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This chapter covered Newton's Laws. Newton has three laws: the first law is the law of motion which states "an object at rest will remain at rest." If a ball is sitting still it will not move unless a force is applied. The second law states that "the acceleration of an object is equal to the force that you apply divided by  the mass." This law means that an object with more mass will require more force to get it moving. Newton's third law states that "for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." So if you push two balls and they hit each other there will be equal but opposite reactions. These laws all show us gravity and how things move and how forces affect movement.

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We see gravity everywhere and we use Newton's laws everyday. If something is heavier we push it with more force. We see equal and opposite reactions in bumper cars and many other things. The main way I think we use these laws is if we had to move something heavy. We could find out how much force you need to move an object. We use Newton's laws without even knowing that we are using them. It is common knowledge that if something is sitting still it will not move unless there is a force on it. Newton's laws can be seen everywhere and after learning about them you will be able to point them out to others.

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F= ma

Newton’s first law of motion

an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues with constant velocity, unless acted on by a net force.

Newton’s second law of motion

acceleration of an object is proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

Newton’s third law of motion

whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.

Reaction force

one member of an action–reaction pair of forces that is equal in strength and opposite in direction to the action force that is its counterpart.

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Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transformed. In this chapter we learned how to calculate efficiency and energy and the speed of objects. We learned how to calculate the energy on incline planes, springs and other surfaces. We also learned the difference between a closed and open system and how that effects the conservation of energy.  The total amount of energy is the same since it is a closed system but energy can change from one form to another. This chapter helped us learn how to calculate the change of energy in an object.

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We can see how energy transfers throughout objects. By looking at this chapter we can learn how energy works and how complex it is. The main way we can visually see the conservation of energy is on a rollercoaster. At the top of the roller coaster the Kinetic energy is zero and the Potential energy is E=mgh. As the rollercoaster moves down the tracks the energy changes. This sounds quite complicated but all the equations relate to each other. Another way you can use this chapter is if you want to see how much energy you will have after 10 minutes of running. This chapter will help you learn how to calculate things like that.

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ΔE=Q+W

η= E out/E in

Einitial=Efinal
Wnet=ΔEk
ΔE=0

System

group of related and interacting objects and influences that we choose to investigate. A system can be open or closed.

Friction

resistive force caused by motion that always acts to oppose motion.

Closed system

isolated system that cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.

State

particular configuration of all the elements in a system, usually in reference to a defined energy of the system.

Efficiency

ratio of the output energy or power divided by the input energy or power for any process that transforms energy. (Note that input and output can be defined in different ways.)

Law of conservation of energy

total energy in a closed system does not change over time. While energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can be transformed from one form to another, just as long as the total energy remains constant.

Open system

system on which outside influences can act, such that matter or energy can be added or removed from the system.

Work–energy theorem

change in the kinetic energy of an object equals the network done on it.

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Work is what causes energy to change and move. You can calculate the work by multiplying the distance by force. In this chapter we learned how to calculate the work on one-dimensional movements. Work is a form of energy and by calculating the work you can find potential energy too. Work is also measured in Joules (J) and that means one newton- meter. The book says that "work provides an operational definition for energy: Energy is the ability to do work." Multiplying the force and distance tells you how much work you will exert or energy it will take.

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There are 6 different simple machines: lever, screw, incline plane, wheel and axle, pulley, wedges. These machines help make things easier for us like lifting up a box. In this chapter we use equations to calculate the mechanical  advantage of these simple machines to see how much easier they make things for us. Each simple machine has a different equation and you can use those equations to find out the mechanical advantage of each machine. This chapter shows us how machines that we use everyday work and the science behind why they make things easier for us.

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This chapter deals with Harmonic motion which is motion that repeats over and over. We learned how to calculate things like : frequency, period, amplitude, and resonance. By using our previous knowledge about velocity, speed, and acceleration we can put these things together to help us. We learned about things like oscillators and cycles and how to calculate the rotation in things. This chapter also talks about potential energy like we talked about in conservation of energy. Learning about how things rotate and orbit is very interesting and can be very helpful.

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This chapter shows us how the force and distance can affect things. When we see people moving things we can calculate the force and work. If you are deciding to lift something or move it up a ramp you can use this chapter to help you. For example: if you were deciding whether to lift something up to put it away or roll it up a ramp, you could use this chapter to help you.

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We use simple machines everyday. Some common examples of each machine are:  ramps (incline plane), axes for chopping wood (wedge) , bikes (wheel and axle), screw (screw), a pulley system (pulley), and scissors (lever). We use all of these machines commonly without even knowing how much they help us. After learning how to calculate the mechanical advantage we can decide what simple machines to use when moving something. We can do the math and decide which one is easier and has a greater mechanical advantage.

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This concept can be used to solve the movement and motion of many things we see today. The orbit and rotation of the earth is way you can apply this chapter. Although the earth is huge we can use this chapter on more basic things like a wheel on a car or a pendulum swinging. Knowing how often something turns can be very helpful.It is cool knowing that we can calculate things in space with these equations.

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W=Fd

Force

action on a body that causes change in motion. Measured in newtons (N).

Work

form of energy equal to one newton of force exerted for one meter in the direction of the force. Measured in joules (J).

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MA=Fo/Fi
MAlever=Li/Lo
MAwa=rw/ra
MAramp=Lramp/hramp
MAwedge=L/h
MAscrew=2πL/p
MAideal=di/do
η=Wo/Wi
GR=output turns/ input turns=input teeth / output teeth

Mechanical advantage

ratio of the output force to the input force for a machine.

Simple machine

mechanical device that uses only one kind of motion to change the magnitude or direction of a force. The six kinds of simple machines are lever, pulley, wheel and axle, ramp, wedge, and screw.

Efficiency

ratio of the output energy or power divided by the input energy or power for any process that transforms energy. (Note that input and output can be defined in different ways.)

Ideal mechanical advantage

ratio of the distance moved by the input force to the distance moved by the output force. The ideal mechanical advantage corresponds to a machine with no efficiency losses.

Gear ratio

ratio between the rates that the last gear and the first gear rotate in a machine.

Input force

force applied to a machine.

Output force

force produced by a machine.

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f= 1/T
f= 1/2π √k/m

Frequency

rate at which a cyclic behavior repeats. Measured in hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second or 1/s. Frequency is the inverse of the period.

Oscillator

system that exhibits harmonic motion.

Resonance

condition where the frequency of a periodic force matches a natural frequency of an oscillating system. At resonance, energy accumulates over many cycles of the periodic force and oscillations can become very large, even when the causative force is relatively small.

Period

time it takes to complete one full cycle of an oscillation. Equal to the inverse of the frequency of oscillation.

Amplitude

maximum displacement of an oscillation from its equilibrium, or average, value.

Damping

gradual decrease in amplitude and energy of a wave due to friction or other energy-loss mechanisms.

Cycle

something that repeats in time at regular intervals, such as one full swing of a pendulum.