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Characteristics of Daguerrotype

Silvertone

Highly detailed image using copper plates

No use of negative

Surface is reflective

High level of detail

Very delicate/ easy to damage

The detail and sharpness of this daguerreotype is terrific as well as the composition and lighting. It displays a refined visual sensibility, it has a  theatrical feeling.

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The sculptor Maniglier was one of the artists that executed the sculptures of Napoleon's New Louvre. This daguerreotype was peculiarly taken, projecting a strong three-dimensionality that was appropriate for a sculptor. I chose this one precisely because those characteristics, breaking out from the traditional way of taking daguerreotype which were emotional cool and stiffly posed.  Seems that the photographer was trying to bring new ideas of producing images adding creativity and innovation to Her/His composition.

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Two Standing female nudes (Daguerreotype)

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Two Standing female nudes (Daguerreotype)

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I chose this image due to the cleanness and simplicity of the composition as well as the intention of Antoine Mouline which according to the description of the Museum ( MET ) was more artistic than erotic. Of course, at the time most people saw these images as immoral and pornographic, Mouline even faced jail time for these images.

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William Henry Fox Talbot with Calvert Richard Jones c.1845

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The Fruit Sellers (Salted paper print from a calotype)

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The Fruit Sellers (Salted paper print from a calotype)

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Characteritics of The Calotype (Slated paper print)

Sharper images using glass plate negavites

Sepia tones

More detail

Portable

More possibilities to maintain detail over time.

Silver iodine ( same as Deguerrotype)

To create the photo it was necessary to create a negative and a positive.

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Trafalgar Square, London, during the Erection of the Nelson Column (Salted paper print from a calotype)

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Trafalgar Square, London, during the Erection of the Nelson Column (Salted paper print from a calotype)

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Seen images from that time (1844) give me a feeling of nostalgia. At first glance, it looks like an illustration, I love that sepia tone that is a characteristic of the images of that time.

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William Henry Fox Talbot Before May 1844

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The simplicity of this image is what catches my eye, it brings me back to that moment in the early 1800 hundreds. I'm curious about what is beyond that door, it is an interesting feeling.

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NNyla (Nanook's wife in the film) & child, Cape Dufferin, QC, 1920-21Robert J. Flaherty1920-1921, 20th centuryInk on paper - Copper-plate process27 x 35 cm

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I think that Robert Flaherty's work is important due to the extreme weather conditions he faced while documenting the life of the Inuit people and the time he documented this work( 1920). Personally, I'm not concerned with the idea some critics have raised regarding his stagged or exaggerated portraits of the Inuit people or if the activities they were doing in front of the camera were mere enactions asked by the filmmaker for the purpose of the film. I enjoyed watching some segments of the documentary Nanook of the North and was impressed by the way the Inuit people lived and the weather conditions they have to endure, even as babies.

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Man and boy (probably Allakariallak and Phillipoosie), 1920-1921Robert J. Flaherty1920-1921, 20th centuryPhotogravure on paper50.8 x 33.1 cmFrom M. Serge V

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There are plenty of differences between Robert Flaherty's work and Meryl McMaster's although both artists' main focus is on the relationship of indigenous people and the land they live in.

Flaherty's images rely on the category of documentary photography/cinematography and for that reason, his depictions of the Inuit people are more literal, intending to document the way they live.

McMaster work is conceptual and relies on the fine art category, her work is based on her personal and intimate connection with her own culture. McMaster's father's side is from the Plains Cree first nation, so her work is mainly a self-reflection of her own culture and the relationship between landscape and first nation people.
McMaster's work is a self-portrait literally speaking.

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Aningmiuq Seegoaigh, Qikiqtaaluk (Baffin Island), NU, 1913-1914 Robert J. Flaherty About 1920, 20th centuryInk on paper - Copper-plate process35 x 27 cmFrom 

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There is a controversial detail in Flaherty's documentary work. Some have raised concern about the fact that some of her images look stagged, take for example his work on Man of Aran where he spent 1 year in Ireland documenting Irish life on the island of Aran, the controversy relays on the fact that the islanders re-enacted long-abandoned fishing practices for the camera. The same concerns are raised in his work with the Inuit people and the way they dressed and the activities they were doing for the camera. Despite these details, the documentaries were well received at that time and Flaherty is even considered one of the pioneers in documentary work.

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Meryl McMaster, Between the Start of Things and the End of Things from the series As Immense as the Sky, 2019. Digital C-print

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Meryl McMaster, Deep Into the Darkness, Waiting from the series As Immense as the Sky, 2019. Digital C-print, 60 x 40 in. 

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Meryl Mcmaster's work, as I mentioned before, is a self-portrait project that expresses her deep feelings and connection towards her culture and her place in the land of her people. As humans, we always look for identity and belonging, in this case, McMaster is looking to discover a place among the Plains Cree first nation but not only that, she is also trying to go deeper and understand the inevitable destruction of nature and the complexity among humans and nature and the place colonialism plays in all this.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Meryl McMaster, On the Edge of This Immensity, from the series As Immense as the Sky, 2019, chromogenic print. Courtesy the artist, Stephen Bulger Gallery and P

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Meryl McMaster, Harbourage For A Song, from the series As Immense as the Sky, 2019, chromogenic print. Courtesy of the artist, Stephen Bulger Gallery and Pierre

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Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey focused their photographic efforts on the study of movement, although Mareys was a scientist and Muybridge a photographer both of them contributed scientifically to the understanding of motion, gravity and the human body.
One of the characteristics of Muybridge's work was that he presented his work, he depicted movement as a series of discrete moments on separate, sequential negatives on the other side Marey displays his work using multiple exposures on a single photographic plate.

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Ascending an incline with a bucket of water in each hand, plate 81 from the series Animal Locomotion1887

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Edward Muybridge is an important figure in history because he was a bridge between still photography and recorded movement. He took the step into the visual world of motion that is still unfolding today. Muybridge’s photographs of the galloping horse foreshadowed the recorded image of man walking on the moon.

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Eadweard MuybridgeWoman jumping over barrier, 1887

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Bird in Flight-1886-Albumen silver print from glass negative

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The significance of their work goes beyond photography as an art. Some people say that Marey's work was influential in Edison's inventions. Mareys invented the Chronophotography in 1890, a camera that was able to record the flight of a pigeon at 60 frames per second on a single strip, this was regarded as the first motion picture. The French government hired Mareys to measure the fitness and endurance of the French army troops thanks to Mareys studies of the human body and the recording of motion with his camera.

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Contemporary connection to Muybridge and Marey's work. 

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Contemporary connection to Muybridge and Marey's work. 

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The movement and deadly precision of professional athletes is an impressive feat and photographer Jean Yves Lemoigne has found the perfect way to shoot them. Captured in black and white, the tennis players in his series are photographed in a beautiful blur, as they serve, reach for that drop shot and hit that forehand winner.

https://scene360.com/art/75626/jean-yves-lemoigne-photography/

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Contemporary connection to Muybridge and Marey's work 

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Contemporary connection to Muybridge and Marey's work 

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The most popular examples that are related to Muybridge and Marey's work are found in contemporary sports photography. Big brands use motion to create a dynamic feeling to their imagery and advertise their products.

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Contemporary connection to Muybridge and Marey's work 

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Contemporary connection to Muybridge and Marey's work 

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http://rafaelastorga.com/portfolios/nba-live-harden/

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"Slept in that Cellar Four Years" (1890) from the book "The children of the poor" (1902) International Center of Photography - Gelatin silver 

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Jacob Riis is considered a pioneer in the category of social reform photography. Thanks to his work as a police reporter photographing the slums in Manhattan, he got the idea that photography could be a way of communicating the need for a slum reform to the public. He focused his efforts on documenting the living conditions of the poor who at the time were photographed in sentimental genre scenes but Riis wanted to capture the rawness of their circumstances and present the public with the reality of the lower class, he intended to create awareness and a more conscious sentiment towards the poor.

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In poverty gap 1889- International center of photography - Photo gelatin silver. 

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Jersey Street Tenements - 1888 - International center of photography - Photo silver gelatin 

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The Street, Their Playground (1890)- International center of photography- Gelatin silver. 

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Workers Stringing Beans, Baltimore 1909-National Archives and Records Administration Records of the Department of Commerce and Labor, Children's Bureau 

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Lewis Hine story was very attractive to me for the fact that he was part of the lower working class and experience firsthand the abuse and exploitation of the young workers. Having been a janitor for a long time he sign up for university extension courses because he was determined to escape the oppression of the working class. Finally, he became a teacher and was introduced to photography when he was appointed as the school photographer, immediately he realized the power photography can bring to the education field.

He photographed and created many projects during his life, immigrants, wars, poverty etc. But the one that struck me the most was the photographs of the children working under extreme conditions in mills, factories, mines, fields etc. At the time this kind of workforce was extremely profitable among business owners and for that reason they were against child labour laws even to the point of being violent about it.

Thanks to his photographs of the children workers helped convince government officials to create and strictly enforce laws against child labour. The impact of these photographs on social reform was immediate and profound.

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Basket Seller, Cincinnati 1908-National Archives and Records AdministrationRecords of the Department of Commerce and Labor, Children's Bureau

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Boys Working in an Arcade Bowling Alley, Trenton, NJ 1909-National Archives and Records AdministrationRecords of the Department of Commerce and Labor.

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Boy Picking Berries, Baltimore 1909-National Archives and Records AdministrationRecords of the Department of Commerce and Labor, Children's Bureau.

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Overall both photographers used photography as a tool to bring social change and social awareness to the public. Hine and Riise brought complicated social issues that were at the time very sensitive and even denied, take for example the children workers. Today we still face a tremendous amount of social unfairness in the world. We see immigration, wars, gentrification in cities such as Toronto where young people or the majority of immigrants are unable to afford decent housing. The minimum wage in Ontario is insufficient if someone pretends to live in Toronto or even in Ontario. There is still a long way to go but it's interesting to know that others before our generation brought out change thanks to their photography.

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Sebastião Salgado Gold Mine of Serra Pelada, Pará, Brazil, 1986 Silver gelatin print 60 x 50 cm (24 x 20 in.) 

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Contemporary connection to Hine and Riis's work.

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Contemporary connection to Hine and Riis's work.

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Gold Mine of Serra Pelada, Pará, Brazil, 1986Silver gelatin print11 × 14 in27.9 × 35.6 cm

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Contemporary connection to Hine and Riis's work.

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Contemporary connection to Hine and Riis's work.

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Gold mine of Serra Pelada, Para, Brazil 1986.

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Contemporary connection to Hine and Riis's work.

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Contemporary connection to Hine and Riis's work.

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According to my research LIFE magazine was the first all photographic news magazine in the US. They featured large, high-quality photographs in their publication to tell stories to the public, the golden era for TIME was from 1936 to the mid-'60s where they brought to the public the most important historical events of that time either political, glamorous or scientific. For some, the most important contribution of the magazine to the history of photography was the value that brought to photojournalism, during its lifetime Time commissioned 120,000 stories and 10 million photographs. Thanks to LIFE magazine photojournalism gained recognition and global exposure and helped the photographers to be more creative to the point that their photojournalistic work was considered later on as artwork.

https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/life-magazine-exhibition-atlas-gallery

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"Señor Cura" Spain 1950 - Gelatin silver - icp.org

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W. Eugene Smith was significant to photography because he was credited with the development of the photo essay to its ultimate form. He is considered an innovator in that regard, his work was the standard by which photojournalism was measured.

He is connected to LIFE magazine because after moving from his hometown in Kansas to NYC at age 20. He began to freelance for TIME magazine in 1939, over the years he established a reputation as a humanist documentarian, covering the second world war in the pacific where he was injured by mortar fire.

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Some men want to make a distinction as to how other men are killed. They would outlaw poison gas, and the atom bomb--allow the flame thrower, rockets, and block-buster bombs. https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/some-men-want-to-make-a-distinction-as-to-how-other-men-are-killed-they-would

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Tero Kawamoto, leaning forward on table by bundle, Minamata, Japan. 1973. icp.org

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Maude carrying crying baby up brick steps. South Carolina 1951. icp.org

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Washington, D.C. Government Charwoman 1942 

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The FSA project was about a department created in the administration of President Roosevelt that was trying to persuade not only the general public but the American congressmen of the necessity of the "new deal" reform that would bring Americans suffering during the great depression social programs that will help them endure those economic and turbulent trials.

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Red Jackson and Herbie Levy Study Wounds on Face of Slain Gang Member Maurice Gaines - New York - 1948 

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It was through photography that this department commanded by Roy Striker was showing up to the American public and politicians the struggling face of rural America. Striker gathered a group of photographers such as Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Gordon Parks among others, to travel around different regions of the United States documenting the struggles of Americans at that time.

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The FSA project faced different challenges, many detractors opposed this way of communication between government and public because they considered "government propaganda" and some even call it "communism"
In reality, it was an effort from the Federal government led by Franklyn Roosevelt to bring attention to the struggles of Americans and accomplish his political agenda for the benefit of the people.

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Gordon Parks photography brought out the struggles of black people in the USA during that time 1935-1944. But he also went on to create some of his most important work for TIME magazine later on. He photographed the Harlem Gangs, Racism in the USA, He documented the way of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, segregation in the south of the USA among other important work. His photographs were a catalyst of change and social movement due to the terrific impact they produced on the viewer.

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Dorothea Lang is well known for her photograph "Migrant Mother" one of the most popular photographs that she produced for the Farm security administration (FSA) She documented the struggles of the people in California during the great depression as well as the unfair Japanese-American internment camps during WWII.

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Drought refugees from Abilene, Tex. who are following the crops of California as migratory workers. 'The finest people in this world live in Texas but I just can't seem to accomplish nothin' there.

https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/drought-refugees-from-abilene-tex-who-are-following-the-crops-of-california

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Migratory field worker's home on the edge of a pea field. The family lived here through the winter. Imperial Valley, California. March 1937.

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Home of Rural Rehabilitation client, Tulare County, California. They bought 20 acres of raw, unimproved land with a first payment, which was money saved out of relief budget (August, 1936).

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Reflection 1-HANNA HOCH - DADA MOVEMENT 

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Reflection 1-HANNA HOCH - DADA MOVEMENT 

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https://assets.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_241_300063171.pdf

It was during this semester that I learned for the first time about Hanna Hoch and the DADA movement. Hotch work with photomontage and collage was impactful to me due to my interest in graphic design as well as interesting and playful compositions.

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Reflection 1-HANNA HOCH - DADA MOVEMENT 

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Reflection 1-HANNA HOCH - DADA MOVEMENT 

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https://assets.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_241_300063171.pdf

In the past, I've been an admirer of contemporary photographers Andre B Meyers and Bobby Doherty and their use of photomontages to create their final images, many critics have mentioned that some of their work lies in the graphic design field more than photography but I disagree.

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Reflection 1-HANNA HOCH - DADA MOVEMENT 

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Reflection 1-HANNA HOCH - DADA MOVEMENT 

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https://assets.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_241_300063171.pdf

Getting to know about Hanna Hotch during this class kind of reconcile the idea about photography and the use of other elements such as collage to create an image. This discovery was even inspirational to create a series of photographs for Meredith White zeit·geist assignment during this semester. Creating photomontages and even collages to create imagery.

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Reflection 1-HANNA HOCH - DADA MOVEMENT 

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Reflection 1-HANNA HOCH - DADA MOVEMENT 

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https://assets.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_241_300063171.pdf

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Inspired by photomontage I created these images for Meredith White's Zeitgeist assignment.

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Inspired by photomontage I created these images for Meredith White's Zeitgeist assignment.

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Inspired by photomontage I created these images for Meredith White's Zeitgeist assignment.

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Inspired by photomontage I created these images for Meredith White's Zeitgeist assignment.

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Another interesting and attractive thing for me during this semester was learning about LIFE magazine. I spent a long time looking at the different issues of the magazine thought the years, I did not have time to go through all of them but I will.

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It was fascinating to me to look at those images, it was captivating for me not only the photo essays but even the commercial photography from that time.

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Of course, in LIFE magazine worked many of the photographers that we studied in this course. Dorothea Lang, Gordon Parks, W. Eugene Smith among other terrific photographers.

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No wonder how successful the magazine was during its golden years. One of my favourite issues to look at was the one from June 1968 where they showcase photographs from Nasa's expedition to the moon. I guess my interest in graphics, as well as photography, is what attracts my attention to the magazine, looking at the layout, typography, advertisements combined with the terrific photography produced by the LIFE photographers was such a pleasure to my eyes.