leaving Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone and Airfone calls to the ground.

Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned an insurrection.

One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett, Jr., told his wife over the phone that "I know we're all going to die. There's three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey." Another passenger-Todd Beamer-was heard saying "Are you guys ready? Let's roll" over an open line.

Sandy Bradshaw, a flight attendant, called her husband and explained that she had slipped into a galley and was filling pitchers with boiling water. Her last words to him were "Everyone's running to first class. I've got to go. Bye."

The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped toward the ground at upwards of 500 miles per hour, crashing in a rural field near Shanksville in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m.

All 44 people aboard were killed. Its intended target is not known, but theories include the White House, the U.S. Capitol, the Camp David presidential retreat in Maryland or one of several nuclear power plants along the eastern seaboard.

How Many People Died in the 9/11 Attacks?

A total of 2,996 people were killed in the 9/11 attacks, including the 19 terrorist hijackers aboard the four airplanes. Citizens of 78 countries died in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania.

At the World Trade Center, 2,763 died after the two planes slammed into the twin towers. That figure includes 343 firefighters and paramedics, 23 New York City police officers and 37 Port Authority police officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped on higher floors.

At the Pentagon, 189 people were killed, including 64 on American Airlines Flight 77, the airliner that struck the building. On Flight 93, 44 people died when the plane crash-landed in Pennsylvania.

America Responds to the Attacks

At 7 p.m., President George W. Bush, who was in Florida at the time of the attacks and had spent the day being shuttled around the country because of security concerns, returned to the White House.

At 9 p.m., he delivered a televised address from the Oval Office, declaring, "Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve."

In a reference to the eventual U.S. military response he declared, "We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them."

Operation Enduring Freedom, the American-led international effort to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and destroy Osama bin Laden's terrorist network based there, began on October 7. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued, as U.S. and coalition forces attempted to defeat a Taliban insurgency campaign based in neighboring Pakistan.

Osama bin Laden, the mastermind behind the September 11th attacks, remained at large until May 2, 2011, when he was finally tracked down and killed by U.S. forces at a hideout in Abbottabad, Pakistan. In June 2011, then-President Barack Obama announced the beginning of large-scale troop withdrawals from Afghanistan; it took until August 2021 for all U.S. forces to withdraw.

Department of Homeland Security Is Created

In the wake of security fears raised by 9/11 and the mailing of letters containing anthrax that killed two and infected 17, The Homeland Security Act of 2002 created the Department of Homeland Security. It was signed into law by President George W. Bush on November 25, 2002. Today, the Department of Homeland Security is a cabinet responsible for preventing terror attacks, border security, immigrations and customs and disaster relief and prevention.

The act was followed two days later by the formation of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. The bipartisan " 9/11 Commission," as it came to be known, was charged with investigating the events that lead up to September 11th. The 9/11 Commission Report was released on July 22, 2004. It named Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the accused mastermind behind 9/11, "the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks."

Mohammed led propaganda operations for al Qaeda from 1999-2001. He was captured on March 1, 2003 by the Central Intelligence Agency and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and interrogated before being imprisoned in Guantanamo Bay detention camp with four other accused terrorists charged with 9/11-related war crimes. The use of torture, including waterboarding, during Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's interrogation has received international attention. In August 2019, a U.S. military court judge in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba set a trial date for Mohammed and the other four men charged with plotting the 9/11 terrorist attacks to begin in 2021; it was later postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Economic Impact of 9/11

The 9/11 attacks had an immediate negative effect on the U.S. economy. Many Wall Street institutions, including the New York Stock Exchange, were evacuated during the attacks. On the first day of trading after the attacks, the market fell 7.1 percent, or 684 points. New York City's economy alone lost 143,000 jobs a month and $2.8 billion wages in the first three months. The heaviest losses were in finance and air transportation, which accounted for 60 percent of lost jobs. The estimated cost of the World Trade Center damage is $60 billion. The cost to clean the debris at Ground Zero was $750 million.

Victim Compensation Fund

Thousands of first responders and people working and living in lower Manhattan near Ground Zero were exposed to toxic fumes and particles emanating from the towers as they burned and fell. By 2018, 10,000 people were diagnosed with 9/11-related cancer.

From 2001 to 2004, over $7 billion dollars in compensation was given to families of the 9/11 victims and the 2,680 people injured in the attacks. Funding was renewed on January 2, 2011, when President Barack Obama signed The James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act into law. Named for James Zadroga, a New York City Police officer who died of respiratory disease he contracted after rescuing people from the rubble at Ground Zero, the law continued health monitoring and compensation for 9/11 first responders and survivors.

In 2015, funding for the treatment of 9/11-related illness was renewed for five more years at a total of $7.4 billion. The Victim Compensation Fund was set to stop accepting claims in December 2020.

On July 29, 2019, then-President Trump signed a law authorizing support for the September 11 Victim Compensation Fund through 2092. Previously, administrators had cut benefits by up to 70 percent as the $7.4 billion fund depleted. Vocal lobbyists for the fund included Jon Stewart, 9/11 first responder John Feal and retired New York Police Department detective and 9/11 responder Luis Alvarez, who died of cancer 18 days after testifying before Congress.

Anniversary and Memorial

On December 18, 2001, Congress approved naming September 11 "Patriot Day" to commemorate the anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. In 2009, Congress named September 11 a National Day of Service and Remembrance.

The first memorials to September 11 came in the immediate wake of the attacks, with candlelight vigils and flower tributes at U.S. embassies around the world. In Great Britain, Queen Elizabeth sang the American national anthem during the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace. Rio de Janeiro put up billboards showing the city's Christ the Redeemer statue embracing the New York City skyline.

For the first anniversary of the attacks in New York City in 2002, two bright columns of light were shot up into the sky from where the Twin Towers once stood. The "Tribute in Light" then became an annual installation run by the Municipal Art Society of New York. On clear nights, the beams are visible from over 60 miles away.

A World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to select an appropriate permanent memorial to the victims of 9/11. The winning design by Michael Arad, "Reflecting Absence," now sits outside the museum in an eight-acre park. It consists of two reflecting pools with waterfalls rushing down where the Twin Towers once rose into the sky.

The names of all 2,983 victims are engraved on the 152 bronze panels surrounding the pools, arranged by where individuals were on the day of the attacks, so coworkers and people on the same flight are memorialized together. The site was opened to the public on September 11, 2011, to commemorate the 10-year anniversary of 9/11. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum followed, opening on the original World Trade Center site in May 2014. The Freedom Tower, also on the original World Trade Center site, opened in November 2014.

Sources

"Study Confirms 9/11 Impact on New York City Economy." The New York Times
"September 11: nearly 10,000 people affected by 'cesspool of cancer.'" The Guardian.
"Congress passes 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund extension championed by Jon Stewart." CNN.com
The Encyclopedia of 9/11. New York Magazine.
FAQ About 9/11. 9/11 Memorial.
September 11th Terror Attacks Fast Facts. CNN.
9/11 Death Statistics. StatisticBrain.com.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
September 11 Attacks: Facts, Background & Impact

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
On September 11, 2001, 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al Qaeda hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania.

# data[].attributes.body
Final task : Vous réalisez un guide de voyage sur New York, dans lequel vous présentez les monuments importants, leurs histoires. Vous proposez également un programme pour un week-end de 3 jours.