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"There was some books . . . . One was Pilgrim's Progress, about a man that left his family, it didn't say why. I read considerable in it now and then. The statements was interesting, but tough" -Mark Twain. Krakauer includes this quote to point out the fact that Chris left his family without a word. Krakauer includes letters and anecdotes from Chris' peers to gain clarity as to why he left his family. This relates to the epigraph at the beginning of chapter 7 because Mark Twain said that "the statements were interesting, but tough." Krakauer can attest to this claim by digging into Chris' story and his past.

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"Some insight into the tragedy of Chris McCandless can be gained by studying predecessors cut from the same exotic cloth. And in order to do that, one must look beyond Alaska , to the bald-rock canyons of southern Utah. There, in 1934, a peculiar twenty-year-old boy walked into the desert and never came out. His name was Everett Ruess" (85).
This quote portrays Krakauer's credibility to speak with authority on this subject because he proves to us as the reader that he uses outside evidence. This quote shows how much investigating Krakauer has done to see all the ins and outs as to why Chris went on the journey that he did.

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"When he comes to the pictures of the bus in which the boy died, however, he stiffens abruptly. Several of these images show McCandless's belongings inside the derelict vehicle; as soon as Franz realizes what he's seeing, his eyes mist over, he thrusts the photos back at me without examining the rest, and the old man walks away to compose himself as I mumble a lame apology" (59).
This quote captures a sentimental moment between Krakauer and Franz, one of Chris's buddies. This passage from the novel shows how Krakauer uses testimonies from Chris's friends to paint as clear of a picture to the reader as possible of what Chris was like. He does this by appealing to the reader's emotions and getting them to connect with the person's testimony as much as possible. He includes interviews as well to gather information about Chris and what kind of person he was. This can result in the reader's emotions being manipulated and forces the reader to continue to read the novel to see what will happen next.

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ETHOS-” Please do not make these facts available to anybody till I know more about
his death for he was not just the common wayfarer. Please believe me.
The magazine that Franz requested was the January 1993 issue of Outside,
which featured a cover story about the death of Chris McCandless. His letter had
been addressed to the offices of Outside in Chicago; because I had written the
McCandless piece, it was forwarded to me.” Pg 48

Jon Krakauer is establishing himself as a credible source of these accounts of Chris’s life. The author is making sure to include how he got this source that speaks so much about Chris. He wants to state how he found this guy and why. He is stating that he is the original expert on Chris even before the book was written. This little blurb helps to establish his credibility.

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Pathos-” One can only speculate about why Franz became so attached to
McCandless so quickly, but the affection he felt was genuine, intense, and
unalloyed. Franz had been living a solitary existence for many years. He had no
family and few friends. A disciplined, self-reliant man, he got along remarkably
well despite his age and solitude. When McCandless came into his world,
however, the boy undermined the old man’s meticulously constructed defenses.
Franz relished being with McCandless, but their burgeoning friendship also
reminded him how lonely he’d been. The boy unmasked the gaping void in
Franz’s life even as he helped fill it.” Pg 55

This passage is meant to tug on our heartstrings. It’s supposed to make us feel for this character that was so close to Chris. It helps develop the author’s argument about who Chris was. The argument he was not just a dumb wackjob who was crazy and antisocial. He was a friendly person who was able to develop deep relationships. He was smart and a good friend. This is shown through Franz’s description and the pain he feels when Chris leaves. This passage really makes you feel for the characters.

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LOGOS-”It is true that many creative people fail to make mature personal
relationships, and some are extremely isolated. It is also true that, in some
instances, trauma, in the shape of early separation or bereavement, has
steered the potentially creative person toward developing aspects of his
personality which can find fulfillment in comparative isolation. But this does
not mean that solitary, creative pursuits are themselves pathological...
[A]voidance behavior is a response designed to protect the infant from
behavioural disorganization. If we transfer this concept to adult life, we can
see that an avoidant infant might very well develop into a person whose
principal need was to find some kind of meaning and order in life which was
not entirely, or even chiefly, dependent upon interpersonal relationships.”
ANTHONY STORR, SOLITUDE: A RETURN TO THE SELF
PG 61

The author is using the argument that Anthony Storr is saying that logically a man that may become isolated as adults or become odd roots usually back to poor relationships in their childhood. It speaks of traumatic experiences as a child can cause weird behaviors and attitudes in adulthood. The author is making the argument that Chris is the way he is because of something that happened to him in childhood, presumably through his parents, most likely his dad.

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"It may, after all, be the bad habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but do durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought." (Chapter Eight: Theodore Roszak)

Each of the epigraphs at the beginning of the chapters shows a different level of "creativity" often in regards to submerging yourself into the wild. Personally, I believe that the author is trying to add to Chris's narrative by allowing the reader to understand the level of interest that he had in this new field that he was entering. These quotations poke at the passion behind taking extremes. I think that each of these builds onto the greater point that this was the way that Chris would have most likely wanted to go, and showed that an overall theme for extremists is an intense mass of creativity that stems from what they get out of nature and having little to nothing.

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"He had fled the claustrophobic confines of his family. He had successfully kept Jan Burris and Wayne West burg at arms length, he had flitted out of their life before anyone had suspected anything of them."
I think this quote shows how Chris has had trouble at home. You know with the whole father running around with a second family, which had a pretty severe psychological affect on Chris.

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On page 48 Krakauer says :please believe me"
He is talking about keeping some information on a more private level, this shows that he is a credible source and has known a lot about Chris even before any of this had happened.

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Yes! He was interested in the the story and was uncertain if what he read had the whole story. The fact that he took the time to really complete the narrative shows extreme prowess. He also was a man of adventure as well. He had his own journeys into the wild. He even researched similar cases. "Some insight into the tragedy of Chris McCandless can be gained by studying predecessors cut from the same exotic cloth." Pg. 85.

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No, I don't think Krakauer is trying to manipulate our emotions. I think he is doing his best to accurately depict the situations and occurrences that were a part of McCandless's story. Some of those moments are sad or happy or any other emotion you might feel. If your emotions change when reading these moments that just means he is telling it right. "McCandless may have been tempted by the succor offered by women, but it paled beside the prospect of rough congress with nature, with the cosmos itself." Pg. 66. Some might think that's sad, but it's just good journalism.

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"The magazine that Franz requested was the January 1993 issue of 'Outside'., which featured a cover story about the death of Chris McCandless. His letter had been addressed to the offices of 'Outside' in Chicago; because I had written the McCandless piece, it was forwarded to me (pg. 48)."
This establishes Krakauer's familiarity with the McCandless story. He has authority to speak on his subject because of his extensive research and history with the story.

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"It may, after all, be the habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought." Pg. 70. McCandless was in search of something greater that most people can't understand or comprehend. We can't label his journey as foolhardy without a complete understanding of what he gained from it. It short, don't judge a book by its cover.

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I do think that he is manipulating our emotions, in the section especially there were many instances of this such as on page 55, "McCandless was thrilled to be on his way north, and he was relieved as well-relieved that he again evaded the impending threat of human intimacy, of friendship, and all the emotional baggage that comes with it (Krakauer)."
This quote demonstrates the loneliness that Chris had in his life as well as the sad reason he chose it- he had been hurt by loved ones before and found it to be easier to just not connect with people.

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"No man ever followed his genius till it misled him. Though the result were bodily weakness, yet perhaps no one can say that the consequences were to be regretted, for these were a life in conformity to higher principals. If the day and the night are such that you greet them with joy, and life emits a fragrance like flowers  and sweet-scented herbs, is more elastic, more starry, more immortal,-that is your success. All nature is your congratulation, and you have cause momentarily to bless yourself. The greatest gains and values are farthest from being appreciated. We easily come to doubt if they exist. we soon forget them. They are the highest reality... The true harvest of my daily life is somewhat as intangible and indescribable as the tints of morning or evening. It is a little star-dust caught, a segment of the rainbow which I have clutched"-Henry David Thoreau
This epigraph was installed to give insight into the mind and thoughts of McCandless. On one hand it is from someone who's theories and thoughts he aspired to but it also shows how romanticized nature and adventure was to McCandless. It also reflects the statement McCandless made about never being hungrier, but also never being happier. It shows his thought process that less is more and shows why he was so motivated to go on this trip.

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"please do not make these facts available to anybody till I know more about his death for he was not just the common wayfarer. (48)" "Some insight into the tragedy of Chris McCandless can be gained by studying predecessors cut from the same exotic cloth. And in order to do that, one must look beyond Alaska, to the bald-rock canyons. (85)" This shows that he has done research about Chris and knows about his story. He likes to keep things to himself more often, but shows that he had studied extensively about these occurrences.

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"Painlessly, that is, from McCandless's perspective - although not from the old man's. One can only speculate about why Franz became so attached to McCandless so quickly, but the affection he felt was genuine, intense, and unalloyed. (55)" I would say rather than manipulating our emotions he's trying to pin point normal emotions and describe them with enough detail so the reader can relate.

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"It is true that many creative people fail to make mature personal relationships, and some are extremely isolated. It is also true that, in some instances, trauma, in the shape of early separation or bereavement, has steered the potentially creative person toward developing aspects of his personality which can find fulfillment in comparative isolation. But this does not mean that solitary, creative pursuits are themselves pathological. (61)" This reflects how isolation is somewhat of a safety blanket for creative people with childhood trauma. Experiencing emotional and physical trauma at such a young age, impacts how the person will be as an adult, and there's always a thought about how that person would have differed if he/she hadn't experienced trauma. This having affects on relationships , would depend on the parents. The way he handles relationships in the book, it's most likely a form of abuse from his father, whether that be neglectful or second-hand from the abuse to his mother.

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Krakauer seems to have authority to speak on the subject. He tells the story of Chris McCandless and cites what was found in his journal before his death. On page 48, he includes "His letter had been addressed to the offices of Outside in Chicago; because i had written the McCandless piece, it was forwarded to me." This quotes shows that people found him to be a credible source for information about Chris.

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"The dominant primordial beast was strong in Buck, and under the fierce conditions of trail life it grew and grew. Yet it was a secret growth. His newborn cunning gave him poise and control "(pg 38) is representative of Chris' personality. "Under the fierce conditions of trail life it grew and grew" is a way of arguing that Chris flourishes when he faces challenges. So far in the book, he has traveled to several places and faced struggles, yet these fierce conditions of roaming alone has only encouraged him to keep going.

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"After a mile or so they arrived at a bizarre encampment, where some two hundred people had gathered to spend the winter living out of their vehicles. The community was beyond the fringe, a vision of post-apocalypse America" (pg. 50) appeals to the readers emotions. In this quote and several other descriptions throughout the book, the author makes conditions seem so harsh , which makes the reader question why Chris continues to live like this.

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"From a letter McCandless sent to Jan Burres, we know he spent July and August on the Oregon coast, probably in the vicinity of Astoria, where he complained that "the fog and rain was often intolerable." (Krakauer 39)

This quote shows that the author did outside research regarding the real incident. By introducing a primary source, he was able to lead the author into knowing that he actually knew what he was writing about. The ability of an author to involve first hand sources and quotes is a great method of establishing credibility.

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"Ron, I really enjoyed all the help you have given me and the times that we spent together. I hope that you will not be too depressed by our parting. It may be a very long time before we see each other again. But providing that I get through this Alaskan deal in one piece you will be hearing from me again in the future. " (Alex, Krakauer, 56)

This section seems to intentionally make the reader feel anxious and upset. By including the personality an voice of McCandles, the author was able to show how the connection that he had made with Ron was just stripped. The tone of the beginning of the letter is also hopeful and mentions the future, which did not happen. It is a look into the past that the author included to make the reader feel that sense of stress from knowing that Chris was inevitably going to die and will never be able to see Ron, or any of the pother people that love him ever again.

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"The magazine that Franz requested was the January 1993 issue of Outside, which featured a cover story about the death of Chris McCandless. His letter had been addressed to the offices of Outside in Chicago; because I had written the McCandless piece, it was forwarded to me." (48) Krakauer proves that he is credible through saying that he had written a piece on McCandless and it was implied that he owned the writes to it because the letter of Franz requesting access to the piece was forwarded straight to Krakauer once in the Outside office.

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"Hey Guys!
This is the last communication you shall receive from me. I now walk out to live amongst the wild. Take care, it was great knowing you.
Alexander." (69)
Krakauer included this note written to Bob and Jan from Alex in order to show the emotion behind the situation. It was hard for everyone who met and cared for Alex to let go of him because they knew what would happen to him on this adventure which turned out to be true. I think that including the postcard note was also foreshadowing on Krakauer's end because of how Alex claims that this would be the last time that they hear from him.

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"It may after all, be the bad habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought. Theodore Roszak, "In Search of the Miraculous"" (70) By including this, I think that Krakauer was establishing that Alex fit into this stereotype- he had a creative talent but could not translate his talent into reasonable thought. Simply put, Alex's wishes and dreams for doing as he desired were valid, he just lacked the logical side to it- he had no secure plan for means of survival.

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"The magazine that Franz requested was the January 1993 issue of Outside, which featured a cover story about the death of Chris McCandless. His letter had been addressed to the offices of Outside in Chicago; because I had written the McCandless piece, it was forwarded to me.” Pg 48
In this quote from page 48 Krakauer is describing a the article he wrote on McCandless. Krakauer has authority to speak on this subject because he has researched McCandless extensively. He never met McCandless and has never had an "in to the wild" experience of his own but still has authority to speak on these matters because of the extensive research he has conducted.

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"Ron, I really enjoyed all the help you have given me and the times that we spent together. I hope that you will not be too depressed by our parting. It may be a very long time before we see each other again. But providing that I get through this Alaskan deal in one piece you will be hearing from me again in the future. " Page 56
This quote is from a letter Alex McCandless wrote. While this letter may draw upon the readers emotions like all good writing should, Krakauer is not trying to purposely manipulate the readers emotions. McCandless story of venturing into the wild tells its self. Krakauer does an amazing job of portraying the story but does not have to manipulate the readers emotions.

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"It may, after all, be the bad habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but do durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought." -Theodore Roszak, 8
This epigraph is displayed before chapter eight, in chapter eight Krakaur describes other people like McCandless who went 'into the wild'. In this quote Roszak speaks to how people attribute their physic wounds into art and talent, but many are unable to do this. Much like the men whose physic wounds sent them 'into the wild' to die.

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" The magazine that Franz requested was January 19993 issue of Outside, which featured a cover story about the death of Chris  McCandless. His letter had been addressed to the office of Outside in Chicago; because I had written the McCandless piece, it was forwarded to me.

This shows that Krakauer is a reliable as he has done research on what happened to Chris and has written an article about it.

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"The prevailing Alaska wisdom held that McCandless was simply one more dreamy half-cocked greenhorn who went into the country expecting to find answers to find answers to all his problems and instead  only found misquotes and a lonely death."

Krakauer wrote the book with the intention of telling the story and nothing else but through the retelling of the story he inherently adds an emotional element to the story.

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"
there was some books. . . One was Pilgrims Progress, about a man who left his family, it didn't say why, I read considerable in it now and then. Then statements was interesting, but tough."

Krakuer is  making the argument that Chris is on a Pilgrims journey and that his purpose was greater than we can understand.

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"Please do not make these facts available to anybody till I know more about his death for he was not just the common wayfarer." pg. 48
This establishes Krakauer as a credible source for his information, because he was holding onto the information he had until he was sure it was right and one hundred percent right.

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"He had fled the claustrophobic confines of his family. He had successfully kept Jan Burris and Wayne West burg at arms length, he had flitted out of their life before anyone had suspected anything of them."
This gives you a stronger understanding of the person that McCandless was and tells you more about his background. I think the whole book is told with an underlying pathos because Krakauer wants people to understand McCandless as more than just a boy stupidly heading out into the wild.

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"It may, after all, be the habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought."
McCandless had trouble in his childhood and his thoughts are processed when he has space. This quote shows that his deep wounds are what give him the ability to have such a profound understanding of things.

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"There are similarities among Rosellini, Waterman, McCunn, and McCandless.
Like Rosellini and Waterman, McCandless was a seeker and had an impractical
fascination with the harsh side of nature. Like Waterman and McCunn, he
displayed a staggering paucity of common sense." (Krakauer 85)

Aside from earlier being the main resource for when people reached out asking about the 'Outdoors' article there is quite a bit of research he had done on other people who had felt the same desire to head out into the wild, but he is still distinguishing Alex as a specific case where he had his own untainted reasoning.

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"[A]voidance behavior is a response designed to protect the infant from
behavioural disorganization. If we transfer this concept to adult life, we can
see that an avoidant infant might very well develop into a person whose
principal need was to find some kind of meaning and order in life which was
not entirely, or even chiefly, dependent upon interpersonal relationships." (Krakauer 61)

Krakaur is trying to point out that Chris wasn't coming from any vivid past trauma, but merely it was the simplest part of his upbringing where he felt that this was the answer in how to comfortably fulfill his life. Mccandless needed an outlet not tied to settling down or a relationship.

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"McCandless conveniently overlooked the fact that London himself had spent just
a single winter in the North and that he’d died by his own hand on his California
estate at the age of forty, a fatuous drunk, obese and pathetic, maintaining a
sedentary existence that bore scant resemblance to the ideals he espoused in
print." (Krakauer 44)

Krakauer points out this fact about Jack London to point out that even though Alex wasn't a nutcase or hopelessly lost, he still couldn't see past the infatuation he had with London, meaning he had good intentions but his practicality needed some work.

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“when he first started working, he was homeless, and he’d show up for work smelling bad. It wasn’t up to McDonald’s standards to come in smelling the way he did. So finally they delegated me to tell him that he needed to take a bath more often. Ever since I told him, there was a class between us. And then the other employees – they were just trying to be nice – they started asking him if he needed some soap or anything. That made him mad – you could tell.”
This appeals to your emotions as you feel bad for Chris... as of right now you have more insight into his life then his coworkers and so you pity him because of your prior knowledge

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“ It is true that many creative people fail to make mature personal relationships, and some are extremely isolated. It is also true that, in some instances, trauma, and the shape of early separation or bereavement, as steered the potentially creative person toward developing aspects of his personality which can find fulfillment and comparative isolation.“
This quote by Anthony Storr Is important as it could be linked to Chris’s relationship with his parents. In earlier chapters we know that Chris left home and did not communicate with his Parents for years. this quote gives some insight into why he might want to be so isolated from the world.

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“Some insight into the tragedy of Chris McCandless can be gained by studying predecessors cut from the same exotic cloth and in order to that, one must look beyond Alaska, to the bald- rock canyon of southern Utah. They are, in 1934, a peculiar 20-year-old boy walked into the desert and never came out. His name was Everett Ruess.”
In this quote John Krakauer establishes some authority by explaining where he got some of his facts from… Not only from journals and people who have had interactions with him but from tangible objects and critical thinking.

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Yes, he is trying to manipulate our feelings.

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Yes, he is trying to manipulate our feelings.

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"Franz grew increasingly fond of McCandless. 'God, he was a smart kid,' the old man rasps in a barely audible voice. He directs his gaze at a patch of sand between his feet as he makes this declaration; then he stops talking. Bending stiffly from the waist, he wipes some imaginary dirt from his pant leg. His
ancient joints crack loudly in the awkward silence." not only is Krakauer trying to help us find pity for the old man, he is trying to show us that whatever opinion we have of McCandless, that he formed some real strong connections and that he had a major impact on just about all of the lives that he touched. he also goes on to say that Franz decided to adopt McCandless' life style and he, once a devout Christian even denounced God and became an atheist upon hearing that McCandless died.

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It may, after all, be the bad habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant an or thought. THEODORE ROSZAK, “IN SEARCH OF THE MIRACULOUS”

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It may, after all, be the bad habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant an or thought. THEODORE ROSZAK, “IN SEARCH OF THE MIRACULOUS”

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Krackauer is trying to speak on McCandles' insatiable quest for the ultimate "Odyssey." he is also kind of taking a shot at McCandles' lack of processing skills, which he does a few times in these chapters, like when he talks about his motivation for leaving and how it was mostly just the combination of how stubborn he was with how stubborn his dad was.

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 ''To dispel Franz’s suspicion, I hand him an assortment of photographs I’d taken on a trip to Alaska the previous summer, during which I’d retraced McCandless’s terminal journey on the Stampede Trail.''

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 ''To dispel Franz’s suspicion, I hand him an assortment of photographs I’d taken on a trip to Alaska the previous summer, during which I’d retraced McCandless’s terminal journey on the Stampede Trail.''

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Krakauer is beyond qualified to speak on this topic, not only did he do better dective work than the PI that was hired to find McCandless to begin with and find the actual letters that McCandless sent, he even retraced the trail that ultimately proved fatal for McCandless.

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The author is very qualified he spend a long period of time researching and reading McCandles own things. In addition Krakauer himself was a mountaineer and avid outdoors-man.

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The author manipulates emotions by describing McCandless ambitions and excitement which ultimately leads to his death. A good example is the letter written by McCandless to Ron where the reader knows he is describing a life that will ultimately lead to his death

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In chapter 5 the epigraph is from The call of the wild, it describes how harsh conditions of the wild make a buck mature. During this time Chris is maturing, not by living in the wild, but by working jobs to save up money. Krakauer is arguing that like a buck Chris needed to mature.

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throughout the text the author establishes himself as an authority on the events he's discussing. He conducted hundreds of interviews and poured over data about this other guy's journey into the woods and his ethos on it because he literally wrote the book on it.

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"Alex talked a lot when we got together. Serious stuff, like he was baring his soul, kind of. he said he could tell me things he couldn't tell the others. you could see something was gnawing at him. It was pretty obvious he didn't get along with his family." page 63
this quote gives us insight into how alex was as a person and makes us feel for hi and perhaps provides some context for why he went on the journey to begin with."

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"It may, after all, be the habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought."
I think Krakauer is trying to say that McCandless was gifted but prideful.

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"Ronald Franz (this is not his real name; at his request I have given him a pseudonym)..." (58)

We can tell a lot about Krakauer from this quote. It reveals how he personally interacted with the characters in the book in order to get accurate information. It also shows the reader how he wants to inform them of the correct information rather than letting them believe inaccuracies.

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Chapter 6 - Henry David Thoreau epigraph

This quote summarizes Chris's outlooks on life from another person's point of view. Thoreau is arguing that the greatest joys in life are often overlooked. He also argues that people doubt these values and therefore we do not seek to obtain them. A common theme between the two is nature because both McCandless and Thoreau saw the beauty and rewards in nature that most people do not see. This quote helps the reader understand Chris's motives for going into the wild.

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Krakauer does have an authority to write on this subject as he had already conducted a news report on  it for a magazine called the "Outside" in Chicago leading him to expand this story into this book.

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Krakauer does have an authority to write on this subject as he had already conducted a news report on  it for a magazine called the "Outside" in Chicago leading him to expand this story into this book.

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I think unlike most authors, Krakauer is approaching this from the viewpoint of a journalist. He is very analytical about the whole thing. For example when hes describing Ronald Franz he only gives facts such as "Franz, a devout Christian, had spent most of his adult life in the army, stationed in Shanghai and Okinawa." pg 50. This gives more of the impression that Krakauer wants us to approach this as of we were reading a newspaper and not a tale of woe for which we feel bad for Chris but also don't hate him for living a life we may deem stupid.

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I think unlike most authors, Krakauer is approaching this from the viewpoint of a journalist. He is very analytical about the whole thing. For example when hes describing Ronald Franz he only gives facts such as "Franz, a devout Christian, had spent most of his adult life in the army, stationed in Shanghai and Okinawa." pg 50. This gives more of the impression that Krakauer wants us to approach this as of we were reading a newspaper and not a tale of woe for which we feel bad for Chris but also don't hate him for living a life we may deem stupid.

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"'When Alex left for Alaska,' Franz remembers, 'I prayed. I asked God to keep his finger on the shoulder of that one; I told him that boy was special. But he let Alex die..." (60)

The author describes Franz's reaction to learning of Alex's death to make the reader feel sad. Franz's response reveals how Alex connected with people that he didn't know for that long. It shows how Alex was like a second son to Franz and his death was like losing his first son.

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"It may, after all, be the bad habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought." pg 70

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"It may, after all, be the bad habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought." pg 70

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Krakauer wants his audience to understand the misunderstood. The author wants us to see Chris's actions not one of inherent spoiledness or aloofness but one of an expression of true self-form taken to the extreme. He doesn't want us to blame Chris but to admire his ability to live his life as he wishes, while also warning us that true freedom always comes with a price.

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"[...] I hand him an assortment of photographs I'd taken on a trip to Alaska the previous summer, during which I'd retraced McCandless's terminal journey on the Stampede Trail" pg. 59
This shows how Krakauer truly went the extra mile to find out everything he could about McCandless's story. He went out on his own to discover what he went through out there so that he could know, first hand, what it was like out there.

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"And then he sat out in the desert, day after day after day, awaiting his young friend's return" pg. 58
This quote shows how Franz waited and hoped for his friend to return, but what he didn't know was that his friend was already dead. I think that Krakauer uses this to show that Chris had people that still needed him but when he went into the woods, he knew he may never come back out, and he was okay with that.

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"It may, after all, be the bad habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought." chapter 8
This quote shows how Chris did extreme things but didn't get too much out of the things he did. He put his life on the line doing adventurous things, but what did he really gain from it? He ended up dying when trying to discover things about himself, which just goes to show how he went into stuff without really thinking about the consequences of his actions.

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Krakauer is able to establish himself as being a credible/reliable source into McCandless's whole life throughout the book. Within the book, Jon Krakauer shows he is a credible source by saying, "please believe me" (pg. 48). This simply shows how Jon Krakauer knows McCandless on a level where he can be considered as a credible source. (Ethos).

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"When he comes to the pictures of the bus in which the boy died, however, he stiffens abruptly. Several of these images show McCandless's belongings inside the derelict vehicle; as soon as Franz realizes what he's seeing, his eyes mist over, he thrusts the photos back at me without examining the rest." (pg. 59). This quote is very significant to the book but also to the question. It shows a kind of "sentiment" towards Franz and Jon Krakauer and their relationship in that very moment. Krakauer appeals to the readers emotions through this by connecting them to it. (Pathos).

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The beginning of (ch. 8), "It may, after all, be the bad habit of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought." These epigraphs show a sense of thought to the reader's mind. It shows how his journey was really difficult and it's getting the reader not to judge him by what we do not actually know yet.

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Throughout the book that we've read so far, Krakauer is a very trustworthy source who knows his way around writing books like these, very adventurous, outgoing books. By having trust in him, on page 48 he says "please believe me." By saying and writing about these things and the events that's going on throughout the book, he can lead you to think he is a very credible source.

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I don't necessarily think that Krakauer is trying to manipulate with out emotions, but rather get the feel of them. This book is filled with many adventurous parts where we learn about McCandless himself, but it's also filled with very sad moments, like when we discovered that he died alone in the wilderness. On pages 47-48, Ronald Franz says "I would like to get a copy of the magazine that carried the story of a young man (Alex McCandless) dying in Alaska, I would like to write this one that investigated the incident. I drove him to Salton City Calif...in March 1992... to Grand Junction Co...I left Alex there to hitch-hike to S.D. He said he would keep in touch [...]. " The connection between these two shows some heart-felt love, so therefore, this certain passage can most definitely manipulate with your emotions.

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"It may, after all,  be the bad habits of creative talents to invest themselves in pathological extremes that yield to the remarkable insights but no durable way of life for those who cannot translate their psychic wounds into significant art or thought"

McCandless had habits of just leaving whenever he wanted to, putting his life on the line for a little bit of adventure, but not really getting a whole lot out of it. He took things to the extreme, and if it was something he was really passionate about, there was no way he was giving up on it. He liked to live on the edge, and eventually he lost his life to something crazy, something totally out of the ordinary. Chris McCandless was wild, but was born trapped. Almost like a little birdie that is born in captivity but wants to live out in the wild and be free.

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Krakauer primarily establishes himself in his author's note as well as Chapter Eight of the novel. He approached McCandless's death and story soon after it became publicized, as he wrote a rather lengthy article for the 'Outside' magazine, detailing his experience in Alaska and ultimate death. Krakauer was by no means dissociated from McCandless's story, as he spent over a year pursuing answers to an abundance of questions regarding Chris and how he strayed so far from his orthodox life in the south with "an interest that bordered on obsession" (author's note). Not only this, Krakauer details his own time spent in Alaska, crossing paths with those somewhat similar to McCandless.

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"When he comes to the pictures of the bus in which the boy died, however, he stiffens abruptly. Several of these images show McCandless's belongings inside the derelict vehicle; as soon as Franz realizes what he's seeing, his eyes mist over, he thrusts the photos back at me without examining the rest, and the old man walks away to compose himself as I mumble a lame apology (Krakauer 59).
Throughout this novel, Krakauer's feelings towards McCandless are not inherently evident. While it is clear that he feels a great amount of sympathy and seemingly understands his motivations, Krakauer largely details the many people that McCandless casts aside in order to pursue this life that would ultimately result in his death. Ron Franz in particular, is presented as a pitiful, old man who has practically lost everything meaningful. This passage largely depicts this incredibly upsetting scene that takes place between Krakauer and Franz after he learns of McCandless's death. Not only have his wife and children died many years before, but the person who he was willing to adopt as a grandchild passes prematurely as well.

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Chapter Six-An excerpt from Thoreau's "Walden, or Life In the Woods."
Thoreau was a major philosopher of the 19th century advocating for the ideals of Transcendentalism, which largely parallel the fundamentals McCandless held. This epigraph primarily serves to highlight these beliefs, as McCandless concluded that he would ultimately find content in nature, away from the established world.

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"Some insight into the tragedy of Chris McCandless can be gained by studying predecessors cut from the same exotic cloth. And in order to do that, one must look beyond Alaska , to the bald-rock canyons of southern Utah. There, in 1934, a peculiar twenty-year-old boy walked into the desert and never came out. His name was Everett Ruess" (85).

This quote proves that Krakauer has the credibility to speak on the topic because he has done his research about other people who have gone on the same path at Chris. He has spoken to a variety of people which means that he is able to access the situation and form and informed opinion.

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I believe that Krakauer is NOT trying to manipulate the audiences emotions. The most emotionally bearing pieces form the text came from the letter and post card interactions. For example  "Ron, I really enjoyed all the help you have given me and the times that we spent together. I hope that you will not be too depressed by our parting. It may be a very long time before we see each other again. But providing that I get through this Alaskan deal in one piece you will be hearing from me again in the future. " Page 56

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"No man ever followed his genius till it misled him. Though the result were bodily weakness, yet perhaps no one can say that the consequences were to be regretted, for these were a life in conformity to higher principals. If the day and the night are such that you greet them with joy, and life emits a fragrance like flowers  and sweet-scented herbs, is more elastic, more starry, more immortal,-that is your success. All nature is your congratulation, and you have cause momentarily to bless yourself. The greatest gains and values are farthest from being appreciated. We easily come to doubt if they exist. we soon forget them. They are the highest reality... The true harvest of my daily life is somewhat as intangible and indescribable as the tints of morning or evening. It is a little star-dust caught, a segment of the rainbow which I have clutched"-Henry David Thoreau

This makes an incredibly stretched argument about Chris. This is the Argument that Chris made his decisions from a standpoint of intelligence and seeking moral and spiritual awakening. While I believe this played a small role I think it mostly came from his confining youth and his dysfunctional family life. Lately I've been wanting to go on my own social Isolation kick because I think It would do me some good.

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Krakauer establishes himself as a credible speaker by telling us (in his Author's Note) about having written a "nine-thousand-word article" for Outside and how "[his] fascination with McCandless remained long after that issue" was replaced. He also reveals some understanding of the events McCandless experienced because of "parallels between events in [McCandless's] life and those in [his own].

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I don't believe Krakauer tries to make the whole story seem like a great tragedy or make anyone pity McCandless, but he does well with capturing the appropriate emotions in certain scenes, such as on Chris's last meeting with Westerberg and his company. There is a somewhat maudlin tone of finality created by the sentence "The Jack Daniel's flowed freely," and it is a surprise to see that McCandless "was crying" while "[hugging] Borah goodbye" (Krakauer 68). The author also purposefully ends the chapter with McCandless's final letters to his friends to indicate a definite close to their interaction. We are left feeling as if we are among those seeing him off, and there is a sense of sadness at this culmination because we know what fate awaits McCandless.

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"The dominant primordial beast was strong in Buck, and under the fierce conditions of trail life it grew and grew. Yet it was a secret growth. His newborn cunning gave him poise and control." (Ch. 5)
Buck obviously represents Chris here, and the dominant primordial beast in him is what drives him to seek the true wilderness. His experiences up to the point he leaves for Alaska strengthen it by giving Chris a taste of the adventure he seeks. I think the "secret" part is describing how he never told his family about his plans, while all the while becoming more excited and preparing to set off. The "poise and control" can perhaps be representative of Chris's confidence in himself and the uniqueness of his character that so captivated everyone he met. Though he seemed vastly under prepared and foolish at first, we can now see that it is not just blind ambition that drives him.