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The Colonization and Expansion Era occurred between the years 1450 C.E. - 1750 C.E. During this period, civilizations throughout the world began to build relationships. The major topics that built the relationships were: the European encounters with civilizations in the Americas, the causes of European exploration and expansion, the effects of European expansion, and lastly the economic shifts and Commercial Revolution.

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During this period Europeans accidently made contact with the civilizations of Americas. Specifically, the Aztec in Mexico's Valley, the Maya in the Yucatan Peninsula, and the Inca in the Andean Region. This period is also known as the beginning of Europeans exploring the Americans to later colonize them.

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DATE: 1248 CE, 1428-1519 CE

DESCRIPTION: The Aztec empire is one of the major civilizations in central Mexico. The Aztec civilization developed in central Mexico, had a centralized government in the capital of Tenochtítlan, created large urban centers of trade, built large pyramid-shaped temples, exacted tribute from conquered peoples, cultivated maize and cacao with an elaborate system of aqueducts, used the chinampa field system farming technique, and practiced a polytheistic religion that included human sacrifice. Both, the Mayan and Aztecs were most notably influenced by the Olmec civilization, including religious practices of sacrifice, animistic/polytheistic deities, ball-courts, the cultivation of maize and beans, colossal heads, hieroglyphic writing, a calendar, art/sculpture, and mound-like pyramids.

EXPLANATION: The Aztec empire is an important civilization because their technologies and agriculture products helps shaped modern Mexican culture equally as the Spanish-European culture did. The arrival of European conquerors drastically changed the pre-Columbian American societies. For example, the Aztec empire crumbled when the conquistador Cortez brought the Spanish to central Mexico. The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma (Montezuma), was killed and the Spanish took over. Additionally, the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca empires were also broken apart and conquered by Spanish forces, new social and political hierarchies were
established to ensure Spanish dominance, and Christianity (Roman Catholicism) spread to the Americas.

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DATE: 1800 BCE - 1500 CE

DESCRIPTION: The Mayan empire was organized into city states and was centered on the Yucatan Peninsula, which consist of Mexico and Guatemala. Both, the Mayan and Aztecs were most notably influenced by the Olmec civilization, including religious practices of sacrifice, animistic/polytheistic deities, ball-courts, the cultivation of maize and beans, colossal heads, hieroglyphic writing, a calendar, art/sculpture, and mound-like pyramids.

EXPLANATION: The Maya developed a written language (hieroglyphics), used a system of mathematics, developed an astronomical that calculated a solar year with approximately 365 days, created monumental pyramid structures (e.g., Tikal and Chichen Itza), and practiced a polytheistic religion that included bloodletting and human sacrifice.
The Mayan empire is an important civilization because their technologies and agriculture products helps shaped modern Mexican culture equally as the Spanish-European culture did.
The Maya began to disappeared due to internal warfare, famine, disease, and invasion BUT are not extinct. In fact, they are still influencing modern Mexican culture. Additionally, the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca empires were also broken apart and conquered by Spanish forces, new social and political hierarchies were
established to ensure Spanish dominance, and Christianity (Roman Catholicism) spread to the Americas.

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DATE: 1438 - 1533 C.E.

DESCRIPTION: The Inca civilization was built in the Andes of South America with a capital in Cuzco, where they developed an extensive road system, used terrace farming, were credited with an unwritten record keeping system based on knots (quip), and were polytheistic. The two previous civilizations that most influenced the Incas were the Chavin and Moche (Mochica state). These civilizations laid the foundation for the Inca polytheistic deities, with specific reverence for the sun god. Like many other polytheistic civilizations, the Incas and earlier civilizations mummified bodies due to the belief in life after death.

EXPLANATION: The Inca used a rotating system of labor called mita, which required all citizens to serve the state, and was later adopted by the Spanish and used as a brutal form of forced labor. The Inca empire fell when the conquistador Pizarro conquered the Incas in 1533. The Inca had no guns or other ways of protecting themselves against the Spanish who wanted Inca gold and silver and control of Inca lands.  Like in the Aztec and Mayan empire the Inca also had agricultural products from their region which spread to Europe, Africa, and Asia via the Columbian Exchange and impacted population growth in these areas during the 1450-1750 period. The Inca population were dramatically reduced due to disease, conquest, and European imposed labor conditions. The Aztec, Mayan, and Inca empires were also broken apart and conquered by Spanish forces, new social and political hierarchies were established to ensure Spanish dominance, and Christianity (Roman Catholicism) spread to the Americas.

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Topic 2: Causes Of European Exploration And Expansion

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Topic 2: Causes Of European Exploration And Expansion

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Wealthy European monarchs sponsored exploration as Europeans wanted Asian pieces and goods traded in the Indian Ocean.

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DATE: 1450-1750 C.E.

DESCRIPTION: Europe began to explore other areas of the globe primarily for economic purposes. The Europeans were looking for an oceanic route to avoid the Ottoman Empire which dominated the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The explorers were also motivated to spread Christianity (God), gain riches (gold), and seek adventure/land (glory). Acquisition of technologies from the Indians, Muslims, and Chinese (e.g., the sternpost rudder, triangular lateen

sail, magnetic compass, astrolabe, and gunpowder) helped European explorers cross the Atlantic Ocean, expand on land, and establish colonies through colonization. Navigational schools were set up by patrons, such as Prince

Henry the Navigator of Portugal, to teach explorers how to use technologies, improve cartography, and design ships for transoceanic voyages.

EXPLANATION: European expansion was a profound turning point in history that culminated in the domination of western culture and the creation of the global trade network.  The Spanish conquered regions in Central and South America and across the Caribbean. The Portuguese conquered Brazil and established a trading empire throughout the Indian Ocean. In addition, there was a shift in the trans-Saharan trade to trans-Atlantic trade and a vast expansion of the slave trade created by the introduction of sugar in the New World and the expansion of sugar plantations.

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DATE: 1450-1750 C. E.

DESCRIPTION: European wanted to find a faster and efficient routes to trade. They also wanted to spread their religion and find a new source of wealth.

EXPLANATION:  They trade different goods to other places and knew more about what the other places had. Their religion was important because it was they believed in and believed that they should spread it.

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DATE: 1450-1750 C.E.

DESCRIPTION: Europeans wanted to find new ways of wealth and routes for trading. Also they wanted to find new land so they can spread their religion.

EXPLANATION: Finding new land was important for them because it was way of knowing more about the geography. For them new land means that they could spread their religion to more people.

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DATE: 1450-1750 C.E.

DESCRIPTION:   Europeans wanted to improve their economy  and to find a new route for trading. Also to spread their god or religion to other people or to even convert people.

EXPLANATION: It was important for them because it was a way for them to know new things about the geography feature. And for the new routes was important for them because they got to trade with people from different places.

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DATE: 1450-1750 C.E.

DESCRIPTION:  Europeans wanted to find new ways of trading routs and wealth. Besides trading they wanted to spread their religion to other people.

EXPLANATION: The europeans wanted to find new ways of tradings to trade good with other places. Also it was good for them to trade because it was a way of wealth. Also they wanted to spread their religion because they believed that other people should believe in it too.

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European expansion started around the 15th century.
Europeans were looking for new trade routes and ways to become wealthy. They sought out to bring christianity to the east and any new lands. The european age of discovery was the rise of colonial which led to the build of commercial network that connected Asia, Europe, Africa, and the New world.

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The columbian exchange was a big part of history. The term Columbian exchange refers to  the exchange of diseases, Ideas, food, crops, animals, and human population (including slaves) between the New world and the Old world following the Voyage of the Christopher Columbus to the Americas.
Gains
The columbian exchange brought many gains such as new foods and crops which were not accessible before. New animals being imported to different countries. Not only that but it also increased the availability of old world crops which were suitable for new world soil.
Losses
Just like how the exchange brought gains it also brought losses. One of the many losses being the diseases and bacteria the europeans brought with them from their voyages.  These diseases included smallpox, measles, typhus, and cholera which affected the Native Americans because they had no immunity. The Columbian exchange didn't just affect europe and the americas but also Asia and Africa. With the Native Americans sick from the diseases it resulted in the abduction and forced movement of 12 million Africans during the sixteenth and nineteenth century.

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Date: Around 15th to 19th century.
Description: The trans-atlantic slave trade began around the mid-fifteenth century when the Portuguese interest in Africa moved away from gold to a different commodity-enslaved people. The trade was in full motion by the seventeenth century, it reached its peak by the eighteenth century.
Explanation: This event was important because it tells us how everything started and how America was able to advance and develop. Not only that but because of this event America was able to have a successful economy.

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Date: from 15th to 18th century
Description: The castas system refers to a hierarchical order of racial groups based on how much spanish blood they have. This system had four classification with spanish being the most desirable and black being the least.
Explanation: This important because it determined how you will be treated and your place in society. If you were anything below peninsulares you were expected to pay more taxes and tribute payments.

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Date: 16th century
Description: The new world refers to the western hemisphere, especially the americas which europeans knew nothing before the "age of discovery" beginning of the 16th century. The indigenous being the first people to have inhabited North America, Mesoamerica, South america, and greenland.
Explantation: This is event was important because we need to understand that Christopher Columbus was not the first person to "discover" the americas. It's also important because it affected many indigenous and africans, which is america is built off of today.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Date: 16th to 17th century
Description: Plantation refers to a system developed in the south as the british arrived to the new world and divided areas of land suitable for farming. The economy of the South depended on the cultivation of crops, which needed agricultural labor that then led to the establishment of slavery.
Explanation: This event was important because without plantations they wouldn't have had any form of income or a successful economy. This event is also important because the plantations were worked on by slaves and without slaves the colonizers would have no one to work the plantations nor anything to profit out of.

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Date: 15th century
Description: The triangular trade was started by John Hawkins which involved enslaved people that would take place between England, Africa, and North America. This triangular trade consisted of English goods such as copper, cloth, fur and beads being traded in Africa for enslaved people who were then trafficked on what has become to be known as the infamous Middle passage. This brought them to the Atlantic ocean to be traded with goods from the new world, and then those goods were transported back to England.
Explanation: This event was important because without the triangular trade the americas would have not advanced. It's also important because with it good were exported and imported which made everything easier to access.

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Topic 4:Economic Shifts And The Commercial Revolution

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Topic 4:Economic Shifts And The Commercial Revolution

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Was a economy system that helped benefit many countries especially Europe around the 15th century

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DATE: Around the 15th century

DESCRIPTION: A high level of trading and wealth that was being brought to Europe around the 15th century. It was a trading system that helped Europe trade with other countries they ran into then trading amongst each other. Many new economic systems were arising in this time period and some old ones too.
EXPLANATION: This event was important as it helped create Mercantilism and trades amongst countries. This then lead to the expansion of trading which lead to voyages to find easier trade routes. But along these voyages Christopher Columbus found what was seen as the new world or the americas.

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DATE: 5th century B.C
DESCRIPTION: It's a type of economic system where it people have very few restrictions on their businesses or ownership of things. People are allowed to do whatever they want with their business and money but they will have competitors and contracts.
EXPLANATION: this event is important as this helps with the economy and how flexible it can be. For example, if someone was to switch their job and turn into their own business they could and the economy wouldn't be affected much and even if they would do the opposite. This was a part player where it kept the economy stable and the government wouldn't interfere with businesses.

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DATE: 1600s
DESCRIPTION: Its a business that can be bought and sold by someone called a shareholder and they split the profit. They are able to share their shares with others and continue the business.
EXPLANATION: It was an important event for Britain as it played a big part for colonization. If it wasn't for the funds of these joint-stock companies they wouldn't have been able to fun for the colonizations they did. For example, they wouldn't have been able to fund the 13th colonies.

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DATE: 1600s
DESCRIPTION: It's an English company that was created to exploit of trade with the asia region to help english merchants. Was to trade among India, Asia with Europe.
EXPLANATION: This event was important as it was what helped build the British Empire. It was a said to be the turning point for economics and was the example for many other countries.

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DATE: 13th-15th centuries

DESCRIPTION: Its an establishment where goods and services could be traded. These were found along the trade routes and were used to shop instead of having to go long distances. They were placed by the Europeans.
EXPLANATION: They were important as people didn't have to travel very far to get the goods from another country. They were able to obtain the relatively closer to their home town than having to travel by boats, carts or any transportation. They were easy accessible and had items from both countries.

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Part 2: Renaissance, Reformation, and Ideas 

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Part 2: Renaissance, Reformation, and Ideas 

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The renaissance lasted from the 14th to 17th century. It is considered the bridge between the middle ages and modern history. It first started as a cultural movement in Italy in the late medieval period and later spread to europe.
The renaissance introduced art, literature, architecture, and even science.

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Topic 1: Rebirth Of Learning: The European Renaissance 

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Topic 1: Rebirth Of Learning: The European Renaissance 

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From the 14th to the 17th century. The Renaissance promoted rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art. Some of the greatest thinkers, authors, statesmen, scientists and artists in human history thrived during this era. It also credited with closing the gap between the middle ages and modern-day civilization.

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Date: 1450s CE
Description: The printing press is a machine that allowed mass production of printed matter, mainly text in the form of books, pamphlets, and newspaper. The number of books increased, and their cost decreased so everyone read more.
Explanation: This event was important because without the print press there might have not been an increase in books and even writing we use today. Not only that but without it we might have the printer that we have today. The printing press was also part of many documents we have replicas today.

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Date: 14th century CE
Description: Humanism was a movement in thought, literature, and art, represented by a woken interest in the classical world and studies which instead of focusing on religion it focused on what it is to be human. Humanists believed in the importance of an education in classical literature and the promotion if civic virtue which is realizing a person's potential both for themselves and society.
Explanation: This event is important because it teaches us how important education is. It's also important because it talks about a point of view of what someone who was a humanist values.

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Date: 1452-1519 CE
Description: Leonardo De Vinci  was an Italian Renaissance artist, architect, engineer, and scientist. He is known for his amazing ability to observe and capture the natural world, scientific phenomena, and human emotion in all media. Leonardo was created innovative pieces, which demonstrated an unparalleled mystery of light, perspective, and overall effect.
Explanation: Leonardo De Vinci is important because he created many pieces of art we see and know today. He also created the last supper which is a symbol in religion and the mona lisa which is a symbol in today's day and age.

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Date: 1475-1564 CE
Description: Michelangelo was an Italian artist, architect and poet, who is considered one of the greatest and most influential of all Renaissance figures. Michelangelo was hugely influential on the artistic styles of HIgh Renaissance, mannerism, and broque.
Explanation: Michelangelo was important because much like Leonardo he created pieces of art we know and see today. Those art pieces being ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome and the marble statue of David. Both of these pieces are know by at least everyone and are very popular today.

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Date: 19th century
Description: Is cultural transition in which religious values are slowly replaced with non-religious values. Doing so religious figures like church leaders lose their authority and  influence over society.
Explanation: This is important because it show how much religion is carved in society and how it affects it. It also think it's important because it shows how much religion is valued and pushed on to things it doesn't need to be pushed on like school, laws, and political things.

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Date: 14th century
Description: Vernacular is the language spoken in a certain group, profession, region, or country, especially as spoken rather than written. Scientist point out that vernacular forms are now seen as every bit as worthy of study as standard varieties.
Explanation: This is important because around the 14th century english began to accepted as a vernacular language for government, law, and literature. It is also important because english is derived from other languages and changed a little bit to be what it is today.

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Lasted from the mid 1500s to the 1700s that was about scientists who gathered enough data that couldn't be explain which was science. Those events were about chemistry, mathematics, physics, astronomy and biology.

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DATE: 1225–1274

DESCRIPTION: he was a priest who was involved with philosophy called metaphysics which was named science of science. It was adapted by the church towards him and this meaning was about the creation and evolution.
EXPLANATION: This was an important event as he brought faith and reason of essence. He had his fellow church members since he was a priest and this was his goal to say about the gift of god that we were creation.

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DATE:(1473–1543)
DESCRIPTION: He was an astronomer who looked into ear and the other planets. He was the one who made a proposal that every planet including earth revolved around the sun. He also talked about earth's axis and how it helped earth rotate so the seasons happened this way.
EXPLANATION: He was important because he was known as the father of modern astronomy due to his scientific theories. How he had said that the sun was at the center of the universe and us planets rotated around it.

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DATE:(1564–1642)
DESCRIPTION:
He was known because he was studying physics and astronomy he was the foundation for both subjects. He is also known for the invention of the telescope and he supported Copernicus is theory.
EXPLANATION: He was very important as he was the foundation as said for both subjects and wrote many books on these subjects. He also created the telescope which up until today is still being used to study space and he was able to prove the theory of the sun being at the center of the universe.

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DATE: (1643–1727)
DESCRIPTION: He is an English physicist and a mathematician who developed the principles of modern physics. What he is most famous is for his laws of motion.
EXPLANATION: He was very important as his laws apply to this day about physics. He also is the foundation of physics which is a very popular topic amongst the world since everything has physics.

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DATE: (1627-1691)
DESCRIPTION: He helped found the Royal of society London which is the leading scientific organization in Britain. He is most famous for his Boyle's law.
EXPLANATION: He is very important because like other philosophers his rule is still used today for many experiments. Also the scientific Britain team is still used today and helps with many experiments in today's world.

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DATE: 17th century
DESCRIPTION: How one acquires knowledge in the conducting of an experiment. The types of things a scientists looks for while conducting an experiment.
EXPLANATION: This event is very important because without it scientist would have never known the knowledge of their experiment if they hadn't solved for these. This is also the easiest way for one to be able to gain knowledge from an experiment.

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Topic 1: The Struggle for Representative Government

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Topic 1: The Struggle for Representative Government

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Date:December 16, 1689
Description: The English Bill of Rights was an act signed into a law. Mary II and William III were co-signers of the English bill rights. They were co-rulers in England after the overthrow of King  James II.
Explanation: The bill of rights outlines specific constitutional and civil rights and gave parliament power over the monarchy. It was important because it set a stage for constitutional monarchy in England. It also inspired the bill of rights for the U.S. The English bill of rights limited the power of the monarchy  and laid out specific rights every individual had.

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Date: 1600's-1800's

Description: Absolute monarchy is when the monarch holds supreme autocratic authority, principally not being restricted by written laws, legislature or customs. With a absolute monarchy people inherit the throne or are selected through a process. Limited monarchy is a type of government where a monarch agrees to share power with a parliament and abide by a constitution. Another name of limited monarchy is constitutional monarchy.
Explanation: Absolute monarchy can be bad because the people could experience a lack of rights for citizens and bad governance. After the French revolution the popularity of the absolute monarchy declined. An example of limited monarchy could be Queen Elizabeth. She is queen but she doesn't deal with parliament and has no authority of law making.

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Date: 1688- 1689
Description: The glorious revolution also known as the bloodless revolution was what resulted from the deposition of James II and the accession of Mary II and William III.
Explanation: The revolution was caused by both religious and political concerns. It completely changed the way England was governed by giving parliament more power over the monarchy and beginning the political democracy.

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Date: 1715-1789
Description: The enlightenment was a philosophical and intellectual movement that dominated the world  between the 1700's. The world of ideas in Europe changed throughout this time.
Explanation: Philosophy, politics, communications, and science were reoriented during this time in Europe as part of a movement called the enlightenment. People all throughout Europe embraced the notion of humanity being improved and questioning traditional authority. The process of the enlightenment caused many essays, scientific discoveries, inventions, books, wars, revolutions, and laws to be made. It influenced the 19th century romanticism, and the American and French revolutionary war.

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Description: John Locke was a physician and English philosopher who founded the British empiricism and was the author of the first systematic exposition and defense of political liberalism.
Explanation: He was born in Wrington, United Kingdom on August 29, 1632. He was part of the enlightenment and made contributions to the development of liberalism. He also added ideas to the scientific revolution.

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Date: 1588-1679
Description: Thomas Hobbes was considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. He was an English philosopher best known for his 1651 book, Leviathan.
Explanation: In the book Leviathan he presents an influential formulation of a social contract theory. He was infamous for using the social contract theory to come up with the conclusion that we ought to submit to the authority of an absolute sovereign power.

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Date: 1694-1778
Description: Voltaire also know as François-Marie Arouet was a French writer. He was born on November 21, 1694 in Paris, France.
Explanation: He was a historian, philosopher, and enlightenment writer. He was most known for his criticism of Christianity, along with freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

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Date: 1689-1755
Description: Charles was a man of letters, French judge, and political philosopher. He was a principle source of the theory of separation of powers.
Explanation: The separation of powers was implemented all around the world for the constitutions. He is best known for his "Spirit of Laws" in the history of political theory and of jurisprudence. He thinks the main purpose of government was to maintain law and order.

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Date: 1712-1778
Description: He was a Genevan writer, philosopher, and philosopher. He influenced the progress of the enlightenment throughout Europe with his political philosophy.
Explanation: He was born June 28, 1712 in Geneva, Switzerland. He also influenced the development of modern economic, political, and educational thought and the French revolution. He is well known for reconceiving the social contract as a compact between individual and collective general will aimed at the common good. It reflected the laws and the ideal state for maintaining existing society.

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Date: 1759-1833
Description: William was a British politician, leader or the movement to abolish slavery, and philanthropist. He was an independent member of Parliament for Yorkshire.
Explanation: He was born on August 24, 1759 in Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom. He helped end Britain's involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. He was in a committee that helped persuade the members of Parliament to abolish slavery.

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Date: 19th century
Description: checks and Balances is a principle of government under separate branches which are empowered to prevent actions by other branches. They share power with other branches of government.
Explanation: Checks and balances are primarily used in the constitutional government. There are different examples of checks and balances, some are judiciary, executive, and legislature. The executive branch is where the vice president and cabinet vote if the president is unable to discharge his duties. The legislature branch is where the vice president is president of the senate and commander in chief of military. The judiciary branch is where there is power to appoint judges and pardon power.

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Date: 1600's
Description: Divine rights or divine king of rights is a political and religious doctrine of legitimacy in the monarchy. It is a pre ordained monarch that inherits the crown before birth.
Explanation: Sir Robert Filmer created the divine rights. An example of divine rights was when James the I and II of England believed the pope could not declare a law unlawful because their power came directly from god.

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Date: 12th century
Description: Natural laws were created in the 12th century by an Italian monk and father of the canon law. Natural law is a system of laws based on close observation of human nature.
Explanation: It is based on values intrinsic to human nature that can be applied independent of positive law and it can be deduced as well.

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Date: 1748
Description: The first modern formulation of the doctrine was of a French political philosopher. Separation of powers is the division of state's government into branches.
Explanation: Each has separate and independent powers and responsibilities. They are separated so no conflict occurs. There are three separation of powers which include, judicial, legislature, and executive.

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Date: 1762
Description: Social contract is a moral and political philosophy. It is a theory that originated during the age of enlightenment.
Explanation: It is an agreement among members of a society or community. The person in charge of a community or society define the rights, duties, and limits of the people.

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Date: 1775-1783
Description: It was a war with the  American colonies against Britain. The American revolution began because they wanted their independence from Great Britain.
Explanation: Parliament was over taxing the American colonies and they felt they shouldn't have to pay because it wasn't a law made by the colonial governments. The colonies felt the laws about taxes were unjust and they rebelled against Britain. There were laws passed that caused the revolution, some include the stamp act, the Townshend act, the Boston massacre, and the Boston tea party.

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Date: 1776
Description: The declaration of independence is a document that severed the political connections of the American colonies to Great Britain. It was a document that summarized the peoples motivations for independence.
Explanation: It is one of the most important documents of the United States history. It was an act all 13 colonies declared their independence from Britain. The declaration of independence declared that people have certain unalienable rights which include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Another idea in the document is that all men are created equally, and individuals have a civic duty to defend the rights for themselves.

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Date: September 17, 1787
Description: The constitution of the Unites States is a supreme law of America. It creates branches of government and gives them power to do certain things.

Explanation: It protects the citizens of the U.S. and guarantees basic rights. The seven articles include the judicial branch, the executive branch, the legislative branch, the states, amendments, debts, supremacy, oaths, and ratification.

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Date: 1743-1826
Description: Thomas Jefferson was a lawyer, diplomat, architect, philosopher, American statesman, and a founding father. He was also the third president of the U.S.
Explanation: He was also the vice president when John Adams was president. He was the first secretary of state and the statesman responsible for the Louisiana purchase.

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Date:
Description: It is a form of government that was adopted from a republic and a democracy.
Explanation: Democracy allows people to participate through elected representative or directly in the creation or development of laws. The Unites states, Poland, and the United Kingdom are a representative democracy.

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Date: 1948
Description: Human rights are moral principles or norms used for certain standards. It is for human behavior and it is regularly protected by international law.
Explanation: Human rights were created on December 10, 1948 by general assembly. It was motivated by the experiences of the wars in the past. A few of the human rights are a right of freedom from slavery and forced labor, the right to liberty and security, right to life, freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, right for fair trial, and no punishment without the law.

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Date: 18th century
Description: Nationalism is the movement that thinks the nation should be congruent with the state. It promotes the interests of a particular nation, especially with the motive of gaining and maintaining the nations sovereignty over the homeland.
Explanation:  An example of nationalism is India's promotion of India as a Hindu nation. It is a form of characterizing or distinguishing the United States as a political community

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Date: 1800's
Description: The political revolution is an upheaval in which the government is replaced or the government altered. The property relations are still left in tact though.
Explanation: The revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848 are political revolutions. It is a fundamental and sudden change in power and organization which occurs when the people rebel against the government.

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Date: 1789-1799
Description: The French revolution is a time period that began with the estates general. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of western liberal democracy.
Explanation: The revolution wanted to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed. They wanted to redefine the nature of political power. The French revolution was led by Napoleon and came to an end with the formation of the French Consulate.

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Date: 1769=1821
Description: Napoleon was a political leader of the Corsican descent and French military. He rose during the French revolution and he led several campaigns during the wars.
Explanation: He was emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814. He revolutionized military organization and training.

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Date: 1803-1815
Description: The Napoleonic Wars were a series of major conflicts pitting the French empire and it allies, led by Napoleon against European powers formed.
Explanation: It produced a brief period of French domination over most of Europe. The wars proved to be costly for the British. The Spanish, Dutch, French, and others were excluded from international commerce which made Britain the biggest supplier of the goods.

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The Declaration of Right of Man and of the Citizen

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The Declaration of Right of Man and of the Citizen

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Date: 1789
Description: It was a national constituent assembly is a human civil rights document from the French revolution.
Explanation: It states that all men are born and remain free and equal in rights.

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Date: 1804
Description: It was officially the civil code of the French and it was established under the French consulate. It is still in forced and it is frequently amended.
Explanation: It was drafted by commission of the four element jurists and entered into force. It gave everyone a fair chance and it gave government jobs to the most qualified rather than the first noble that wants it.

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Date:  18th and early 19th century
Description: The wars were influenced by the French and American revolution. It resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America.
Explanation: The creoles in South America were led by Simon Bolivar and they were able to gain independence for the rest of Latin America.

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Date: 1783-1830
Description: Simon Bolivar was also known as El Libertador. He was a Venezuelan military and political leader. He led the Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Columbia, and Panama to independence from the Spanish empire.
Explanation: He played a central role in the South American independence movement. He also served as president of Colombia, but he was also a dictator or Peru.

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Date: 1500's
Description: The social classes of Latin America were Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattos, Native Americans and Africans.
Explanation: Angel Rosenblatt was the person who created the caste system of Latin America. Peninsulares is Spaniards born in Spain, Ceoles are people born in New Spain of Spanish parents, Mestizos is people born of Spanish and Native American parents, native Americans, enslaved persons are people brought from Africa and the Caribbean.

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Date: 19th century
Description: Creoles are people who originated from racial mixing mainly involving west Africans as well as other people born in colonies, which include French, Spanish, Native American, and African.
Explanation: Creole means someone born in the colony with descendant of French or Spanish parents.

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Date: 1753-1811
Description: Father Miguel Hidalgo was a Spanish catholic priest and leader of thee Mexican war of independence. He was known as the father of the nation.
Explanation: He was born on May 8,1753 and died on July 30, 1811. He is known for his "grito de Dolores" which called for the end of colonial rule in mexico.

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Date: 18th century
Description: Nationalism is the identification with ones own nation and it supports its own interests. It excludes the interests of other nations.
Explanation: An example of nationalism is Hitler's unity of Germans through various techniques in order to achieve a certain agenda.

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Part 4: Industrialization and Imperialism

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Part 4: Industrialization and Imperialism

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Topic 1: Factors Leading To Industrialization

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Topic 1: Factors Leading To Industrialization

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Date: From 1760 to the late 20th century
Description: The Industrial Revolution was the transition to a new ay of manufacturing. For example, transitions from human labor to machines such as the steam engine beginning to be used in a new sort of transportation such as the steam boat.
Explanation: The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects. Since it was a transition to machines the machines were needed to be built fast and had children working with low wages or long periods of time, the also lived in poor conditions, many lost jobs, but the new machines made working easier in agriculture, transporting goods, easier transportation, etc.

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Date: Early to late 1700s
Description: The textile industry is the production of fibers into yarn which then went to cloths. Making those cloths into fabrics and the making clothes.
Explanation: The textile industry made a big change in the Industrial Revolution as it made many jobs available and it was what made the value output as well as was using the first modern production methods.

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Date: Early 17th century to late 18th century
Description: The steam technology was used as a source of power to be able to gather or transport other material easier. For example, the steam engine was used as a generator in the steam boat for transportation.
Explanation: The steam technology was a major impact in the industrial Revolution as if it wasn't for the use of their generators the Industrial revolution would not have happened. For example, the steam engine was used in the steam boat and was used for mining coal a big impact in helping produce machines so without the steam engine no coal means no machines.

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Date: Began in the 18th century
Description: the factory system is another form of labor using machinery rather than human labor. For example, instead of having to wash clothes manually there is now washing machines.
Explanation: The factory system was very important to the Industrial revolution as it was the Industrial revolution without factories there were no machines being made or job employments the steam engine wouldn't have been made which was a major factor in the Industrial Revolution.

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Date: 60,000-40,000 years but the revolution in the 17th century
Description: There were many types of transportation but the three major types were waterways, road and railroads. Because many people lived around factories and the factories were placed around coal which were outside in cities and needed to transport materials easier as well as human transportation.
Explanation: This was a major impact in the Industrial revolution as this transportation is what helped transport all of the materials to the factories and the way on how people could travel to cities

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Date: Late 16th century
Description: The cottage industry is how much production there was before the Industrial revolution since this was mainly focused on production that people made instead of industries.
Explanation: The cottage industry was important so it would be compared to how much better the Industrial revolution was due to machinery and people in factories.

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Date: began 12th century to mid 1800s
Description: The enclosure movement was an act towards helping people have more privacy and taxes were lowered as well as having more ownership on multiple things basically a sort of bill of rights
Explanation: This act was important as many people were suffering greatly both physically and income wise since they made children work about 12hrs a day and people weren't even getting paid enough to survive

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Date: Started mid 1750s
Description: The steam engine originally was used in mining and taking water out of the mines. It was then improved to use coal as a power source and was now a generator. This then became the brain of the factory to create machinery.
Explanation: Without the steam engine there the industrial revolution would not have existed since the brain was the steam engine since this is what made the machinery.

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Date: 1867-1934
Description: She was a chemist and physicist who opened the world about radiation. She also won the nobel prize 2 times.
Explanation: She is an important figure as she was a fighter for women's rights and showed that females are just as good as men by winning the nobel prize and opening the world to radiation

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Date:1879-1931
Description: He was an American inventor who invented many things such as the electric power generator, mass communication, sound recording and motion pictures. He was said to be the greatest inventor.
Explanation: His inventions made an impact as many of those have evolved into today and he basically set the foundation towards all new inventions with electricity.

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Date: 1856
Description: This machine was used for very hot metal to be stored as in liquid form by using this which generated large amounts of heat.
Explanation: This is how weapons and all products of metal are made using the melted metal forged into a specific mold for various things.

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Date: 1822-1895
Description: French chemist and microbiologist who made many contributions to medicine and science.
Explanation: Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax while other many contributions towards science and the medical field

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Date: N/A
Description: Refers to the population when they shift from rural places to urban

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Topic 3: The development of free enterprise

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Topic 3: The development of free enterprise

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.Topic 3 will talk about Free enterprise/capitalism- Adam Smith-Laissez Faire-Invisible hand-The wealth of nations.

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Date: between 16th and 18th centuries
Description: Free enterprise is when the government little to no involvement meaning the government stays out the economy of the country or state. The free enterprise system is built off of five structures. These include private enterprise, profit motive, competition, private property, and customer sovereignty. Lastly, the law of supply and demand should align, but in most cases it does not. Capitalism is not only an economic system but a cultural system.
Explanation: The reason these two topics are important because not only did they effects people back then, but they still affect us today. Which is something people have had disputes over and fight against, Especially capitalism.

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Date: 1723=1790
Description: Adam Smith was a social philosopher and political economist. Smith laissez faire philosophy included minimizing government intervention in taxation free markets. He was also responsible for the invisible hand theory which usher supply and demand. Smith's invisible hand theory applied to free markets and capitalism through supply and demand.
Explanation: The reason Adam Smith is important because he created and established theories that we use today especially companies and big corporations. He's also important because his work led to other revelations and innovations in economics.